(Midterm) pH and Buffers

Question 1

Ionization of Water and the pH phenomenon

Answer 1

● Hydronium Ion
● Ionization of water

Question 2

Chemical Theories on Acids and Bases

Answer 2

● Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory
● Lewis Acids and Bases

Question 3

Less than a full octet of electrons

Answer 3

Lewis Acids and Bases

Question 4

Metal ions except those of the alkali
group

Answer 4

Lewis Acids and Bases

Question 5

Compounds having double bonds

Answer 5

Lewis Acids and Bases

Question 6

Mixture of compounds that, by their
presence in solution, resist changes in pH
upon the addition of an acid or alkali.

Answer 6

Buffers

Question 6

It is a measure of the strength of an acid or
a base.

Answer 6

Dissociation Constant

Question 7

What are the Uses of Buffers

Answer 7

● Preparation of such dosage of injections
and ophthalmic solutions.
● For product stability.
● Pharmaceutical tests and assays requiring
adjustment or maintenance of a specific pH.

Question 8

It is the measure of the magnitude of the
buffer action of the buffer system.

Answer 8

Buffer Capacity

Question 9

It is the amount in g/L of SA or SB required
to be added to a solution to change in pH by
1 unit

Answer 9

Buffer Capacity

Question 10

Importance of Buffer Systems

Answer 10

In-vivo biological buffer systems

Question 11

Blood buffer systems:

Answer 11

A. Primary Buffers
B. Secondary Buffers

Question 12

Primary Buffers:

Answer 12

● Carbonic Acid/Bicarbonate
● Acid or Alkali Na salts of phosphoric acids
● Plasma CHONS

Question 13

Secondary Buffers:

Answer 13

● Hemoglobin/Oxyhemoglobin
● Acid/Alkali potassium salts of phosphoric
acids
● Lacrimal Fluid
● Urine

Question 13

• It can be as low as 4.5 or as high as 7.8.
• Physiological pH balance

Answer 13

Urine

Question 14

Pharmaceutical buffers:

Answer 14

1. Phosphate buffer System
2. Borate Buffer Systems

Question 15

Phosphate buffer System:

Answer 15

• Sorensen buffer

Question 16

Sodium Chloride is added to make it
isotonic.

Answer 16

Sorensen buffer

Question 17

It is a mixture of salts of Sodium
Phosphate for buffer solutions of
pH(6.8).

Answer 17

Sorensen buffer

Question 18

Borate Buffer Systems:

Answer 18

1. Gifford Buffer
2. Feldman’s Buffer
3. Atkins & Pantin Buffer

Question 19

It contains Boric acid and Sodium
Carbonate.

Answer 19

Gifford Buffer

Question 20

It is used as a buffer for solutions with pH of
5-9.

Answer 20

Gifford Buffer

Question 21

● It contains boric acid and sodium borate.
● Sodium Chloride is added.

Answer 21

Feldman’s Buffer

Question 22

It is used as a buffer for solutions with pH of
7-8.2.

Answer 22

Feldman’s Buffer

Question 23

● It contains Boric acid & Sodium Carbonate. ● Sodium Chloride is added.

Answer 23

Atkins & Pantin Buffer

Question 24

It is used as buffer for solutions with pH of 7.6-11.

Answer 24

Atkins & Pantin Buffer

Question 25

The movement of solvent from a region of low solute concentration to a region of a high solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

Answer 25

Osmosis

Question 26

And the pressure responsible is called ______________

Answer 26

Osmotic Pressure

Question 27

If the solute is non-electrolyte, it will contain _________________________________ will vary only with the concentration of solute.

Answer 27

only molecules and osmotic pressure

Question 28

If the solute is electrolyte, it will contain _______________________ will vary with the solute concentration but also with the degree of dissociation of solute.

Answer 28

ions and the osmotic pressure

Question 29

__________________will depend on the number of particles in solution.

Answer 29

Osmotic pressure

Question 30

Solutions to be administered should be _____________________________, for greater comforter, efficacy and safety.

Answer 30

isosmotic with the body fluids

Question 31

A solution with the same osmotic pressure is said to be ______________________________.

Answer 31

isotonic with the body fluid

Question 32

In most cases, preparations are isotonic, to have ____________________________ but not most of the time.

Answer 32

homeostasis with the body’s intracellular fluids

Question 33

Preparation ofIsotonic solutions

Answer 33

● Class 1 ● Class 2 ● Class 3

Question 34

- Hemolytic Method - Sodium chloride equivalent

Answer 34

Class 1

Question 35

- Sprowl’s Method - White Vincent Method

Answer 35

Class 2

Question 36

- Liso value - Cryoscopic Method

Answer 36

Class 3

Question 37

_____________________maybe used for determining tonicity.

Answer 37

Colligative properties

Question 38

Dissociation factors varies from the type of substance

Answer 38

● Non electrolytes = 1 ● Substances that dissociates into 2 ions = 1.8 ● Substances that dissociates into 3 ions = 2.6 ● Substances that dissociates into 4 ions = 3.4 ● Substances that dissociates into 5 ions = 4.2

Question 38

Non electrolytes =

Answer 38

1

Question 39

The freezing point of blood serum and lacrimal fluid is _____________

Answer 39

– 0.52 deg C

Question 40

2 ions =

Answer 40

1.8

Question 41

3 ions =

Answer 41

2.6

Question 42

4 ions =

Answer 42

3.4

Question 43

5 ions =

Answer 43

4.2

Question 44

∆Tf of blood and tears =

Answer 44

0.52 ̊C

Question 44

Measurement of isotonicity

Answer 44

● Hemolytic Method ● Based on Osmotic pressure

Question 45

● Based on Freezing point Depression ● ∆Tf of blood and tears = 0.52 ̊C ● Isotonic Solutions = 0.9% NaCl

Answer 45

Using Liso value

Question 46

Isotonic Solutions=

Answer 46

0.9% NaCl