midterm pointers Flashcards
1
Q
field interested in the nature and science and its place in society
A
STS
2
Q
technology is from the greek word
A
- tekhne
- -logia
3
Q
tekhnologia means
A
systematic treatment
4
Q
pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence
A
science
5
Q
rational means of creating means to order and transform matter, energy, and information to realize certain valued ends
A
technology
6
Q
group of people involved with each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations
A
society
7
Q
reasons why prehistory is difficult
A
- much of the human history remains a mystery because writing has existed for only about 5000 years
- archaeologists dig at sites where people left traces and use a variety of methods to date and analyze found objects
- anthropologists study culture by examining artifacts that people in the past made or used
8
Q
homo habilis exited ____ million years ago
A
2.4
9
Q
homo rudolfensis existed ____ mya
A
1.9
10
Q
homo erectus existed ____ mya
A
110,000
11
Q
homo heidenbelgergensis existed ____ mya
A
200,000
12
Q
homo neanderthalensis existed ____ mya
A
40,000
13
Q
homo sapiens existed ____ - present
A
300,000
14
Q
handyman
A
habilis
15
Q
775 cubic cm braincase size
A
rudolfensis
16
Q
modern-like human body proportions
A
erectus
17
Q
- control of fire
- use of modern spear
A
heidelbergensis
18
Q
- lived in shelters
- wore clothing
A
neanderthalensis
19
Q
- gathered and hunted food
- evolved behaviors that helped them respond to the challenges of survival in unstable environments
A
sapiens
20
Q
first hominid to migrate
A
homo erectus
21
Q
next to migrate to homo erectus
A
homo spaiens
22
Q
2 groups of homo sapiens to migrate
A
- neanderthals
- cro-magnons
23
Q
- tried to explain and control their world
- developed religious beliefs and performed rituals
- fashioned stone blades and scrapers
A
neanderthals
24
Q
- migrated from North Africa to Europe and Asia
- used specialized tools, hunting strategies and spoken language
- thrived more compared to neanderthals
A
cro-magnons
25
3 age systems
- stone age
- bronze age
- iron age
26
man is primarily a food gatherer and hunter and lived in caves or huts
stone age
27
3 distinct periods in stone age
- paleolithic
- mesolithic
- neolithic
28
"old stone age"
paleolithic
29
- "middle stone age"
- period of climatic instability, with gradual warming
- megafauma extinction occured
- toolkits included points
mesolithic period
30
- "new stone age"
- significant for its megalithic architecture, spread of agricultural practices, and the use of polished stone tools
neolithic
31
- age system where stone was gradually replaced by bronze
- marked with the beginning of mining and metallurgy and rise of states or kingdoms
bronze age
32
dominant tool-making material is iron
iron age
33
a much harder metal made by heating iron with carbon
steel
34
- complex, highly-organized social order
- process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social development and organization
- the society, culture, and way of life of a particular area
civilization
35
specializations in ancient civilizations
- artisans
- metal workers
- merchants
- builders
- soldiers
36
social classes in ancient civilizations
- priests
- nobles
- wealthy merchants
- artisans
- peasants
- slaves
37
inventions in ancient egypt
- hieroglyphics
- cosmetics and wigs
- pyramids
- papyrus paper
- water clock
38
inventions in ancient mesopotamia
- bricks and pottery
- ziggurat
- cuneiform
- metallurgy
- chariot
38
inventions in ancient harappan (indus valley)
- pashupati seal
- ornamental buttons
- ivory rulers
- terracotta distillation apparatus
- standardized weights
39
inventions in ancient china
- tea production
- silk
- gun powder
- movable type printer
- alcoholic beverages
40
characteristics of civilization
- cities
- government
- religion
- specialization
- architecture
- social class
- public works
- writing system
41
improvements in agricultural tools during the middle ages
- heavy plow to iron plow
- three field crop rotation
- horse harness
- windmills
- water wheels
42
cycle of labor is dependent on
growing season
43
preparation for planting winter crops
october
44
salting of meat for winter
november
45
planting of spring crops
early spring
46
weed fields, shear sheep, spin wools
early summer
47
peasant diet
- black bread
- berries
- cheese
- egg
- nuts
- ale
48
process of joining a guild
- apprenticeship
- journeymen
- master craftsman
49
weapons of the church
- power of salvation
- excommunication
- interdict
50
administration of the sacraments manipulate people and their leaders
power of sacraments
51
person can't receive sacraments
excommunication
52
no one in an entire country or region could receive sacraments
interdict
53
degrees offered in medieval universities
- theology
- law
- medicine
54
effort to reconcile faith and reason
scholasticism
55
attempts to church reforms
56
study of the nature of the universe as a whole entity
cosmology
57
models of the solar system
- geocentric
- heliocentric
- copernican
- brahe
- kepler
58
2 main divisions among the models of the solar system
- geocentric
- heliocentric
59
earth as the center
geocentric
60
sun as the center
heliocentric
61
the earth was a planet like venus and saturn, and all these circled the sun
copernican model
62
the sun orbited around the earth
brahe model
63
orbits must be elliptical
kepler model
64
this argument says that after seeing a watch, with all its intricate parts, which work together in precise fashion to keep time, one must deduce that this piece of machinery has a creator
watchmaker analogy
65
- period of major intellectual and cultural change in Europe
- marked a shift away from the traditional, religiously-dominated ways of thinking about the world and towards a more rational, observation-based approach
- emphasized the importance of reason and observation in understanding the natural world
scientific revolution
66
structural model of the mind
- id
- ego
- superego
67
focused on satisfying basic needs like hunger, thirst, and comfort
id
68
operates on "reality principle," trying to find realistic and socially accepted ways to satisfy the id's desires
ego
69
- moral compass
- represents our internalized values and societal norms, acting as a conscience and source of guilt or pride
superego
70
motives for invention
71
technological revolutions
- agricultural revolution
- industrial revolution
- knowledge revolution
72
- allowed settled communities
- emergence of morality, law, religion, records, mathematics, astronomy, class structures, patriarchy
agricultural revolution
73
- steam engine to gasoline-driven combustion engine
- more specialized division of labor and knowledge
- less expensive goods, so increased standards of living
- infrastructure for transportation
industrial revolution
74
- better record keeping and communication
- flexible programmable tools allow more customized short production runs
- better scheduling and inventory control provides basis for geographically distributed production systems
- increased need for specialized education
knowledge revolution
