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Midterm Review Flashcards

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1
Q

French and Indian War

A

Territorial disputes between the French and British over land in the Americas. Ignited a larger conflict between them called the Seven Years War.

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2
Q

Stamp Act

A

Tax on the American people goods such as paper and stamps.

Agitated the colonialists due to the lack of representation in parliament

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3
Q

Intolerable Acts

A

British response to the Boston Tea Party. Closed the Boston Harbor,Removed the massachusetts charter, banned town meetings.

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4
Q

First Continental Congress

A

Caused by the coercive acts put in place by parliament. 12 colonies came together in philadelphia to demand the repeal of the coercive acts

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5
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

Delegates from all 13 colonies met and agreed to create a continental army to fight for their freedom from parliament

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6
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

On July 4th 1776, following the withdrawal of Loyalists and moderates from congress, Patriots passed the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson.

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7
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

Passed (1777), Ratified (1781, due to territorial disputes). The colonies first attempt at government. Created a small central government only allowed to regulate trade, war, peace, and alliances while the rest of government responsibility rested on the states

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8
Q

Shays Rebellion

A

Due to the Massachusetts government not being able to redeem bonds, merchants and landowners force the government to raise taxes fivefold. Citizens start a rebellion led by Captain Daniel Shays. The rebellion fails but highlights the need for a strong central government.

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9
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

Napoleon sells French Louisiana territory to the United States for 15 million, Thomas Jefferson is forced to adopt a loose interpretation of the constitution to accept the purchase. Lewis and Clark and sent out by Jefferson to explore the territory.

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10
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period of rapid technological, economic, and population growth. Work becomes mechanized and urban populations grow.

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11
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

(1790-1840) A period of protestant religious reform which led to the creation of new Christian denominations and set the stage for social reform.

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12
Q

Labor Unions

A

Where workers unite in order to provide more leverage against employers to improve wages, working conditions, etc.

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13
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

United States foreign policy where any further colonization of America by European powers is treated as a direct threat towards the United States

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14
Q

War of 1812

A

British assisting Indian Aggression and seizing American Ships pushed the country into the war of 1812. The war resulted in white peace and the burning of the White House.

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15
Q

Spoils System

A

When a person is elected to a position of power he appoints all his friends and supporters into political positions and

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16
Q

Trail of Tears

A

In accordance with the Indian Removal Act, General Winfield Scott was ordered by Martin Van Buren to march the remaining 15000 Cherokee Indians onto their reservation 1200 miles away.

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17
Q

Temperance

A

movement against the consumption of alcohol and even its complete prohibition.

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18
Q

Abolitionist Movement

A

Movement to Abolish Slavery

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19
Q

Suffrage

A

The Right to vote

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20
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

The belief by Americans that the United States was destined to control all the land from the Pacific to the Atlantic in North America

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21
Q

Missouri compromise

A

Allowed Missouri to become a slave state but created a line along the 36th parallel where there could be no slave states north of that line.

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22
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

Included the ratification of the Fugitive Slave Act, The admission of California as a free state, abolished the slave trade, and created the territories of New Mexico and Utah under popular sovereignty (Popular sovereignty = voters decide whether slave or free).

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23
Q

Kansas- Nebraska Act

A

Created the territories of Kansas or Nebraska under popular sovereignty, repealed the Missouri compromise.

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24
Q

Dred Scott Decision

A

The ruling over the Dred Scott V. Sandford court case by Roger B Taney that the restriction of Slavery was unconstitutional and that slaves were not citizens, therefore, could not sue in Federal Court

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25
Election of 1860
The Democrats were split between secessionists (fire eaters) and Moderates (Just want to defend slavery). Democrat Candidate
26
Secession
where a State leaves the Union
27
the Union
The legitimate United States led by Lincoln in the North. Many resources for war, bad generals.
28
Confederacy
The Confederacy of Rebel States that succeeded from the United States to protect Slavery. Low resources for war, great generals.
29
Popular Sovereignty
The political doctrine where citizens of States decide whether their state is a free state or a slave state
30
First Battle of Bull Run
The first Major Battle of the Civil war where Lincoln hoped to take Richmond (Confederate Capital) and end the war. The Union army was defeated and forced to retreat.
31
Assimilation
Process of a stronger culture taking a weaker one and converting it.
32
Reservation
Land reserved for native american populations
33
Plains Indians
Indians who lived in the great plains
34
Great Plains
Large flat area West of the andes mountains, Breeding place for hurricanes, tornados. Also had fertile soil so many farmers were incentivized to migrate there
35
Homestead Act
Government Provided 160 Acres of Western Land to anyone who agreed to farm and develop it.
36
compromise of 1877
Agreement between Democrats and Republicans to not block Hayes slightly illegitimate election in exchange for the withdrawal of the remaining Union soldiers Garrisoned in the south.
37
Scalawag
White Southerners who voted Republican.
38
Carpetbagger
Northerners who migrated to the war torn South for Economic Opportunities
39
Tenant Farming
Tenant farmers paid to use the land and owned all the equipment they used.
40
sharecropping
System where a landowner/Planter allows a tenant to farm their land in exchange for a share of the crop. These tenant farmers did not own any of the equipment and had no legal claim to the crop.
41
Black Codes
Passed by Southern State legislators, which forced blacks to accept contracts to work on plantations, separating black families.
42
Freedmen's Bureau
The first government welfare program designed to aid displaced blacks and refugees from the civil war.
43
Johnson's Impeachment
Johnson's retaliation against reconstruction culminated in suspending Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton causing the House of Representatives to introduce articles of Impeachment against Johnson.
44
Radical Republicans plan
Divided the Conquered South into 5 Military districts, Former Slaves must be allowed to vote, Ex-Confederate leaders were disenfranchised (could not vote)
45
Johnson's Plan
Makes Southern states pass the 13th Amendment to rejoin the Union but allows them to pass the Black Codes and allies himself with the South.
46
Lincoln's plan
Proposed the Ten percent Plan: To rejoin the union Southern states must accept the 13th amendment, and 10% of voters must pledge loyalty to the Union.
47
Radical Republicans
Republicans who pushed for civil rights and supervision over the South.
48
Reconstruction
The period after the Civil war where Civil rights amendments were passed and the Country recovered from the Civil War.
49
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln Vice President that took over after Lincoln was assassinated. Obstructed reconstruction, allowed ex confederates to regain political positions. Impeached but not removed from office.
50
15th Amendment
Prevented states from preventing one to vote on the basis of Race, Color, or previous condition of servitude.
51
14th Amendment
: No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
52
13th Amendment
Declared Slavery illegal across the entire United States
53
Appomattox Courthouse
The place where peace was signed between Grant and Lee. After this point the war was pretty much over.
54
William Sherman
Grant’s Buddy, Continued the fight in the West when Grant was moved Eastward. Took Atlanta before leading a destructive march across Georgia to the sea.
55
Vicksburg
Battle in the West won by Ulysses S. Grant that cemented Union control over the Mississippi river. Splitting the confederacy in half.
56
Gettysburg Address
Famous Speech by Abraham Lincoln, thought by him to be long forgotten, He honored the troops and expressed the need for a unified nation in his speech.
57
Gettysburg
Battle in Pennsylvania to stop the Confederacy from getting to Washington. Union General = George Meade. Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Lee lost and was forced to take a long march back to virginia.
58
Emancipation Proclamation
Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln that all slaves held in Confederate Land were free once occupied by Union forces. Convinced European Powers to stay out of the civil war.
59
Robert E. Lee
Best Confederate general, won a stalemate in the East and consistently won battles with significantly less equipment and manpower.
60
Ulysses S. Grant
Best Union General, Showed significant success in the West before being moved to the East to face Lee. Wasn’t afraid to throw his men at the enemy.
61
Dawes Act
1887 Act that dissolved Indian Reservations and forced Indians onto individual landholdings.
62
Social Darwinism
The idea that more dominant cultures are superior to smaller cultures by natural selection. Darwin's theories on evolution applied to cultures.
63
Robber Barons
successful industrialists who were seen as ruthless or unethical.
64
Captains Of Industry
Successful industrialists who were seen as leading figures in industrialization
65
Sherman Antitrust Act
First Antitrust act that outlawed monopolistic practices. Was not properly enforced.
66
Booker T. Washington
American educator, author, orator, and adviser to several presidents of the United States, dominant leader in the African-American Community. Lived 1856-1915
67
Du Bois
American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Lived 1868-1963
68
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Often responsible for the organization of Civil Rights protests.
69
Literacy Test
Southern States required literacy tests in order to vote, preventing blacks from voting.
70
Poll Tax
Southern states required voters to pay to vote, preventing the blacks from voting
71
Grandfather Clause
Southern States passed laws that required your grandfather had the right to vote in order for you to be able to vote. Eventually shot down by congress.
72
Segregation
Keeping services for blacks and whites separate.
73
Jim Crow Laws
A series of laws passed by each Southern State that
74
Plessy V Ferguson
Supreme Court rules that as long as services and rights are equal they can be separate. Segregation is legal.
75
Urban Machinery
City governments structured like criminal organizations that were rife with corruption and embezzlement.
76
Tammany Hall
Democrat Urban Machine in New York run by William Meager Tweed
77
Progressive
advocating for social reform or new liberal ideas like the regulation of business, temperance, women's suffrage, environmental protection, etc.
78
Suffrage
right to vote.
79
The Jungle
written by Upton Sinclair, highlighted the unsanitary and poor working conditions of the meat packing industry. Lead to the institution of the FDA.
80
Teddy Roosevelt
Major progressive Republican who kickstarted the progressive era. Took the presidency after Mckinley’s death in 1901 and was extremely popular after serving his two terms from 1901-1909
81
William Taft
Endorsed by Roosevelt as his replacement. Not as progressive as Roosevelt. Roosevelt tried to replace him after he served his first term from 1909-1913
82
Bull Moose Party
When Roosevelt was denied the republican candidacy he created his own party, the Progressive party aka Bull-moose Party.
83
Election of 1912
With the Republicans split between Roosevelt and Taft the Democrats as the unified party with candidate Woodrow Wilson, won the election.
84
Woodrow Wilson
Won the 1912 Election
85
16th Amendment
Allowed Government to enforce income tax
86
17th Amendment
Gave voters the right to elect state senators
87

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