Midterm/Quiz 3

Question 1

What is in-group bias?

Answer 1

the unconscious tendency to think that a person/group is part of having more of any desirable characteristic than competing groups

Question 2

What is an example of in-group bias?

Answer 2

political parties, religious groups, sports teams, gender

Question 3

T/F if you say something is better and give valid arguments it is not in-group bias

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is better-than-average bias?

Answer 4

the UT to rate oneself as above average (not the best, just above average) in relation to any desirable trait

Question 5

What is an example of better-than-average bias?

Answer 5

Rating oneself based on athletic ability

Question 6

What is negativity bias?

Answer 6

the ut to attach more weight to negative information than positive

Question 7

What is an example of negativity bias?

Answer 7

Students who don’t want to put forth effort in class have a greater impact than the majority who did.

Question 8

What is obedience to authority?

Answer 8

the ut to (1) assume that authorities have good reasons behind their orders and (2) to comply with those orders

Question 9

What is an example of obedience to authority?

Answer 9

The Milgram experiment 1963

Question 10

What was The Milgram experiment 1963

Answer 10

tested people about how they’d listen to authority even if it had severe consequences: 66% followed orders even though it was instructed to give a lethal dose of electricity

Question 11

What are premise indicators?

Answer 11

-because
-since
- for
-in view of
-this is implied by

Question 12

What are conclusion indicators?

Answer 12

-therefore
- thus
-hence
-this proves that
-this shows that
-this suggests that
-consequently
- so
-accordingly
-this implies that

Question 13

What are the 2 types of arguments?

Answer 13

inductive
deductive

Question 14

What is an inductive argument?

Answer 14

attempts to establish a conclusion as PROBABLE OR LIKELY

Question 15

What is a deductive argument?

Answer 15

attempts to establish a conclusion with 100% CERTAINTY

Question 16

What is a valid deductive argument?

Answer 16

an argument in which we assume the premises are true, then the conclusion MUST be true

Question 17

What is an example of a valid deductive argument?

Answer 17

P1. prof. piper is the emperor of JMU
P2. the emperor of JMU drives a Porsche
C. prof. piper drives a Porsche

Question 18

What is a SOUND argument?

Answer 18

a valid deductive argument whose premises are in fact true in the real world

Question 19

T/F All sound arguments are valid deductive but not all valid deductive are sounds

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Example of sound argument

Answer 20

P1: JMU is located in Harrisonburg VA
P2: Richmond is the capital of VA
C: JMU is not located in the capital of VA

Question 21

What are the steps for determining the type of argument?

Answer 21

1. put into premise conclusion form
2. assume the premises are true
3. ask the question; assuming those premises are true does the conclusion HAVE TO be true
4. If yes it is a valid deductive, if further true in the real world then it is sound
5. if no, it is an inductive argument
6. you can then ask if the inductive argument is weak or strong

Question 22

the very strongest inductive arguments are known as____

Answer 22

beyond a reasonable doubt

Question 23

Examples of inductive arguments

Answer 23

P1. Joe is nervous
P2. Joe has a test tomorrow
C. joe is nervous because of his test tomorrow

Question 24

T/F the strength of inductive arguments is not determined by length (number of premises)

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Example of a strong inductive argument

Answer 25

P1. the DNA test indicates that it is 99.99999% likely that joe is bob’s biological father
C. joe is bob’s biological father

Question 26

Example of a weak inductive argument

Answer 26

getting 100 yes and no answers about funding the military

Question 27

What are the types of credibility?

Answer 27

content credibility
source credibility

Question 28

What is content credibility?

Answer 28

the believability of WHAT is said

Question 29

What is source credibility?

Answer 29

the believability of WHO is saying it

Question 30

Ex. of source credibility

Answer 30

people, the media, texts, government, companies, research groups, churches, advertisers

Question 31

What is an interested party?

Answer 31

anyone (person or group) who stands to gain (financially or otherwise) from successfully persuading of something

Question 32

Ex. of interested parties

Answer 32

-corporations/ businesses
-media with political backgrounds (CNN, FOX NEWS)
- people working on commission
- campaigning politicians

Question 33

2 types of credibility in the media

Answer 33

non advocacy media
advocacy media

Question 34

What is non advocacy media

Answer 34

main concern is to present facts objectively

Question 35

what is advocacy media

Answer 35

main concern is to push an agenda or ideology

Question 36

What are the 3 types of ads?

Answer 36

logos
ethos
pathos

Question 37

what is a logos ad?

Answer 37

gives info in support of a product; persuading with facts

Question 38

what is an ethos ad?

Answer 38

associates celebrities with support for products, services, and candidates

Question 39

what is a pathos ad?

Answer 39

try to persuade (for/against) something by stirring up emotions to create mental associations that will impact your consuming,voting, etc. behavior