MIDTERM PRACTICE Flashcards

(151 cards)

1
Q

Identify the class of the following taboo word:

pussy (meaning ‘cat’, can be used as a term for female genitalia)

A

faunality

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2
Q

Identify the class of the following taboo word:

tits (‘breasts’)

A

obscenity

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3
Q

Identify the class of the following taboo word:

ass (meaning ‘donkey’, can be used as a term for ‘backside’)

A

faunality

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4
Q

Identify the class of the following taboo word:

coon (short for ‘racoon’, historically used as a negative term for blacks)

A

faunality

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5
Q

Identify the class of the following taboo word:

cunt (‘vagina’)

A

obscenity

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6
Q

Identify the class of the following taboo word:

n-word (in America, a term historically used against blacks)

A

epithet/slur

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7
Q

Identify whether the underlined taboo word is being used primarily with informative, emotive or sociative use:

I heard that fucking asshole Max wants to FUCK Mary.

A

informative

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8
Q

Name the type of emotive swearing exemplified in the following:

HOLY SHIT! That is some great beer!

A

exclamatory

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9
Q

Name the type of sociative swearing exemplified in the following:

I SWEAR TO CHRIST I never touched any of that money!

A

oath-making

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10
Q

Imagine you overhear a conversation and notice some swear words in the speech. In this exchange, is the underlined word being used or mentioned? If mentioned, which type of mention?

A: I hate it when TAs swear in class.

B: Yeah it’s so awkward. Yesterday, my TA said “SHIT” when she forgot our homeworks. Made us all uncomfortable.

A

mention qua quote

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11
Q

Imagine you overhear a conversation and notice some swear words in the speech. In this exchange, is the underlined word being used or mentioned? If mentioned, which type of mention?

A: Guess what I found out today? The Spanish word huevos is slang for ‘BALLS’!

B: Gross. I’m never ordering Huevos Rancheros at a Mexican Restaurant again.

A

mention qua meaning

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12
Q

(TF) When a taboo word is used for its informational meaning, it is being used connotatively.

A

False

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13
Q

(TF) The term defective speech act refers to a speech act that negatively contributes to the discourse.

A

False

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14
Q

(TF) Within a community, there is typically remarkable agreement on which words are taboo as well as on their relative tabooness.

A

True

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15
Q

The fact that fmopl is not a possible word of English but flomp could be involves the module of grammar known as:

A

phonology

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16
Q

One rule that can be said of English is the following:

The insertion of an expletive (like fucking) must occur before the stressed syllable.

  Example:

  fan-fucking-tastic 

  *fanta-fucking-stic

This rule itself is an example of what type of grammar?

A

descriptive grammar

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17
Q

(TF) Descriptive rules of grammar tell speakers which words/structures are best and should be used to be considered correct or proper in the language.

A

False

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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of ‘linguistic competence’?

  • It is used primarily as a means of studying a person’s linguistic performance.
  • It includes knowledge about the speech sounds of our language.
  • It includes the rules that govern what’s possible in our language.
  • It includes unconscious knowledge.
A

It is used primarily as a means of studying a person’s linguistic performance.

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19
Q

Which of the modules of grammar listed below is involved in speakers’ knowledge of the following aspect of their language?: It is possible to say shittily (as in ‘in a shitty way’) but not *shit-ly-y.

A

morphology

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20
Q

The word donkey was coined so that people could avoid saying the word ass which also has a taboo meaning. This is due to which of the following?

A

taboo tainting

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21
Q

The tendency for small things to be described with words having high or front vowels (like teeny-weeny) is and example which of the following?

A

sound symbolism

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22
Q

Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet:

bathroom ~ pisser ~ [little boy’s/girl’s room]

A

euphemism

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23
Q

Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet:

poo-poo ~ [shit] ~ feces

A

dysphemism

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24
Q

Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet:

[buttocks] ~ ass ~ rear-end

A

orthophemism

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25
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: make love ~ [copulate] ~ fuck
orthophemism
26
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: [breasts] ~ tits ~ boobs
orthophemism
27
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: You have a lovely shaped [backside], my dear. (= ass)
particularization/metonym
28
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: [Good grief], people! Can't we stop arguing and finish the meeting?. (= from Good God)
word adaptation
29
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: I heard you could see Brit's [vag] in that fb pic. (= from vagina)
clipping/omission
30
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Man, the GPS lady can be such a witch when you make a wrong turn. (= from bitch)
word adaptation
31
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: My dad is totally [D-GAF]. He'll let us drink in the basement. (=Doesn't give a fuck)
acronym
32
The progression from old euphemism to new euphemism after an old euphemism becomes taboo is called what? The following is an example: moron --> idiot --> retard --> mentally handicapped --> differently abled
euphemism treadmill
33
In English, the word retarded originally only meant 'slowed' and now it is also a taboo word for 'stupid'. What process brought about this change?
semantic degeneration/perjoration
34
True or false? The English word fuck is historically related to the French word foutre 'to fuck' because it was borrowed into English after the Norman Invasion.
False
35
In British English, the word spastic originally only meant 'having cerebral palsy' and now it is also an extremely taboo word for 'stupid' or 'physically inept'. What process brought about this change?
semantic degeneration/perjoration
36
What process(es) account for why the word awful in the following sentence has come to have the strong connotation of 'bad'? (Historically, it had the denotation 'full of awe'.) God, your Birkenstocks smell awful! (Choose all that apply)
semantic weakening, emotive intensifying
37
True or false: The following data disprove the hypothesis that expletive infixes come before PRIMARY stress and after secondary stress. anTIcipa-fucking-TOry eMAnci-fucking-pator KINder-fucking-gARTner
True
38
True or false? The following data would be predicted by the hypothesis that expletive infixes must come before a PRIMARY stress and after a secondary stress. de-X-GEnerate ad-X-VANCE your-X-SELF
False
39
(TF) Emphatic swearing is largely strategic while exclamatory swearing is largely automatic.
True
40
(TF) In his survey results, Eggert found that idiomatic/figurative swearing had higher tabooness ratings than literal uses of swearwords.
False
41
Identify the class of the following taboo word: fart ('flatulence')
Scatology
42
Identify the class of the following taboo word: prick ('penis')
Obscenity
43
Identify the class of the following taboo word: dick (short for the man's name Richard; a term for male genitalia)
appellity
44
Identify the class of the following taboo word: hell (from Christian and other religions)
Profanity
45
Identify the class of the following taboo word: christ (from Christian religion)
Profanity
46
Name the type of invective swearing exemplified in the following: You are such a fugly [slut]. Why do you even try?
name-calling
47
Name the type of sociative swearing exemplified in the following: I hope you choke on your own vomit and die!
cursing
48
Imagine you overhear a conversation and notice some swear words in the speech. In this exchange, is the word being used or mentioned? If mentioned, which type of mention? A: I see you're wearing the same outfit as yesterday. Did you not make it home last night? B: Oh, fuck off! It's none of your business.
use
49
Imagine you overhear a conversation and notice some swear words in the speech. In this exchange, is the underlined word being used or mentioned? If mentioned, which type of mention? A: What's the worst thing you've ever said? B: Well, once I told my sister she was a "stupid cunt". I felt pretty bad right after I said it.
mention qua quote
50
Which of the three aspects of meaning does the italicized taboo word in the following snippet of conversation illustrate? (Choose all that apply) A: Hey, motherfucker, how's it going? B: Eh, not bad. You?
social
51
Which of the three aspects of meaning does the italicized taboo word in the following snippet of conversation illustrate? (Choose all that apply) A: So I heard that Phil literally shit his pants after the work out today. B: Oh.
social, informational
52
(TF) Exclamations are a sub-type of response cry.
True
53
Which of the following is a true statement about 'linguistic performance'? - It is not directly observable. - It is another name for "mental grammar". - According to linguists, only skilled public speakers have good linguistic performance. - None of these.
None of these
54
The following underlined words are in what semantic relationship to each other? The bank of the river was flooded. I called the bank after I lost my credit card.
Homophony
55
Which of the components of grammar listed below is involved in speakers’ knowledge of the following aspect of their language?: "I have not seen that bastard yet today." is a possible sentence in English, but "I not have have seen that bastard yet today." is not possible.
syntax
56
(TF) Study of the formation of words with the -fucking- infix in English (in words like abso-fucking-lutely) involve the module of grammar known as morphology.
True
57
(TF) Sound symbolism refers to the idea that sounds may have a non-arbitrary relationship with meaning.
True
58
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: masturbate ~ [jerk off] ~ touch yourself
dysphemism
59
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: prostitute ~ whore ~ [S.L.U.T. (South Lake Union Trolley)]
Fauxphemism
60
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: cunt ~ vagina ~ [bits]
euphemism
61
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: What a bunch of bull. I don't believe a word you say. (= from Bullshit)
Clipping/omission
62
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: I don't like eating fish tacos, if you know what I mean. (= vagina)
Metaphor
63
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: [Jeez], I can't believe he said such an insensitive thing to you. (= from Jesus)
Clipping/omission
64
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: God, this party is a real sausage fest - only dudes. (= penis)
Metaphor
65
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Hey, when are they going to do that orientation for us FOBs? (= Fresh off the boat)
Acronym
66
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: F-M-L! (=fuck my life) I have two hundred pages to read in an hour!
Abbreviation
67
The process by which the word shit comes to mean not just 'feces' but simply 'stuff', as in Just put your shit in your locker and get to class,is which of the following?
Semantic weakening
68
Which of the following data is NOT predicted by this hypothesis? Hypothesis: Expletive infixes come immediately before a trochaic foot. (ECo)-X-(NOMics) (ALa)-X-(BAma) (ESca)-X-(LAor) (HYper)-X-in(FLAtion)
(HYper)-X-in(FLAtion)
69
Given that the word Oklahoma has the following PRIMARY and secondary stress pattern, which number indicates the position in which the infix -fucking- would occur? 1(o.2kla)3(HO4ma)5
3
70
(TF) When a taboo word is used informatively, its literal meaning is necessarily being used.
False
71
(TF) In American culture, those words that are considered to be among the most taboo are those that would be classed as profanity.
False
72
Identify the class of the following taboo word: f*g ('homosexual')
epithet/slur
73
Identify the class of the following taboo word: damn (from Christian and other religions)
Profanity
74
Identify the class of the following taboo word: fanny (short for the woman's name Frances; an American term for 'backside')
Appellity
75
Identify whether the underlined taboo word is being used primarily with informative, emotive or sociative use: Fucking fuck! (after hitting thumb with hammer)
Emotive
76
Name the type of emotive swearing exemplified in the following: Thats a dope-[ass] program you just wrote.
Emphatic
77
Which of the three aspects of meaning do the italicized taboo words in the following snippet of conversation illustrate? (Choose all that apply) A: Ow, Jesus Christ my toe! Fuck you, chair.
Emotional
78
(TF) When a neutral or non-taboo word is used, it is typically the word’s denotative meaning that comes to mind first.
True
79
Speakers of a language know how to construct and understand a sentence in their language. Which of the following types of grammar encompasses this knowledge?
Mental grammar
80
(TF) Cross-linguistically, it has been found that words used to refer to small things typically contain low (e.g., [a]) or back (e.g., [o]) vowels.
False
81
Which of the following is NOT an example of arbitrariness? A. A rooster says kokekokko in Japanese but cockadoodledoo in English B. A feline is referred to as chat in French but gato in Spanish C. A dog shows its teeth to warn enemies that it's going to bite. D. The word huge is a very small word that is used to refer to something that is very large
C
82
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: going down on ~ [blowjob] ~ fellatio
dysphemism
83
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: prostitute ~ whore ~ [woman-of-the-night]
euphemism
84
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: tinkle ~ urinate ~ piss
orthophemism
85
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: I always like to have a cigarette post-coitus. (= 'sex' in Latin)
Loanword
86
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Please do not allow your dog to empty their bowels on the sidewalk. (= shit)
Circumlocution
87
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Have you ever walked in on you parents doing it? (= having sex)
particularization/metonym
88
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: I was unsurprised to find out that my neighbor who hangs a rainbow flag over his porch likes men. (= is homosexual)
Implication
89
What process accounts for why the word lousy in the following sentence has come to have the strong connotation of 'bad'? (Historically, it had the denotation 'full of lice'.) Dude, T. Swift's new album is lousy. I don't understand how you could have listened to it five times already. (Choose all that apply)
motive intensifying, semantic weakening
90
(TF) Scatological words like shit and piss were not taboo in the Middle Ages.
True
91
(TF) Terms for female genitalia tend to be rated more taboo than terms for male genitalia.
True
92
Identify the class of taboo word that deals with death and dying:
Metrology
93
Name the type of invective swearing exemplified in the following: That bastard tricked my grandma into buying a timeshare.
Pejorative
93
Identify whether the underlined taboo word is being used primarily with informative, emotive or sociative use: Fuck you, asshole!
Sociative
94
Imagine you overhear a conversation and notice some swear words in the speech. In this exchange, is the underlined word being used or mentioned? If mentioned, which type of mention? A: Did you see Sam with his super hideous new girlfriend? B: No. And, God, you're such a dickhead.
use
95
Which of the following is a true statement about 'linguistic performance'? - None of these. - It is used as a means of studying a person's linguistic competence. - Only adults have linguistic performance. - It is made up of knowledge about descriptive and prescriptive rules.
It is used as a means of studying a person's linguistic competence.
96
Native speakers of English know intuitively that (1) is possible, but (2) is impossible in English. (1) God fucking dammit! (2) *God dammit fucking! Which type of grammar is illustrated by this knowledge?
Mental grammar
97
The following rule is an instantiation of what type of grammar? "You shouldn't say fucking; you should say freaking because it's more polite English."
Prescriptive grammar
98
A model hypothesized by a linguist for a speaker's intuitive knowledge of how to construct and understand a language is what type of grammar?
Descriptive grammar
99
Which of the following is a true statement about 'linguistic competence'? - It includes knowledge about both pronunciation and grammar. - It is used primarily as a means of studying a person's linguistic performance. - Only adults have linguistic competence. - None of these.
It includes knowledge about both pronunciation and grammar.
100
That people avoid using the original meaning of the words gay and queer ('happy' and 'strange' respectively) can be attributed to which of the following?
Taboo tainting
101
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: penis ~ [cock] ~ wee-wee
Dysphemism
102
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Ugh, he is such a trouser snake. Do not get involved with him (= penis)
Metaphor
103
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Merde! I forgot my lunchbox. (= 'shit' in French)
Loanword
104
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: I told him to stick his idea where the sun don't shine. (= asshole)
Circumlocution
105
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Dude, this new couch is hecka nice! (= from hella)
Mutation
106
107
Match the era in English language history to the type of taboo word that was/is considered the strongest at the time. Middle Ages Victorian (18th, 19th c) Contemporary
Middle Ages- profanity Victorian- obscenity Contemporary- slurs
108
Identify the class of the following taboo word: cock (meaning 'rooster', can be used as a term for male genitalia)
Faunality
109
The process by which the word fuck comes to mean not just 'a sexual act' but simply 'a person', as in the following sentence,is which of the following? Some fuck cut in front of me in line for the water fountain.
Semantic weakening
110
Name the type of sociative swearing exemplified in the following: That guy is the funniest motherfucker you'll ever meet!
Bonding
111
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: make love ~ copulate ~ [FCUK (French Connection United Kingdom)]
fauxphemism
112
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Frankly, I don't give a darn what your opinion is. (= from damn)
Mutation
113
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: [Mike Hunt (sounds like "my cunt")] ~ vagina ~ bits
Fauxphemism
114
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Would you sleep with someone on the first date? (= have sex with)
Implication
115
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: What in the Sam Hill are you doing here? (= from hell)
Word adaptation
116
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: What a SNAFU that faculty meeting was! (=Situation normal, all fucked up)
Acronym
116
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: John is such a putz, he always leaves his dirty socks everywhere! (= 'fool','penis' in Yiddish)
Loanword
117
If this hypothesis is TRUE, which of the following data is correctly predicted? Hypothesis: Expletive infixes come before a trochaic foot. - (HYper)-X-in(FLAtion - (CONsul)-X-(TAtion) - (TENNe)-X-ssee - (SWITzer)-X-land
(CONsul)-X-(TAtion)
118
Identify the class of the following taboo word: bitch ('unpleasant woman')
epithet/slur
119
Identify the class of the following taboo word: fuck ('have sexual intercourse')
Obscenity
120
Identify the class of the following taboo word: shit ('feces')
Scatology
121
Which of the following is NOT true of 'linguistic competence'? - It includes unconscious knowledge. - It includes knowledge about the speech sounds of our language. - It is used primarily as a means of studying a person's linguistic performance. - It includes the rules that govern what's possible in our language.
It is used primarily as a means of studying a person's linguistic performance.
122
Which of the modules of grammar listed below is involved in speakers’ knowledge of the following aspect of their language? Unlike Zulu, clicks are not part of English's inventory of sounds.
Phonology
122
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Ugh, I hate it when my dog licks the area between her legs. Gross. (= genitals)
Circumlocution
123
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Trust me, do not hook up with him. He has a funny-looking peener. (= from penis)
Mutation
124
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Dagnabit! I didn't win a thing on this stupid scratch-off! (= from god damn it)
Mutation
125
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Help me out, doc. I've got some weird stuff going on down there (= genitals)
particularization/metonym
126
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: This situation is definitely FUBAR. (=Fucked up beyond all recognition)
Acronym
127
Imagine you overhear a conversation and notice some swear words in the speech. In this exchange, is the underlined word being used or mentioned? If mentioned, which type of mention? A: What's your favorite cuss word? B: Oh, it's gotta be cunt. But I only say it when I really really hate someone.
Mention qua word
128
Choose the sentence in which the word 'dick' is being used informationally. - My brother accidentally got punched in the dick during recess. - Hey, dick, get out of the way! - Asking her out when he knew she had a boyfriend is a total dick move.
My brother accidentally got punched in the dick during recess.
129
Which of the three aspects of meaning does the italicized taboo word in the following snippet of conversation illustrate? (Choose all that apply) A: Here, I brought you a coffee. B: OMG you are my fucking savior.
Emotional, social
130
The following underlined words are in what semantic relationship to each other? The oldest bitch in the pack of the wild dogs was the leader. My mom is such a bitch about me making my bed.
Polysemy
131
(TF) Linguists study linguistic competence as a means of understanding a speaker's linguistic performance.
False
132
What kind of relationship holds between a pair of words when they have different meanings that are intuitively (and often historically) related to each other?
Polysemy
133
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: bathroom ~ pisser ~ [little boy's/girl's room]
Euphemism
134
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: penis ~ [fish sticks (sounds like "fish dicks")] ~ wee-wee
Fauxphemism
135
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: I have to leave my dorm room because my roommate needs some alone time once a day. (= masturbate)
Implication
136
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: What the.... Did you just see that guy jump off the bus? (= from What the fuck)
Clipping/omission
137
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Is it weird if I spank the monkey more than once a day? (= masturbate)
Metaphor
138
Name the type of invective swearing exemplified in the following: Eat shit!
Maledictive
139
Rules of language that dictate how speakers should speak regarless of whether speakers actually speak that way are part of which type of grammar?
Prescriptive grammar
140
Identify the type of X-phemism that is illustrated by the underlined word in the triplet: faggot ~ homosexual ~ [batting for the other team]
Euphemism
141
Popular explanations for the history of words that are not true are called what? One example is the idea that fuck comes from an acronym for For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge.
Folk etymology
142
DING-fucking-DONG *DI-fucking-NGDONG Choose the best explanation for why the second example is ungrammatical. - The -fucking- infix must follow a secondary stress - The -fucking- infix cannot fall within a syllable - The -fucking- infix must precede the primary stress
The -fucking- infix cannot fall within a syllable
143
Imagine you overhear a conversation and notice some swear words in the speech. In this exchange, is the word being used or mentioned? If mentioned, which type of mention? A: It really bothers me when I see the word f*ggot written somewhere. B: Yeah! Somebody graffitied that on the Fremont Troll one time. It really infuriated me.
Mention qua word
144
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Why would you put your dirty socks on the table? WTH?! (= what the hell)
Abbreviation
145
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: What do I like in a woman? I’m all about the T and A. (=tits and ass)
Abbreviation
146
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: We did the no pants dance last night like five times. It was great. (= had sex)
Metaphor
147
Identify the semantic innovation by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: His thing was all weird shaped; I couldn't go through with it. (= penis)
particularization/metonym
148
Identify the process by which the underlined euphemism in the following sentence was formed: Hey asshole, F-U! (= fuck you)
Abbreviation