Midterm Projections

Question 1

Answer 1

Elastic Cartilage

Characteristics: Avascular, elastic fivers stain dark and are visible; contains type II collagen

Function: Elasticity of cartilage

Location: Auditory canal, external ear, epiglottis

Question 2

Answer 2

• *Transitional Epithelium Relaxed** (bladder)
• *Characteristics:** Relaxed transitional epithelium, organ is empty
• *Function:** Allows for fluctuation of liquid volume
• *Location:** Urinary bladder

Question 3

Answer 3

• *Stratified Squamous Epithelium** (vagina)
• *Function:** Keratinized for protection in skin; non-keratinized for protection in esophagus
• *Location:** Skin and inner surface of body cavities

Question 4

Answer 4

Large Lymphocyte

Characteristics: More abundant and basophilic cytoplasm than small lymphocytes; also cytotoxic or natual killer cells; may function in absence of antibodies

Functions: Destroy tissue grafts, tumor cells, and cell infected with viruses through production of perforins

Question 5

Answer 5

• *Anaphase**
• *Characteristics:** Separation of chromatids at the centromere; movement of daughter chromosomes toward opposite poles
• *Location:** Eukaryotic cell

Question 6

Answer 6

Neutrophil (man)

Characteristics: 60-70% circulating leukocytes, divided in two to five segments or lobes; light staining

Functions: Phagocytosis of foreign cells, toxins, and viruses; involved in bacterial infections

Question 7

Answer 7

Islet of Langerhans, ts (mammal)

• *Characteristics:** Pale-staining and make-up endocrine portion of pancreas
• *Function:** Alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, delta cells secrete somatostatin, which inhibits secretion by alpha and beta cells

Question 8

Answer 8

Endochondral Ossification

Characteristics: Hypertrophy of chondrocytes and invasion by periosteal bud

Function: Forming of marrow; bone growth

Location: Short and long bones

Question 9

Answer 9

Dense Irregular CT

Characteristics: Think, intertwined bundles of collagen fibers arranged haphazardly with fibroblasts and microphages present

Function: Cushioning; Provides attachment for ligaments

Location: Dermis, capsules of organs, periosteum, perichondrium

Question 10

Name & Characteristics

Answer 10

Cardiac Muscle (ls)

Characteristics: Involuntary, striated, intercalated discs, single nucleus, muscle fibers anastomose

Question 11

Answer 11

• *Metaphase**
• *Characteristics:** Formation of mitotic spindle and alignment of chromosomes along the equatorial plate
• *Location:** Eukaryotic cell

Question 12

Answer 12

• *Simple Squamous Epithelium**
• *Characteristics:** Single layer of flat cells in the renal corpuscle; glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule separated by capsular space
• *Function:** Filtration of blood through filtration barriers; water, ions, and molecules with molecular weight less than 40,000 pass through, but formed elements retained
• *Location:** Endothelium of the cardiovascular system, mesothelium, loop of Henle, rete testes, pulmonary alveoli

Question 13

Answer 13

Blood film (man)

Characteristics: Contains formed elements–erythrocytes (RBC-red blood cell), platelets, leukocytes (WBC-white blood cell); also plasma

Function: Transport of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), ions, proteins, and lipids among other things

Question 14

Answer 14

Dense Regular CT

Characteristics: Collagen bundles arranced in bundles with a regular, precise arrangement; fibers oriented in direction of pull

Function: Joins bone together; muscles as well

Location: Collagenous dense regular CT is found in tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis, and cornea; elastic is found in ligamentum nuchae and ligamentum flava

Question 15

Answer 15

• *Simple Columnar Epithelium** (gall bladder)
• *Function:** Absorption and secretion
• *Location:** Surface epithelium of stomach, small and large intestine, gallbladder, uterus, oviduct, small bronchi or lungs, paranasal sinuses

Question 16

Answer 16

Skin, sweat gland, vs (man)

• *Characteristics:** Two type - Eccrine and Apocrine in nature
• *Function:** Regulate body temperature and protective function
• *Location:** Eccrine - throughout the surface of the skin; Apocrine - axilla and anogenital region

Question 17

Answer 17

Fibrocartilage

Characteristics: Avascular; chondrocytes arranged in rows; no periochondrium

Function: Joins certain, adjacent bones together; provides cushioning for vertebrae

Location: Symphyses, Eustacian tube, intervertebral disks, tendon insertions

Question 18

Answer 18

Skin sebaceous glands, vs (baboon)

• *Characteristics:** Holocrine, meaning the entire cell breaks down and cellular debris, along with the secretory product, is released as sebum
• *Function:** Secrete sebum outside of cell
• *Location:** Scalp and face and around the anus, mouth, and nose; absent in palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Question 19

Answer 19

• *Glandular Epithelium, Saccular**
• *Characteristics:** Simple alveolar glands
• *Location:** Paraurethral glands in the penile urethra, also sebaceous glands

Question 20

Answer 20

Osteoclasts

Characteristics: Multinuclear

Function: Bone resorption and remodeling of bone

Location: Along the trabecula in Howship’s lacunae

Question 21

Answer 21

Compact bone

Characteristics: Vascular CT; Haversion system (osteon) visible; Volkmann’s canals present

Function: Support for body

Location: Long bones

Question 22

Answer 22

• *Glandular Epithelium, Simple Tubular** (human ileum)
• *Function:** Secretion of enzymes, including sucrose and maltase, along with endopeptidases and exopeptidases
• *Location:** Crypts of Lieberkuhn of the small intestine and colon

Question 23

Answer 23

Elastic Tissue

Characteristics: Concentric sheels of elastic fibers (elastic laminae) with wave-like appearance

Function: Elasticity and recoiling action of aorta and large arteries

Location: Aorta and large arteries

Question 24

Answer 24

Areolar Connective Tissue

Characteristics: Loosely arranged with numerous collagen fibers, few elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, and other cellular components

Function: Forms fascia that binds organs and organ components together

Location: Most organs and tissues; expandale tubular structures such as ducts and glands

Question 25

Answer 25

* *_Goblet Cells_** (mammal) * *Characteristics:** Unicellular exocrine gland * *Function:** Mucus secretions; cells needed to lubricate small intestine; neutralize bile salts from gallbladder and stomach * *Location:** Small intestine

Question 26

Answer 26

**_Endochondral Ossification, Magnified_** **Characteristics:** Cartilage serves as mold for ossification; chondrocytes hypertrophy, and osteoblasts secrete matrix while osteoclasts degrade matrix **Function:** Forming of marrow, bone growth **Location:** Short and long bones

Question 27

Answer 27

* *_Telophase_** * *Characteristics:** Reformation of the nuclear envelope from discontinuous portions of ER; karyokinesis * *Location:** Eukaryotic cell

Question 28

**Name & Characteristics**

Answer 28

**_Dorsal Root Ganglion_** 1. Neuronal cell bodies are located in the more darkly stained regions, with their axons projecting out into the lighter areas of the tissue 2. These axons are myelinated and Nodes of Ranvier can be seen

Question 29

**Name & Characteristics**

Answer 29

**_Skeletal Muscle (ls)_** **Characteristics:** Voluntary, striated, multi-nucleated; muscles are surrounded by epimysium, fascicles by perimysium, and muscle fibers by endomysium; A and I bands visible

Question 30

Answer 30

**_Basophil_** _(man)_ **Characteristics:** 0.5-1% of circulating leukocytes (least numerous of all leukocytes). Nuclei stain dark purple, numerous dark granules may sometimes mask the nucleus. **Function:** A role in allergic responses. Granules contain histamines (vasodialators) and heparin (anticoagulant).

Question 31

**Name & Characteristics**

Answer 31

**_Neuromuscular Junction (motor end plate)_** **Characteristics:** Large motor units control movement of large skeletal muscles and smaller motor units control movements of muscle of they eye; terminal bulbs do not actually make physical contact with muscle fibers

Question 32

Answer 32

**_Hyaline Cartilage_** **Characteristics:** Avascular, glass-like appearance; mostly ground substance and other non-cellular components, such as type II collagen fibers **Function:** Support of structures, reduction of friction between surfaces, limited flexibility **Location:** C-rings of trachea, articular surfaces, nasal cartilage

Question 33

Answer 33

* *_Transitional Epithelium Stretched_** (bladder) * *Characteristics:** Epithelium is stretched when stretched, organ is full * *Function:** Allows for fluctuation of liquid volume * *Location:** Urinary bladder, ureter, and uppermost part of urethra

Question 34

Answer 34

_**Mammary gland**, active, ts (mammal)_ * *Characteristics:** Apocrine in nature, involves cytoplasmic loss with product * *Function:** Milk production or lactation

Question 35

Answer 35

_**Pancreas**, ts (monkey)_ * *Characteristics:** Second largest gland associated with the gastrointestinal tract * *Function:** Secretion of digestive enzymes into the small intestine and blood glucose regulation * *Location:** Retroperitoneal organ

Question 36

**Name & Characteristics**

Answer 36

**_Neuron Cell Body_** 1. The large euchromatic nucleus has a very prominent central nucleolus 2. The beginnings of three dendrites and the one axon can be seen emanating from this cell body

Question 37

Answer 37

**Monocyte** **Characteristics:** 3-8% of circulating leukocytes. Kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus. **Functions:** Migrate into tissues, where they become macrophages and serve in phagocytosis of foreign particles such as viruses and bacteria.

Question 38

**Name & Characteristics**

Answer 38

**_Cerebellum_** The gray matter is located outside (the cerebellum), with the white matter lying in the middle of many infoldings

Question 39

Answer 39

**_Eosinophil_** _(man)_ **Characteristics:** Constitutes 2-4% of circulating leukocytes. Bilobed nucleus, reddish-orange granules. **Function:** Effective against parasitic-worm infections; involved in allergic reactions.

Question 40

Answer 40

**_Adipose Tissue_** **Characteristics:** Adipocytes with compressed, laterally displaced nucleus; blood capillaries visible; white adipose is unilocular and brown adipose is multiocular **Function:** Storage and metabolism of fat; cushioing of vital organs; insulation **Location:** White adipose: subcutaneous tissues, omenta, mensenteries, pararenal tissue, and bone marrow; Brown adipose: newborns and interscapular and inguinal regions

Question 41

Answer 41

**_Cancellous (spongy) bone_** **Characteristics:** Low-density; porous with numerous trabeculae **Function:** Site for hemopoeisis **Location:** Epiphyses of long bones, pelvis

Question 42

Answer 42

_**Simple Cuboidal Epithelium** (rat kidney)_ * *Function:** Absorption and secretion * *Location:** Thyroid, choroid plexus, ducts of many glands, inner surfaces of the capsule of the lens, covering of the ovary

Question 43

Answer 43

* *_Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium_** (oviduct=fallopian tube) * *Function:** Dust trapping * *Location:** Nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oviduct

Question 44

**Name & Characteristics**

Answer 44

**_Peripheral Nerve_** 1. The perineurium is nicely stained 2. The cross-sectional apearance of myelinated axons is obvious 3. The perineurium surrounds the nerve bundle, but does not penetrate it. This is a key criterion for distinguishing peripheral nerve bundles from smooth muscle bundles

Question 45

Answer 45

* *_Prophase_** * *Characteristics:** Chromosomes become visible and appear as threadlike structures; disappearance of nuclear envelope towards the end of prophase * *Location:** Eukaryotic cell

Question 46

**Name & Characteristics**

Answer 46

**_Smooth Muscle (ls)_** **Characteristics:** Involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus; may possess gap junctions

Question 47

**Name & Characteristics**

Answer 47

**_Spinal Cord_** 1. Shows the white and gray matter 2. Motor neuron cell bodies are visible in the ventral horns of the gray matter as large dark specks

Question 48

Answer 48

**_Neutrophil w/ drumstick_** **Characteristics:** Small lobe protrudes from the nucleus, known as "drumstick." It represents the inactive sex chromosome of the cell (Barr body) **Location:** Found solely in females

Question 49

Answer 49

**_Small lymphocyte_** _(man)_ **Characteristics:** large dark purple-staining nucleus with thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm; accounts for 25-35% of circulating leukocytes **Functions:** B-cells involved in humoral immunity and produce antibodies; T-cells involved in cell-mediated immunity to destroy foreign cells.