Midterm Review Flashcards
0
Q
How would Down’s syndrome be detected on a karyotype?
A
47, +21, XY or XX
1
Q
How many chromosomes are in a normal human karyotype?
A
46
2
Q
What is a point mutation?
A
A change in the DNA sequence
3
Q
What is a chromosomal mutation?
A
A change in the chromosomes
4
Q
What is produced during transcription?
A
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
5
Q
What is produced during translation?
A
Protein
6
Q
What is the base pair rule in DNA?
A
Adenine pairs with thymine
Guanine pairs with cytosine
7
Q
Genes contain instructions for assembling what?
A
Protein
8
Q
What can a karyotype show?
A
It shows chromosome pairs that represent traits
9
Q
What are the sex chromosomes of a male?
A
XY
10
Q
What are the sex chromosomes of a female?
A
XX
11
Q
What sex chromosomes does a father give to his child?
A
A father gives an X to a daughter and a Y to a son
12
Q
What sex chromosomes does a mother give to her child?
A
A mother gives an X to a daughter or a son
13
Q
What is a genotype?
A
The code for a trait
14
Q
What is a phenotype?
A
A visible trait
15
Q
Where are most sex linked genes located?
A
X chromosome
16
Q
Why is colorblindness more common in males than in females?
A
Usually, the male receives the affected X from his mom
17
Q
What is DNA fingerprinting and what is it based on?
A
It’s gel electrophoresis and it is based on different sized strands of DNA
18
Q
What are restriction enzymes and what do they do?
A
They are enzymes that cut DNA into strands or sections
19
Q
What is gel electrophoresis and what can it be used to determine?
A
It is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge
20
Q
What are the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA?
A
DNA and RNA have adenine, guanine, and cytosine and they carry a code
RNA has one strand and uracil
DNA has two strands and thymine
21
Q
What are co-dominant traits?
A
Two traits show up but are distinctly different
22
Q
What are incomplete dominant traits?
A
Two traits that don’t completely dominate one another (pink flowers)
23
Q
What are polygenic traits?
A
Traits that are controlled by two or more genes
24
What is the difference between a dominant and recessive allele?
Dominant alleles show up and recessive alleles rarely show up
25
What is a haploid
A half-set of chromosomes
26
What is a diploid?
A set of chromosomes
27
What is selective breeding?
Humans breed animals and plants for particular traits so they show up more frequently in the offspring
28
What is a pedigree?
A family tree that can be used to track traits
29
What is homozygous dominant?
Two capital letters
| Ex. BB
30
What is homozygous recessive?
Two lowercase letters
| Ex. bb
31
What is heterozygous?
A capital letter and a lowercase letter
| Ex. Bb
32
What place influenced Charles Darwin the most?
The Galápagos Islands
33
What did Darwin observe on the Galápagos Islands?
Diversity of species and evolution of species
34
What trait did Darwin notice about the giant land tortoises?
Their necks varied in length
35
What trait did Darwin notice about the finches?
Their beaks were different sizes
36
What is the survival of the fittest?
Those that carry the favorites traits survive to reproduce
37
What does fitness mean?
Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment
38
What is inheritance of acquired characteristics?
Offspring cannot inherit acquired traits
39
What book did Darwin write?
On the Origin of Species
40
What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?
In natural selection, nature decides the trait passed on. In artificial selection, humans decide the trait passed on
41
What is the three word definition for evolution?
Change over time
42
What is the gene pool?
Combined genetic information for all members of a particular population
43
What are the two main sources of genetic variation?
Sexual reproduction and mutations
44
What is the advantage of a polygenic trait over a single gene trait?
Polygenic traits have multiple factors that control the trait
45
What is the difference between common names and scientific names?
Common names vary around the world while scientific names stay the same regardless
46
Why did scientists come up with scientific names?
To be able to communicate easily
47
Know how to write scientific names. What font? What is capitalized and what is lower case?
The first letter of the genus is capitalized while everything else is lower case. It is written italicized or underlined.
48
What is the first word of a scientific name?
Genus
49
What is the second word of a scientific name?
Species
50
What do fossils show?
Evolution
51
What are homologous structures?
Almost same structure of a body part but with different functions
52
What are analogous structures?
Body parts of different organisms that have the same function but different structure
53
What are vestigial structures?
Any body structure that is reduced or has no function in a living organism but may have at one time by ancestors
54
What is disruptive selection?
Either two extremes are favored (big beak or small beak)
55
What is directional selection?
An extreme form of a trait is favored (faster horses are bred more often)
56
What is stabilizing selection?
Average individuals in a population are favored (the first generation)
57
A hypothesis is useful only if _____
It can be tested
58
How many variables are tested in an experiment?
Only one at a time
59
What kingdoms contain organisms with cell walls?
Plantae
60
Why does diffusion occur?
Particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. Particles aim for equilibrium
61
What is homeostasis?
Equilibrium of an organism's internal environment that maintains conditions suitable for life
62
What is metabolism?
the rate at which you digest food
63
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
64
What are the main functions of proteins?
To build muscles
65
What are the monomers of lipids?
Glycerol (fatty acids)
66
What are the main functions of lipids?
Secondary energy source
67
What are monomers of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars
68
What are the main functions of carbohydrates?
Main energy source
69
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
70
What are the main functions of nucleic acids?
Stores hereditary information
71
What are the levels of organization?
Atom ➡️ molecule ➡️ cell ➡️ tissue ➡️ organ ➡️ organ system ➡️ organism ➡️ population ➡️ community ➡️ ecosystem ➡️ biosphere
72
What is the ATP molecule made of?
Adenine, ribose, three phosphate groups
73
What are pigments?
Light absorbing structures
74
What is the main pigment in most plants?
Chlorophyll
75
What are the two major categories of cells?
Prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (humans and plants)
76
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
77
In DNA, what determines the traits of an organism?
The genes, which are segments of DNA that code for specific traits
78
What are the components of the DNA molecule?
Sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogen base
79
What did Robert Hooke do?
Discovered cells
80
What did Leeuwenhoek do?
Discovered bacteria
81
What did Scheliden do?
Discovered plants were made of cells
82
What did Schwann do?
Discovered animals were made of cells
83
What did Virchow do?
Stated that all living things came from other living things
84
What are the two steps to cellular respiration?
Glycolysis - starting process is glucose, makes two ATP molecules; occurs in cytoplasm
Kreb's Cycle - pyruvate is starting product, makes thirty four ATP molecules, occurs in electron transport chain
85
Why do plants appear green?
The pigments in the plant reflect green light
86
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
87
In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?
Mitochondria
88
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic does not
89
What causes your muscles to burn?
Lactic acid fermentation
90
What is the difference in the products of mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis makes 2 diploid cells while meiosis makes 4 haploid cells
91
What is a codon?
Three nucleotides that form a genetic code
92
What is an anticodon?
Three nucleotides that correspond to a complimentary codon in the mRNA
93
What does mRNA do?
It carries information to the ribosome
94
What does rRNA do?
Helps bond amino acids together
95
What does tRNA do?
Brigs amino acids for assembly
96
What is crossing over?
When homologous chromosomes are so close they exchange genetic material
97
What are the steps of mitosis?
G1 (cell replicates itself), Synthesis (DNA replicates), G2 (finishes replication), mitosis (PMAT)
98
What are the parts of a chromosome?
Sister chromatids and centromere
99
What is the difference between a polymer and a monomer?
Monomer means single and simplest form, while polymer means more than one monomer
100
What are centrioles and what is their role in mitosis and meiosis?
Centrioles separate the sister chromatids during cell division
101
What are spindle fibers and what is their role in mitosis and meiosis?
They are protein fibers that pull the sister chromatids apart
102
What is the process of DNA replication?
DNA unzips ➡️ complements are created ➡️ two new strands are formed
103
What is produced during DNA replication?
Two strands of DNA
104
What has to separate during DNA replication?
The base pairs separate
105
Why must cells divide?
To grow bigger and repair damage
106
What is cell specialization?
It's a cell specifically made to make up one structure
107
What is an autotroph?
Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food
108
What are heterotrophs?
Heterotrophs are organisms that have to find and eat their food
