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NYCC Scientific Basis of Chiro > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Which of the following occurs due to the reflexive effect that nociception has on anterior horn cells?

A

Muscular hypertonicity

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the grey rami communicates?

A

They supply sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla

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3
Q

What are two names for the reflex that maintains the eyes level with the plane line? SELECT TWO ANSWERS:

A

tectospinal reflex
horizontal reflex

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4
Q

Which of the following is involved with decreasing the perception of pain through the process of descending inhibition?

A

Periaqueductal grey

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5
Q

Where do nociceptors primarily synapse?

A

Polysynaptic interneurons in lamina 1

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6
Q

Shoulder/scapular pain as a symptom or result of gallbladder dysfunction would be which type of reflex?

A

Viscerosomatic

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7
Q

Which of the following transmits information from the IML to the sympathetic chain?

A

White rami communicans

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8
Q

Cartilage in opposed areas following immobilization will show what compositional change?

A

Decreased proteoglycans

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9
Q

Central sensitization can lead to?

A

Chronic pain

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10
Q

Which of the following is true regarding sensory fibers?

A

There are more nociceptors in the spine

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11
Q

A chiropractic adjustment seeks to do all of the following except?

A

Increase nociceptive firing

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12
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Substance P?

A

it can remain in the periphery for up to six weeks

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13
Q

Which of the following can cause a patient to present with nerve root symptoms without direct compression of the nerve roots by the disc itself? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

A
  • DRG hypersensitivity
  • chemical radiculitis
  • vascular compression
  • edema
    (also anatomical variation of transforaminal ligament)
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14
Q

If remobilization is not introduced to a hypomobile joint, the degeneration process is:

A

continuous and progressive unless normal movement is restored

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15
Q

Loss of proteoglycans from connective tissues can result in:

A

Predisposition to injury or tissue failure

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16
Q

Which of the following contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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17
Q

Compression forces on the spine result in ____ pressure in the disc and allows ____ the disc?

A

increased, waste out of

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18
Q

Which of the following best describes C fibers?

A

Small and unmylienated

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19
Q

What are two names for the reflex that keeps the odontoid over S2? SELECT TWO ANSWERS

A

Righting reflex and Vertical reflex

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20
Q

Which of the following describes the disorganization of the dorsal horn due to chronic firing of nociceptive impulses?

A

Sprouting

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21
Q

Which of the following pathways accurately describes how nociception can lead to muscular hypertonicity?

A

Nociception, PSIN, anterior horn and lower motor neuron

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22
Q

The nucleus of the disc is affected by hypomobility by?

A

Decreased flow through the end plate

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23
Q

Which of the following are compressed first in a posteriolateral disc herniation?

A

longitudinal and epidural veins

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24
Q

Which of the following is a reason why you might evaluate or adjust areas distal to the area of complaint?

A

The kinetic chain and postural reflexes can create compensation patterns distal to the area of the problem

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25
Which of the following sequences explains how nociception can cause pain?
Nociception; polysynaptic interneuron; spinothalamic tract; cortex
26
Hypomobility is associated with all of the following except?
Increased mechanoreceptor firing at that segment
27
Which of the following contains the cell bodies of pre-ganglionic sympathetic efferents?
IML
28
Which pathway leads to the perception of pain from nociceptive input?
Spinothalamic
29
Which of the following is **not** true regarding immobilization degeneration?
it is always a painful process
30
"Altered motor and sensory patterns learned by the nervous and musculoskeletal systems" is associated with which of the following?
Spinal learning
31
Which area of the spinal cord would be associated with sympathetic nervous system activation due to reflexive activity from the firing of nociceptors?
Intermediolateral cell column
32
An inflammatory process that results from annular damage allowing leakage of contained materials from within the disc?
chemical radiculitis
33
Which of the following is correct reagrding Baton's venous plexus?
It’s vessels do not contain valves
34
If the DRG is irritated it can?
Spontaneously discharge
35
A Schmorl's node has the potential to be significant in what way?
Sclerosis may decrease the water/waste flow to the disc through the endplate
36
The white rami communicantes are what type of fibers?
Preganglionic sympathetic efferents
37
Traction forces on the spine result in ___ pressure in the disc and allows ___ the disc?
decreased, water/nutrients into
38
Which of the following are associated with the autonomic nervous system? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY
reticular formation and hypothalamus
39
Under normal circumstances which type of stimuli will cause nociceptors to depolarize?
Noxious
40
Which of the following leads to central sensitization?
Chronic firing of nociceptors
41
Which of the following is correct about allodynia?
it is a painful response to a non-noxious stimuli
42
Loss of disc height can result in?
expansion of the annulus past the borders of the vertebral body
43
Which of the following is associated with the emotional response to pain?
Limbic system
44
The firing of mechanoreceptors having a reflexive synapse onto the polysynaptic interneurons in lamina I that process nociception is most closely associated with what theory?
Pain gating theory
45
Increased sensitivity to a painful stimulus would be characteristic of which of the following?
Hyperalgesia
46
Which of the following is true regarding substance P?
It lowers the threshold of nocioceptors
47
Which of the following receives sympathetic innervation from fibers that have not synapsed in the sympathetic chain?
Adrenal medulla
48
In a vertebral subluxation complex, the sympathetic nervous system is facilitated by way of?
Anterior horn reflex activity
49
A true “bone out of place” can occur if?
There is significant disruption of ligaments
50
Which of the following has been linked to visceral sensitivities and dysfunction?
Central sensitization
51
What controls the function of homeostasis?
autonomic nervous system (PSNS & SNS balance)
52
What is the relationship of homeostasis to health?
in part, health is a measure of the ability of a patient to adapt via the homeostatic mechanism
53
Explain the effect of postural reflexes on the kinetic chain and how it relates to a chiropractic vertebral subluxation complex (VSC). How does this effect assessment and management?
- Righting reflex (vertical): keep dens over S2 tubercle - Tectospinal reflex (horizontal): maintain eyes level w/ horizon - Consider doing global screening of gait, squat analysis, single leg step-down
54
What 3 structures of the pain pathway are involved suprathalamically (above the thalamus)?
- 1° sensory cortex (parietal lobe: post-central gyrus) - limbic system - insula
55
Why does nociception not always result in pain?
- descending inhibition of pain (periaqueductal gray) - intensity of nociception (may not reach thalamus) - pain gating
56
What is the significance of hypomobility on venous blood flow?
venous stasis (no muscular walls, so no pumping unless normal MSK movement)
57
What is the difference between nociception and pain?
- nociception: transmission of impulse that there is tissue damage - pain: perception of that impulse
58
Name the 3 tracts that C Fibers travel, and where they end up.
- spinomesencephalic - midbrain - spinoreticular - reticular formation - spinohypothalamic - hypothalamus
59
What is hypoalgesia
decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli, occurs when nociceptive stimuli are interrupted or decreased
60
____, which occurs during the immobilization process, is universally recognized as a contributing factor to CT degeneration & local changes in the chemical composition of that tissue.
Altered biomechanics
61
____ are the most numerous sensory receptors
Nociceptors
62
Nociceptors do not transmit “pain” signals, they transmit ____
Nociception
63
Central sensitization is also known as ____ pain
Nociplastic
64
Presence of transforaminal ligaments may demonstrate a ____ effect on the spinal nerve.
Guillotine

NYCC Scientific Basis of Chiro (1 decks)

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