Midterm Review Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What is a basic unit of the structure of living things?
A
Cell
2
Q
All organisms are made of at least one what?
A
Cell
3
Q
Who named cells?
A
Robert Hooke
4
Q
What is the cell theory?
A
Cells only come from pre-existing cells.
Cells are the only structural and functional units of all living things.
All things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life building blocks, basic life forms
5
Q
What is the organization of life?
A
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism
6
Q
What is an organism made of one cell?
A
Unicellular
7
Q
What is an example of a unicellular organism?
A
Bacteria and protozoans
8
Q
What is an organism made of two or more cells?
A
Multicellular
9
Q
What is an example of a multicellular organism?
A
fungi, plants, animals, humans
10
Q
What is a little organ that has a specific job inside a cell?
A
Organelles
11
Q
What is an organism whose organelles lack surrounding membranes? (an example of it is Bacterium)
A
Prokaryotic
12
Q
What is an organism with cells that contain membrane-surrounded organelles? (Example: humans, plants, fungi, protists)
A
Eukaryotic
13
Q
What are the 4 differences between plant cells and animal cells?
A
- Plants have chloroplasts
- Plants have granum
- Plants have leucoplasts
- plants have cell walls
14
Q
What are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, contain proteins and RNA, and make proteins?
A
Ribosomes
15
Q
What are organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis?
A
Autotroph
16
Q
What are organisms that can’t make their own food, so they get energy from other organisms?
A
Heterotroph
17
Q
What is the range where the conditions are suitable for a time but not sustainable?
A
Range of Tolerance
18
Q
What is the range of equilibrium where the cell works most efficiently?
A
Optimal Range
19
Q
What is it when a solute concentration is greater than the solute concentration of the cytoplasm in a cell?
A
Hypertonic
20
Q
In hypertonic solutions cells?
A
Shrivel
21
Q
What is it when the solute concentration is less concentrated?
A
Hypotonic
22
Q
In hypotonic solutions cells?
A
Swell
23
Q
What is it when the cell and solution have the same concentration?
A
Isotonic
24
Q
In Isotonic solutions cells?
A
Maintain their shape
25
What is the internal balance of a system that keeps conditions stable?
Homeostasis
26
What is the diffusion of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane?
Osmosis
27
What is the process by which particles in a solution are evenly distributed throughout the solvent?
Diffusion
28
What is the movement of substances across a cell membrane from regions of low concentration to a region of high concentration by any means that requires the use of energy?
Active Transport
29
What is the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the need for energy?
Passive Transport
30
What are the factors of passive transport?
Particle size
particle shape
particle polarity
membrane composition
31
What is cells using energy to simply engulf the particle they want and bring into the cell?
Endocytosis
32
What is when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane to release its contents outside the cell?
Exocytosis
33
What is the chemical changes that take place in a cell or organism that changes food into energy?
Metabolism
34
What is the phase of metabolism that builds molecules and stores energy?
Anabolism
35
What is the phase of metabolism that breaks down molecules and releases energy?
Catabolism
36
What is a molecule used within cells for temporary energy storage?
ATP
37
What is a molecule produced when ATP is used for energy and when a phosphate is released and used as energy?
ADP
38
What is glucose?
Sugar
39
What is a nitrogenous base and sugar and phosphate and a subunit of DNA?
Nucleotide
40
What are the nitrogenous bases?
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
41
What does thymine pair with?
Adenine
42
What does Guanine pair with?
Cytosine
43
What is a nucleic acid made of a chain of nucleotides that store information?
DNA
44
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
45
What are both sides of DNA held together by?
rungs made of nitrogen-containing bases (Hydrogen bonds)
46
What is the structural differences between DNA and RNA?
1. RNA is single-stranded
2. Suagr is different
3. RNA has uracil instead of Thymine
47
What is the process by which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA?
Transcription
48
What is the process in which a ribosome builds a protein on the basis of the sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule?
Translation
49
What is the process by which ribosomes build a sequence of linked amino acids, the basic, or primary, structure of a protein?
Protein Synthesis
50
What is a set of 3 bases in an RNA strand that together code for a specific amino acid?
Codon
51
What is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light and chlorophyll?
Photosynthesis
52
What is the equation of photosynthesis?
water and carbon dioxide and light energy=chlorophyll
53
What is the process by which cells break down glucose or other nutrients to produce usable energy?
Cellular respiration
54
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen=water and carbon dioxide and energy
55
What is the anaerobic breakdown of sugars to pyruvate and then to either lactic acid or carbon dioxide and alcohol?
Fermentation
56
What is any chemical process that requires oxygen?
Aerobic
57
What is any chemical process that does not require oxygen?
Anaerobic
58
What is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein resulting in a particular trait?
Gene
59
What is a chromosome other than a sex chromosome?
Autosome
60
What is a structure consisting of DNA and supporting proteins, usually found in a cell's nucleus?
Chromosomes
61
What is a series of events, including duplication of DNA, leading to the division of a cell into 2 daughter cells?
Cell cycle
62
What does IPMAT mean?
Interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
63
What is the phase of the cell cycle in which a cells duplicated DNA id divided into 2 genetically identical sets?
Mitosis
64
What is the process by which haploid gametes are produced from diploid cells?
Meiosis
65
What is a type of inheritance in which different alleles of a gene are neither dominant nor recessive and are expressed simultaneously resulting in a blend, usually intermediate phenotype?
Incomplete Dominance
66
What is a type of inheritance in which different alleles of a gene are expressed simultaneously, producing a phenotype that exhibits contributions from both alleles?
Codominance
67
What is a type of inheritance in which a trait is determined by more than one gene?
Polygenic Inheritance
68
What is a characteristic that is expressed even in the presence of a recessive allele of a gene that codes for the characteristics?
Dominant Trait
69
What is a characteristic that is exposed only in the absence of a dominant allele of the gene that codes for that characteristic?
Recessive trait
70
What is a genetic cross that tets only one set of alleles?
Monohybrid cross
71
What is the physical expression of a trait in an organism?
Phenotype
72
What is the genetic makeup of an individual organism, especially regarding its particular combination of alleles for a specific trait?
Genotype
73
What is a trait coded for by a gene located on a sex chromosome?
Sex-linked
74
What is an example of a sex-linked trait?
Colorblindness
75
What is a substance that increases the risk of cancer?
Carcinogen
76
What is a undifferentiated cells that dont have a job yet?
Embryonic stem cell
77
What are cells that are already assigned a job? Exp. skin cells
Stomatic stem cells
78
What is the range of genotype differences between individuals from the same gene pool?
Gene variety
79
What is the measurement of how often an allele occurs in a population of organisms?
Allele Frequency
80
What is the movement of alleles into and out of a population of organisms?
Gene flow
81
What is the idea that organisms can slowly change over time into other kinds of organisms?
Biological evolution
82
What is the geological column?
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian
83
What are organs that are similar in different organisms and are thought to show evolutionary relationships? Exp birds wings and human arms
Homologous structures
84
What is the variation in the rates of survival and reproduction among the different phenotypes within a species that tend to make some phenotypes more common then other?
Natural Selection
85
What is the way creation scientists group animals into categories called kinds?
Barminololgy
86
What is the science of classifying animals?
Taxonomy
87
What are the levels of taxonomy?
1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species
88
What are the 3 domains?
1. Archea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukarya
89
What is the reclassification of organisms that is based on shared characteristics thought to be derived from a common ancestor?
Cladistics
90
What is the evolution history of a species or population?
Phylogenetics
91
What are the 7 kingdoms?
1. Animal
2. Plant
3. Fungi
4. Protists
5. Archea
6. Bacteria
7. Chromista
92
What is the way creation scientists classify animals and group them?
Baraminology
93
What is a domain containing certain kinds of prokaryotic organisms, many of which are extremophiles?
Archaea
94
What is a large domain of prokaryotic organisms?
Bacteria
95
What are the shapes of bacteria?
1. Coccus
2. Spirilium
3. Bacillus
96
What is the process of using a violet dye to classify bacteria into 2 groups based on the peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
Gram Staining
97
What weakens bacteria enough for a person's immune system to clear up the infection?
Antibiotics
98
What is the transfer of plasmid material from one bacterium to another through conjugation?
Bacterial Conjugation
99
What is a small infectious agent that can replicate only by using the metabolism and machinery of a living cell?
Viruses
100
What is a short hair-like extension of a cell used either for movement as a sensory organelle?
Cilia
101
What is a type of asexual reproduction used by all prokaryotes in which an organism is divided to produce 2 identical organisms?
Binary fission
102
What is a pathogen that waits for the opportunists to infect one in the range of tolerance when out of the habitable range?
Opportunistic Pathogen
103
What is an agent that causes a disease?
Pathogen
104
What is a method of exposing a person to a controlled amount of a disease-causing factor to develop immunity to that disease?
Vaccine
105
What is a whip-like cellular organelle similar in structure to a cilium but longer and used primarily for movement in many bacteria?
Flagellum
106
What is a chromosome that determines whether and organism will be male or female?
Sex Chromosome
107
What is a chromosome other than a sex chromosome?
Autosome
108
What describes the condition of having the same 2 alleles for a gene at the same position on homologous chromosomes?
Homozygous
109
What describes the condition of having different alleles for a gene at the same position on homologous chromosomes?
Heterozygous
110
What is a random change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule?
Mutation
