Midterm Reporting Assessment

Question 1

are considered the best source of evidence, used for the purposes of HTA.

Answer 1

systematic reviews w/ or w/o meta-analysis

Question 2

a systematic way to obtain and document information about an individual’s medical and psychiatric conditions and symptoms, function, behavior, personal history, values, preferences, goals, and other relevant information, and which is then analyzed using clinical reasoning to identify underlying causes of conditions and symptoms and to choose pertinent interventions.

Answer 2

clinical assessment

Question 3

Purchasing agents:

Answer 3

DOH
PhilHealth

Question 4

is the estimation of the cost of health interventions
or services in a specific context (i.e., location, time period, population).

Answer 4

Costing

Question 5

A statement that gives the value of the cost incurred in the manufacturing of finished goods. It helps in fixing the selling price of the final product after charging appropriate overheads and allowing a certain margin for profits.

Answer 5

COSTS ESTIMATION

Question 6

the comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both their costs (resource use) and consequences (outcomes and effects) (Drummond et al., 2015).

Answer 6

economic evaluation

Question 7

In costs estimation, a ___ or ___ approach should be employed.

Answer 7

random or stratified

Question 8

costs may be estimated through focus group discussions, interviews with providers or patients, examination of patient records, time sheets, direct observation of practice, and work sampling.

Answer 8

Human resource

Question 9

used to address bias resulting from misreporting or incomplete data should be reported and justified.

Answer 9

Formal analytical approaches`

Question 10

a method of costing that involves estimating costs without breaking them down into smaller components. This method is often used when a company needs a rough estimate of the cost of a project or product, and does not require a detailed breakdown of costs. It is also known as top-level costing.

Answer 10

Gross costing approach

Question 11

a method of costing that involves breaking down costs into small, detailed components. This approach is used to provide a more accurate and detailed estimate of the costs of a project or product. It is also known as bottom-up costing.

Answer 11

Micro costing approach

Question 12

costing methods that start with the detailed costs of individual components and allocate them upwards to arrive at an overall cost. These methods are used to provide a more accurate estimate of the costs of a project or product by taking into account the specific costs of individual components.

Answer 12

Bottom-up allocation methods

Question 13

costing methods that start with an overall cost and allocate it downwards to individual components. These methods are often used when a company needs a quick estimate of the costs of a project or product, and do not require a detailed breakdown of costs.

Answer 13

Top-down allocation methods

Question 14

a method of allocating costs that involves assigning costs first to the departments or processes that incur them, and then allocating them to other departments or processes in a step-wise manner. This method recognizes that some costs are incurred by multiple departments or processes, and assigns those costs based on the proportion of the cost that each department or process incurs.

Answer 14

Step-down costing

Question 15

a method of costing that involves identifying and allocating costs based on the activities that drive them. This method is often used in industries where there are many indirect costs, and where traditional costing methods may not accurately capture the true cost of a product or service. It allocates costs based on the specific activities required to produce a product or service, providing a more accurate estimate of the true cost.

Answer 15

Activity-based costing

Question 16

this should be avoided because this is likely biased.

Answer 16

Convenience sampling

Question 17

recall period still provides reliable estimates?

Answer 17

two- to three-months

Question 18

(resource use)

Answer 18

costs

Question 19

(outcomes and effects)

Answer 19

consequences

Question 20

Comparison of health gains and costs. Allows decision makers to make efficient allocation of resources while maximizing health gains.

Answer 20

Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)

Question 21

To further characterize the clinical benefit profile of the health technology

Answer 21

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

Question 22

Intervention and the comparator are equivalent in terms of
clinically relevant health outcomes.

Answer 22

Cost minimization analysis (CMA)

Question 23

4 Basic Types of Pharmacoeconomic Analysis:

Answer 23

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Question 24

Assumed to be equivalent in comparable groups

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Answer 24

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)

Question 25

Philippine Peso or monetary units Cost-minimization analysis (CMA) Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Answer 25

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

Question 26

Natural units (life years gained, mmHg blood pressure, mMol/L blood glucose) Cost-minimization analysis (CMA) Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Answer 26

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

Question 27

Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) or other utilities Cost-minimization analysis (CMA) Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Answer 27

Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Question 28

A type of Pharmacoeconomic Analysis where the outcomes are assumed to be equivalent (e.g. same medication different companies). The study is considered to be a cost analysis, and therefore not a full pharmacoeconomic analysis.

Answer 28

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)

Question 29

economic evaluation technique that compares ‘cost per consequence’ of two or more interventions. It measures outcomes in natural units (e.g., mm Hg, cholesterol levels, symptom-free days [SFDs], years of life saved). Advantages: * Easier to quantify. * Easier to measure. Disadvantages: * Inability for comparison (e.g. prothrombin time vs blood glucose measures) * Difficult to combine (e.g., side effects, impact on other diseases)

Answer 29

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

Question 30

type of economic evaluation that can help you compare the costs and effects of alternative interventions. Advantages: * Measured based on years of life (1.0 for “perfect health” to 0.0 for dead"). * Uses one common unit such as the QALY. Disadvantage: * Measured base on rough estimate"

Answer 30

Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Question 31

incorporate patient or society preferences for specific health states. When morbidity and mortality are both important outcomes of a treatment, CUA should be used to incorporate both into one unit of measure.

Answer 31

utility weights

Question 32

an economic evaluation technique that compares the cost of the intervention with the benefit incurred, where the benefit is measured by monetary units. Both the costs and benefits are valued in monetary terms. Advantages: * Discernable. * Subject to comparison. Disadvantages: * Difficulty in placing monetary value * Estimates can be imprecise.

Answer 32

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

Question 33

Only a list of costs and a list of various outcomes are presented, with no direct calculations or comparisons.

Answer 33

Cost-consequence analysis (CCA)

Question 34

The researchers attempt to determine the total economic burden of a particular disease on society. It indicates the magnitude of resources needed for a specific disease or condition. And determine the market potential for a new product or by payers to set priorities for reimbursement. There are two categories for COI 1. Direct costs. 2. Indirect costs.

Answer 34

Cost-of-illness analysis (COI)

Question 35

the process of varying model input values and recording the impact of those changes on the model outputs.

Answer 35

Sensitivity Analysis

Question 36

TYPES OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS:

Answer 36

One-way SA Multi-way/scenario SA Probabilistic SA Threshold Analysis Analysis of extremes

Question 37

varying the value of one variable at a time One-way SA Multi-way/scenario SA Probabilistic SA Threshold Analysis Analysis of extremes

Answer 37

One-way SA

Question 38

identifying the value a parameter must take to achieve a pre-specified change in incremental cost effectiveness ratio or policy implication. One-way SA Multi-way/scenario SA Probabilistic SA Threshold Analysis Analysis of extremes

Answer 38

Threshold Analysis

Question 39

the use of probability distributions to describe parameter values and the use of Monte Carlo simulation to generate distributions of the expected costs and outcomes, and a distribution for the incremental cost effectiveness ratio One-way SA Multi-way/scenario SA Probabilistic SA Threshold Analysis Analysis of extremes

Answer 39

Probabilistic SA

Question 40

varying more than one variable at a time. One-way SA Multi-way/scenario SA Probabilistic SA Threshold Analysis Analysis of extremes

Answer 40

Multi-way/scenario SA

Question 41

identifying the impact of setting a parameter at the highest or lowest possible value. varying more than one variable at a time. One-way SA Multi-way/scenario SA Probabilistic SA Threshold Analysis Analysis of extremes

Answer 41

Analysis of extremes

Question 42

is implemented by running a modified version of the standard two-level simulation required for Expected Value of Perfect Information.

Answer 42

POSA

Question 43

the range of values in the distribution of the parameter of interest.

Answer 43

Outer-loop

Question 44

full PSA (monte carlo simulation) applied to all other parameters in the model whilst holding the value of the chosen parameter fixed.

Answer 44

Inner loop

Question 45

The range of values sampled are in?

Answer 45

centiles or deciles

Question 46

STEPS IN PROBABILITISTIC ONE-WAY SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS (POSA):

Answer 46

Select a parameter for POSA Sample Outer Loop Value for the Parameter. Run Inner Loop Simulation Record the conditional expected costs and outcomes for all strategies. Return to Step 1 sampling a new Outer Loop value until all values of interest have been evaluated. Rank the costs and outcomes for each strategy by the sampled value of the parameter. Use the 'reference case' value of lambda - the cost effectiveness threshold to calculate the conditional Incremental Net Monetary Benefit for each sampled value. * (E2E) (C2- C1) = c INMB Read-off the probability of each sampled value being observed from the Probability Density Function used for the full Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis.

Question 47

In POSA, The greater the number of values chosen, the greater the precision. T/F

Answer 47

T

Question 48

a measure used in health economics to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a medical intervention compared to an alternative. It represents the ratio of the difference in costs between the two interventions and the difference in their outcomes. A lower ICER indicates that the intervention is more cost-effective, while a higher ICER indicates that the intervention is less cost-effective.

Answer 48

Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) The formula for calculating the ICER is: ICER = (Cost of Intervention A - Cost of Intervention B) / (Effectiveness of Intervention A - Effectiveness of Intervention B)

Question 49

use absolute Net Monetary Benefits rather than incremental Net Monetary Benefit. The strategy with the highest Net Monetary Benefit is always the best value.

Answer 49

POSA FOR EVALUATIONS WITH 3 + STRATEGIES

Question 50

It is inadequate, at risk of bias, and prone to misinterpretation by decision makers

Answer 50

Conventional (Deterministic) One-way Sensitivity Analysis

Question 51

Is implemented by running a modified version of the standard two-level simulation required for Expected Value of Perfect Information.

Answer 51

POSA

Question 52

The range of values in the distribution of the parameter of interest.

Answer 52

Outer Loop

Question 53

Full PSA (monte carlo simulation) applied to all other parameters in the model whilst holding the value of the chosen parameter fixed.

Answer 53

Inner Loop

Question 54

a form of analytical model, in which distinct branches are used to represent a potential set of outcomes for a patient or patient cohort (York Health Economics Consortium, 2016).

Answer 54

DECISION TREE

Question 55

are used to model interventions that have few and distinct outcomes that can be measured at a specific time point or over short time horizons.

Answer 55

DECISION TREE

Question 56

represented by a circle, shows the probabilities of certain results.

Answer 56

Chance nodes

Question 57

represented by a square, shows a decision to be made

Answer 57

Decision nodes

Question 58

represented by a triangle, shows the final outcome of a decision path.

Answer 58

End nodes

Question 59

the application of an analytical method for systematically comparing different decision options. It assists with selecting the best or most cost-effective alternative.

Answer 59

DECISION ANALYSIS

Question 60

provide a framework to process, and apply follow as you collect, information and evidence to the decision.

Answer 60

DECISION-MAKING MODELS

Question 61

helps to collect the evidence, process the information, and identify the best way to make decision

Answer 61

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS

Question 62

STEPS IN DECISION ANALYSIS:

Answer 62

IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC DECISION SPECIFY ALTERNATIVES DRAW THE DECISION ANALYSIS STRUCTURE SPECIFY POSSIBLE COSTS, OUTCOMES, AND PROBABILITIES PERFORM CALCULATIONS CONDUCT A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Question 63

a choice is allowed Chance node Choice node Terminal node

Answer 63

Choice node

Question 64

chance comes into the equation Choice node Chance node Terminal node

Answer 64

Chance node

Question 65

the final outcome of interest for each option in the decision is represented Choice node Chance node Terminal node

Answer 65

Terminal node

Question 66

one of the tools that help decision makers with more than a solution to a problem.

Answer 66

Sensitivity analysis

Question 67

is used to compare the impact of various one-way sensitivity analyses

Answer 67

Tornado diagram

Question 68

• population-level health state transition model; flowcharts focus on how various factors could affect decision or goal. • serves to break up the analysis into shorter time frames (or cycles) to better represent the nature of the disease or condition Markov model Decision Tree

Answer 68

Markov model

Question 69

Markov model is a ____ ____ for randomly changing systems where it is assumed that future states do not depend on past states. These models show all possible states as well as the transitions, rate of transitions and probabilities between them. A Markov model is used to recognize patterns, make predictions and to learn the statistics of sequential data.

Answer 69

Stochastic method

Question 70

4 Types of Markov model:

Answer 70

Markov chain Hidden Markov model Markov decision processes Partially observable Markov decision process

Question 71

It is well suited for chronic conditions. It uses disease states to represent all possible consequences of an intervention of interest. These are mutually exclusive and exhaustive and so each individual represented in the model can be in one and only one of these disease states at any given time. Markov model Dynamic Transmission model Decision Analysis model

Answer 71

Markov model

Question 72

A type of probabilistic graphical model exists, which enables the prediction of an unknown sequence of variables from a group of observed variables. Partially observable Markov decision processes Markov chain Hidden Markov model

Answer 72

Hidden Markov model

Question 73

In this model, the hidden variables in this context are also referred to as latent states; utilizing this can make it possible to compute the joint probability of a group of hidden states. Ultimate goal: identify the most likely sequence of hidden states, which has the highest probability of occurrence. Partially observable Markov decision processes Markov decision processes Markov chain Hidden Markov model

Answer 73

Hidden Markov model

Question 74

a mathematical framework used to model decision-making problems under uncertainty. The decision maker chooses an action from a set of possible actions in each state, and the outcome of the action is probabilistic. Partially observable Markov decision processes Markov decision processes Markov chain Hidden Markov model

Answer 74

Markov decision processes (MDP)

Question 75

a type of Markov decision process (MDP) used to model decision-making problems in which the state of the system is not fully observable. The decision maker must choose an action based on the current observation and the history of past observations and actions. Partially observable Markov decision processes Markov decision processes Markov chain Hidden Markov model

Answer 75

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs)

Question 76

A Stochastic method for randomly changing systems where it assumed that future states.

Answer 76

Markov model

Question 77

Two commonly applied types of Markov model are used when the system being represented is autonomous. a) Markov chain, Markov decision process b) hidden Markov models, partially observable Markov decision process. c)Markov chain, Hidden Markov models d) Markov decision process, Partially observable Markov decision process.

Answer 77

c) Markov chain, Hidden Markov models

Question 78

Another two commonly applied types of Markov model are used when the system being represented is controlled. a) Markov chain, Markov decision process b) hidden Markov models, partially observable Markov decision process. c)Markov chain, Hidden Markov models d) Markov decision process, Partially observable Markov decision process.

Answer 78

d) Markov decision process, Partially observable Markov decision process.

Question 79

A Russian mathematician who first studied such systems in the early 20th century. a) Andrie Markov b) Andy Markov c) Andrey Markov

Answer 79

c) Andrey Markov

Question 80

models used can be deterministic or stochastic, individual or cohort based? Markov model Dynamic Transmission model Decision Analysis model

Answer 80

Dynamic transmission model

Question 81

It is used for the analysis of interventions against an infectious disease concerning the population of interest and capable of reproducing the direct and indirect effects that may arise from a communicable disease control program. Markov model Dynamic Transmission model Decision Analysis model

Answer 81

Dynamic Transmission model

Question 82

COMPARTMENTS OF THE DYNAMIC TRANSMISSION MODEL ARE DISEASE-CLASSIFIED:

Answer 82

Susceptible (S) Infected (I) Recovered (R)

Question 83

____ must be used when decision makers are interested in local elimination of an infectious disease or eradication Markov model Dynamic model Decision Analysis model

Answer 83

Dynamic model

Question 84

All economic evaluations reflect a degree of uncertainty thus it is important that all types of uncertainty are appropriately presented to the decision-maker. T/F

Answer 84

True

Question 85

THRESHOLD ANALYSIS BELONGS TO WHAT TYPE OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSES? Probabilistic sensitivity analysis Deterministic sensitivity analysis

Answer 85

Deterministic sensitivity analysis

Question 86

An amount, level, or limit on a scale. When it is reached, something else happens or changes.

Answer 86

Threshold

Question 87

Threshold Analysis is also known as?

Answer 87

break-point analysis

Question 88

Seeks to identify the value of a parameter where the best decision change and used to determine the threshold value of an input parameter at which a health care strategy becomes cost-effective. Sensitivity Analysis Decision Analysis Threshold Analysis

Answer 88

Threshold Analysis

Question 89

_____has been developed to help assess and quantify the robustness of recommendations made based on results obtained from NMAs to potential limitations of the data. Sensitivity Analysis Decision Analysis Threshold Analysis

Answer 89

Threshold Analysis

Question 90

The critical value of the parameters should be identified. This critical value is defined as the _____ for which the conclusion of the analysis would change.

Answer 90

threshold parameter value

Question 91

WHAT ARE THE TWO SENSITIVITY ANALYSES?

Answer 91

Probabilistic sensitivity analyses Deterministic sensitivity analyses

Question 92

A financial approach designed to estimate, over a defined time horizon, the financial consequences of adopting a health intervention. Cost estimation Budget Impact System Budget Impact Analysis Health Impact System

Answer 92

Budget Impact Analysis

Question 93

The objective of Budget Impact Analysis is to increase the awareness of DOH or PhilHealth policymakers with regard to the financial impact of introducing new technology, and to aid in budget or service planning of government and/or social insurance. T/F

Answer 93

True

Question 94

In establishing perspective in BIA, the ______ perspective should be used, namely the DOH and PhilHealth.

Answer 94

government payor's

Question 95

In establishing time horizon in BIA, at least a 1-year assessment, and ideally up to _____ years forecasts.

Answer 95

3-5

Question 96

In identifying eligible population in BIA, volume of px should be clearly defined. Population should be adjusted for the level of use of government facilities. T/F

Answer 96

True

Question 97

In identifying eligible population in BIA, volume of px should be clearly defined. Population should be adjusted for the level of use of government facilities. Distinction on the full or gradual implementation of the new tx and distinction between the maximum and potential number of px that may benefit from the new tx. T/F

Answer 97

True

Question 98

specifies the methodological standards considered by the HTAC in making judgments on the value of health technologies to patients and the wider health system.

Answer 98

'reference case'

Question 99

The cost effectiveness analysis should preferably be conducted from a _______perspective, i.e., taking into account all costs and outcomes related to the health care system.

Answer 99

publicly-funded healthcare payor

Question 100

This measure captures both the positive and negative effects of a health technology on the length and quality of life and is generalizable across disease states and is the preferred measure of health outcome because it is based on specific societal preference.

Answer 100

QALY

Question 101

In the Philippines, an established value set is available for the Filipino population based on a nationwide study conducted by Dr. Hilton Lam in ____. YEAR MONTH WEEK DAY

Answer 101

YEAR

Question 102

acceptable for practical considerations especially where QALY measures are unavailable for specific health conditions in the Philippines.

Answer 102

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs)

Question 103

an outcome measurement that focuses on how the patient experiences an illness rather than on clinical assessment. QoL EQ-5D-5L

Answer 103

Quality of Life

Question 104

preferred instrument for the measurement of generic preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) because it is the most translated and most widely used validated tool in economic evaluations; and, is practical in capturing relevant key domains of health. QALY DALY

Answer 104

DALY

Question 105

drugs, hospital services, hospitalization DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS DIRECT NON-HEALTHCARE COSTS INDIRECT PRODUCTIVITY LOSS

Answer 105

DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS

Question 106

transportation, accommodation, family care DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS DIRECT NON-HEALTHCARE COSTS INDIRECT PRODUCTIVITY LOSS

Answer 106

DIRECT NON-HEALTHCARE COSTS

Question 107

unpaid assistance, absent from work, decreased productivity due to health issues DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS DIRECT NON-HEALTHCARE COSTS INDIRECT PRODUCTIVITY LOSS

Answer 107

INDIRECT PRODUCTIVITY LOSS

Question 108

In estimating clinical and cost effectiveness, ____ should be sufficient enough to reflect all important differences in costs or outcomes between the technologies being compared. Time Horizon Lifetime time horizon Time horizon shorter than a patient's lifetime

Answer 108

Time Horizon

Question 109

required when alternative technologies lead to differences in survival or benefits that persist for the remainder of a person's life Time Horizon Lifetime time horizon Time horizon shorter than a patient's lifetime

Answer 109

Lifetime time horizon

Question 110

___ justified if there is no differential mortality effect between treatment options, and the differences in costs and health-related quality of life are short-term Time Horizon Lifetime time horizon Time horizon shorter than a patient's lifetime

Answer 110

Time horizon shorter than a patient's lifetime

Question 111

For a period of 45 years, approximately ______% is implicated as discount rate

Answer 111

5.33%

Question 112

For a period of 75 + years, approximately ______% is implicated as discount rate

Answer 112

3.66%

Question 113

pertains to the methodological disagreement among analyses (e.g., method of costing, discount rate) is not included with the assumption that the economic evaluation followed the steps and the reference case. Parameter uncertainty Methodological uncertainty Modelling or Structural uncertainty Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

Answer 113

Methodological uncertainty

Question 114

uncertainty with the functional form of the model (e.g., categorisation of different states of health and the representation of different pathways of care) Parameter uncertainty Methodological uncertainty Modelling or Structural uncertainty Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

Answer 114

Modelling or Structural uncertainty

Question 115

uncertainty with the true numerical values of input parameters (i.e., mean health and cost inputs) in the model Parameter uncertainty Methodological uncertainty Modelling or Structural uncertainty Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

Answer 115

Parameter uncertainty

Question 116

uncertainty with different estimates of key parameters (e.g., estimates of relative effectiveness) Parameter uncertainty Methodological uncertainty Modelling or Structural uncertainty Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

Answer 116

Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

Question 117

Univariate sensitivity analysis Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

Answer 117

Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

Question 118

Scenario analysis Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

Answer 118

Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

Question 119

Multivariate sensitivity analysis Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

Answer 119

Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

Question 120

Threshold analysis Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

Answer 120

Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

Question 121

It is assumed that all inputs used in the model are estimated with a degree of imprecision. Scenario analysis Threshold analysis Univariate sensitivity analysis Multivariate sensitivity analysis

Answer 121

Univariate sensitivity analysis

Question 122

Scenarios are useful to test particular subsets of multivariate analyses. May represent the most optimistic and the most pessimistic parameter combinations. Scenario analysis Threshold analysis Univariate sensitivity analysis Multivariate sensitivity analysis

Answer 122

Scenario analysis

Question 123

Model results are estimated varying multiple parameters at the same time to analyse how the combined variations affect the results. Scenario analysis Threshold analysis Univariate sensitivity analysis Multivariate sensitivity analysis

Answer 123

Multivariate sensitivity analysis

Question 124

For key parameters of the model, critical values of parameters should be identified. Scenario analysis Threshold analysis Univariate sensitivity analysis Multivariate sensitivity analysis

Answer 124

Threshold analysis

Question 125

Specifies the methodological standards considered by the HTAC in making judgments on the value of health technologies to patients and the wider health system. Comparator Reference Case Direct costs

Answer 125

Reference Case

Question 126

This should be sufficient enough in estimating clinical and cost effectiveness to reflect all important differences in costs or outcomes between the technologies being compared. Time Horizon Heterogeneity Uncertainty

Answer 126

Time Horizon

Question 127

This where the effects and costs of the health technologies are assessed on sub-populations Time Horizon Heterogeneity Uncertainty

Answer 127

Heterogeneity

Question 128

____ takes into account the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) associated with the use or non-use of a health technology. HTA HTAC PITAHC

Answer 128

HTA

Question 129

_____in health implies that ideally, everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential, and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential (World Health Organization, 2019) Equity Equality

Answer 129

Equity

Question 130

MOST COMMON QUALITATIVE METHODS:

Answer 130

Participant observation In-depth interviews Focus group discussions and online ethnography

Question 131

Factors to stratify health opportunities and outcomes:

Answer 131

* Place of residence * Race/ethnicity/culture/language * Occupation * Gender/sex * Religion * Education * Socioeconomic status * Social capital * Plus other possible factors such as disease status or disability

Question 132

This must be considered at all stages of an evaluation from the design, analysis, and reporting of the results.

Answer 132

ELSI checklist

Question 133

method for assessing and improving health consequences of projects and polices in non-health sectors.

Answer 133

Health Impact Assessment

Question 134

WHY CONDUCT A HIA?

Answer 134

Make better decision Promote cross-sectoral cooperation Promote equity Provide information before the fact, leaving time to make adjustment in plans Assist in policy making

Question 135

Is a combination of procedures, methods, tools or process by which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within that population.

Answer 135

Health Impact Assessment

Question 136

HIA must be conducted _________ the proposed project or policy is fully planed or implemented, so that it can take advantage of the information the HIA provides.

Answer 136

Before

Question 137

STEPS OF HIA:

Answer 137

SCREENING -Is HIA required? SCOPING - What to do and how to do it. APPRAISAL - Identifying health hazards and considering evidence of the impact REPORTING - Development recommendation to reduce hazards and/or improve MONITORING - Briefly elaborate on what you want to discuss.

Question 138

to help understand the potential relationship between the proposal and the determinants of health Risk Assessment Cost-benefit Analysis Cost estimation

Answer 138

Risk Assessment

Question 139

to help understand the potential relationship between the proposal and the determinants of health, and to help identify recommendations for altering the proposal to improve health. Risk Assessment Cost-benefit Analysis Cost estimation

Answer 139

Cost-benefit Analysis

Question 140

refers to the process by which the HTAC evaluates and makes judgement on the value of a health technology in the Philippines context using its established criteria based on the evidence presented by the subcommittees supported by the HTA output of the Assessment Teams Evidence Summary Evidence Appraisal Critical Appraisal Clinical Assessment

Answer 140

Evidence Appraisal

Question 141

The HTAC recognizes that in many instances evidence may be perfect and that there may be certainties surrounding clinical and economic value of a health technology T/F

Answer 141

False Answer: imperfect...uncertainties

Question 142

The _______ must present first its output to the subcommittees which shall conduct an initial deliberation and appraisal. PITAHC Assessment team HTAC subcommittees HTAC Core Committee

Answer 142

Assessment team

Question 143

The preliminary output of the Assessment Team shall undergo peer review by experts identified by ____ FDA DOH DOST PITAHC

Answer 143

DOST

Question 144

______shall present the rationale, methods and results of the assessment Assessment team Internal Assessment Team HTAC subcommittees HTAC Core Committee

Answer 144

Assessment team

Question 144

______shall moderate the public consultation Assessment team Internal Assessment Team HTAC subcommittees HTAC Core Committee

Answer 144

Internal Assessment Team

Question 145

________ shall observe the proceedings of the public consultation Assessment team Internal Assessment Team HTAC subcommittees HTAC Core Committee

Answer 145

HTAC Core Committee

Question 146

The _____ shall conduct quality assurance of the finals assessment output which shall be appraised by the HTAC Core Committee Assessment team Internal Assessment Team HTAC subcommittees HTAC Core Committee

Answer 146

HTAC subcommittees

Question 147

If the output of the Assessment Team is approved an evidence summary must be develop to be presented to the _____ for final deliberation and recommendation Assessment team Internal Assessment Team HTAC subcommittees HTA Core Committee

Answer 147

HTA Core Committee

Question 148

The evidence summary shall have the following contents:

Answer 148

Background Description of the new health technology and comparator Clinical effectiveness and safety Economic evaluation Health system implications Legal, ethical, social issues if any

Question 149

The EBP Process involves five steps:

Answer 149

ASK ACQUIRE APPRAISE APPLY ASSESS

Question 150

___is an acronym used to break down a clinical question or problem into appropriate keywords that enables effective searching within a database. Each letter of the acronym represents a different component of the clinical question.

Answer 150

PICO

Question 151

Diagnosis: Which diagnostic test should you select and how should you interpret the results of that test? Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study Randomized Control Trials Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies Cohort Studies

Answer 151

Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study

Question 152

Therapy: Which treatment will be the most beneficial and worthwhile? Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study Randomized Control Trials Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies Cohort Studies

Answer 152

Randomized Control Trials

Question 153

Prognosis: How can you predict the likelihood of a particular outcome for your patient? Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study Randomized Control Trials Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies Cohort Studies

Answer 153

Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies

Question 154

Etiology: How can you determine the cause of a disease? Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study Randomized Control Trials Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies Cohort Studies

Answer 154

Cohort Studies

Question 155

_______such as truncation and wildcards, can be used to improve the results of your database searches. Advanced search syntax Alternative search terms Refining a search

Answer 155

Advanced search syntax

Question 156

add limits to your results, add more concepts, use broader or more general search terms. Advanced search syntax Alternative search terms Refining a search

Answer 156

Refining a search

Question 157

when searching for evidence based literature, it's important to include synonyms and alternative terms to find all relevant literature. This can include words that are spelled differently overseas , concepts that are referred to differently , conditions with both formal and informal names and terms that have changed over time Advanced search syntax Alternative search terms Refining a search

Answer 157

Alternative search terms

Question 158

Designed to guide the critique of economic evaluations. A rating scale, developed by Doran, was utilized to attribute a potential score of 1 to each of the items on The checklist. The aggregate results provide an economic quality appraisal of: * Poor (1–3 points), * Average (4–7 points) * Good (8–10 points) ELSI checklist DRUMMOND'S checklist AOTA NOTA

Answer 158

DRUMMOND'S checklist

Question 159

a useful and quick tool to assess the quality of economic evaluations and to enable decision makers and researchers to focus on the most relevant studies. ELSI checklist DRUMMOND'S checklist AOTA NOTA

Answer 159

DRUMMOND'S checklist

Question 160

the objective, balanced, and responsible use of current research and the best available data to guide policy and practice decisions, such that outcomes for consumers are improved.

Answer 160

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Question 161

the process of examining a research article to determine its validity and applicability to your clinical question. It is important because it ensures that you have a holistic view of the research article - including any strengths, weaknesses, or biases.

Answer 161

Critical appraisal

Question 162

a way of examining the research to assess its validity and relevance. It is an essential step in making sense of the research evidence.

Answer 162

Critical analysis