Midterm Review

Question 1

A programming language uses 4-bit binary sequences to represent nonnegative integers. A programmer attempts to add the decimal values 14 and 15. What will happen?

Answer 1

An overflow error will occur, because the largest binary value that can be represented using 4 bits is 1111, which equals 15.

Question 2

Lossless vs. Lossy compression

Answer 2

Lossless - does not lose any data in the compression process
Lossy - uses approximations and partial data, so the file is not restored to its original form after decompression

Question 3

What is an advantage of lossless compression over lossy compression

Answer 3

Lossless compression can guarantee reconstruction of the original data, while lossy compression cannot

Question 4

There are hundreds of digital photos with data representing the level of red, green, and blue for each pixel, as well as metadata that describes the date, time, and location the photo was taken.
For which goals would analyzing the metadata be more appropriate than analyzing the data?
A) Determining the chronological order of the photos
B) Determining the number of clouds in a photo
C) Determining whether a photo is suitable for printing in black-and-white
D) Determining whether two photos were taken at the same location

Answer 4

A and D
Because date and time, as well as location, are considered metadata

Question 5

Metadata

Answer 5

Data that describes data

Question 6

In ASCII:
What number corresponds with A and Z

Answer 6

A: 65
Z: 90

Question 7

What letter is represented by 1001010

Answer 7

H (74)

Question 8

What letter is represented by 1001001

Answer 8

I (73)

Question 9

What letter is represented by 1001000

Answer 9

H (72)

Question 10

What letter is represented by 1001011

Answer 10

K (75)

Question 11

Redundancy

Answer 11

A system design with multiple paths for traffic, so that data can keep flowing even if one path fails

Question 12

If you upgrade from 32-bits to 64-bits, how many more items can be stored?

Answer 12

2³² times more

Question 13

Overflow error

Answer 13

Happens when a program receives a value that exceeds the storage capacity, usually in binary

Question 14

Round-off error

Answer 14

The difference between an approximation of a number (9.5) and the exact number (9.51235932)

Question 15

Floating-point representation

Answer 15

Allow computers to represent very large or very small numbers using scientific notation. There can be a loss of precision due to the infinite number of real numbers compared to the finite number of bits used to represent them.

Question 16

What is the next binary number after: 1001 0011

Answer 16

1001 0100

Question 17

Parameter

Answer 17

Input to a function that is named

Question 18

Boolean

Answer 18

Can have two values, true or false

Question 19

Undecidable problem

Answer 19

A problem that it is impossible to construct an algorithm for that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer

Question 20

Explain what this will do:
PROCEDURE printNums(max)
{
count ← 1
REPEAT UNTIL(count > max)
{
DISPLAY(count)
count ← count + 2
}
}

Answer 20

Starts the count at one, and inside the loop, the value of count is displayed, and then it will increase by two. The loop stops when count exceeds max, so all positive integers less than or equal to max will be displayed

Question 21

Return

Answer 21

Will immediately end the function and send back whatever information it is meant to return

Question 22

Generalization

Answer 22

Identifies commonalties among a set of entities

Question 23

String

Answer 23

A sequence of characters
Example: “Hello”

Question 24

List

Answer 24

Data type that represents a number of ordered values, usually strings or numbers
Example:
doglist = [“poodle”, “pug”, “pitbull”]

Question 25

AND (Boolean logic)

Answer 25

Will only return the results that contain both the keywords

Question 26

OR (Boolean logic)

Answer 26

Will return results if either keyword (or both) is included

Question 27

NOT (Boolean logic)

Answer 27

Will return results only if the keyword is not included

Question 28

Web server vs. Web browser

Answer 28

Web browser is the software that is used for browsing on the internet, and a web server is the software the provides the users documents upon their request

Question 29

Standard protocols

Answer 29

Set of rules used by computers to allow them to interact between themselves

Question 30

Proprietary Communication

Answer 30

A communication protocol owned by a single organization or individual

Question 31

Open protocol

Answer 31

The ones on the internet, they are not owned by any particular company and allow any computing device to join the global network

Question 32

Encryption protocols

Answer 32

Encryption done through encryption algorithms

Question 33

How must digital data be sent?

Answer 33

By breaking down data into blocks of bits called packets

Question 34

Relationship between the internet and World Wide Web

Answer 34

The internet is a network of connected devices, and the World Wide Web is a system of linked pages that is accessed via the internet

Question 35

IPv6 vs IPv4

Answer 35

IPv6 allows for more addresses, which allows for more devices to be connected to the Internet

Question 36

How is fault tolerance achieved

Answer 36

By providing multiple paths between devices

Question 37

How are IP addresses assigned?

Answer 37

As a new device is connected to the Internet, it is assigned an IP address to enable communication on the network

Question 38

Digital Divide

Answer 38

Divide between with access to the internet and those without

Question 39

Crowdsourcing

Answer 39

The practice of using input or information obtained from a large number of people via the Internet

Question 40

How to reduce bias

Answer 40

Test the system with people of different ages, genders, and ethnicities

Question 41

Multifactor authentication

Answer 41

A method in which a user is only granted access after presenting several separate pieces of evidence to an authentication mechanism

Question 42

Cloud Computing

Answer 42

A form of computing in which networks, data storage applications, security, and development tools are all enabled via the Internet.