Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is the hypothesis?
A
What you think the outcome is going to be before you do the experiment.
2
Q
What is the control?
A
A trial that doesn’t involve the independent variable, so results can be compared.
3
Q
What is the constant?
A
A measurement in an experiment that never changes.
4
Q
What is an independent variable?
A
A part of the experiment that isn’t changed.
5
Q
What is the dependent variable?
A
A part of the experiment that is changed by the independent variable.
6
Q
Carbon forms how many bonds?
A
4 covalent bonds; single, double, and triple
7
Q
What are the elements of a carbohydrate?
A
CHO
8
Q
What are the elements of a lipid?
A
CHO
9
Q
What are the elements of a protein?
A
CHON
10
Q
What are the elements of nucleic acid?
A
CHONP
11
Q
What is used for stored energy or insulation?
A
Lipids
12
Q
What macromolecule can be DNA or RNA?
A
Nucleic Acid
13
Q
What macromolecule is used for quick energy?
A
Carbs
14
Q
What job does nucleic acid have?
A
Genetics
15
Q
What is diffusion?
A
Passing through the lipids in the membrane.
16
Q
What is it called when water is moved to balance out the membrane?
A
Osmosis
17
Q
What is facilitated diffusion?
A
Passing through the membrane with the help of the protein channel.
18
Q
What is active transport?
A
Needs ATP and protein channel to pass through membrane.
19
Q
What is endocytosis?
A
entering the cell into the vacuole.
20
Q
What is exocytosis?
A
Leaving the cell from vacuole.
21
Q
What is phagocytosis?
A
Cell eating
22
Q
What is pinocytosis?
A
Cell drinking
23
Q
What is an enzyme?
A
A protein that speeds up reactions.
24
Q
How can an enzyme be wrecked?
A
Denatured by heat or ph.
25
What is the best temperature for most enzymes?
35-40 degrees Celsius
26
What is the best pH for enzymes?
6-8 pH
27
What are two differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have nucleus's and are in humans.
28
What is the structure in a leaf where CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf?
Stomata
29
Where does fermentation happen?
In the cytoplasm.
30
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
31
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Matrix
32
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
Stroma
33
Where do light dependent cycles take place?
Thylakoids
34
What is a pathogen?
a disease causing agent
35
What do antibiotics work against?
Bacteria
36
What are the three shapes of bacteria cells?
Bacillus (rod), coccus (round), spirillum (spiral)
37
What are the three steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC
38
What two cycles are part of photosynthesis?
Calvin Cycle and light dependent cycles.
39
Light energy is converted into chemical energy in what process?
Photosynthesis
40
What is the building block for carbs?
glucose
41
What is the building block for lipids?
fatty acids
42
What is the building block for proteins?
Amino acids
43
What is the building block for nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
44
What is an example of a carb?
pasta
45
What is an example of a lipid?
triglycerides
46
What is an example of a protein?
enzymes
47
Which macromolecule forms a peptide bond?
protein
48
What is conjugation?
Direct transfer of DNA between cells
49
What is transduction?
What a virus uses bacteria as a host
50
What is transformation?
When the cell picks up genes from the environment
51
What is binary fission?
When the cell multiplies
52
What are the elements of a carbohydrate?
CHO
53
What are the elements of a lipid?
CHO
54
What are the elements of a protein?
CHON
55
What are the elements of nucleic acid?
CHONP
56
What is used for stored energy or insulation?
Lipids
57
What macromolecule can be DNA or RNA?
Nucleic Acid
58
What macromolecule is used for quick energy?
Carbs
59
What job does nucleic acid have?
Genetics
60
What is diffusion?
Passing through the lipids in the membrane.
61
What is it called when water is moved to balance out the membrane?
Osmosis
62
What is facilitated diffusion?
Passing through the membrane with the help of the protein channel.
63
What is active transport?
Needs ATP and protein channel to pass through membrane.
64
What is endocytosis?
entering the cell into the vacuole.
65
What is exocytosis?
Leaving the cell from vacuole.
66
What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating
67
What is pinocytosis?
Cell drinking
68
What is an enzyme?
A protein that speeds up reactions.
69
How can an enzyme be wrecked?
Denatured by heat or ph.
70
What is the best temperature for most enzymes?
35-40 degrees Celsius
71
What is the best pH for enzymes?
6-8 pH
72
What are two differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have nucleus's and are in humans.
73
What is the structure in a leaf where CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf?
Stomata
74
Where does fermentation happen?
In the cytoplasm.
75
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
76
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Matrix
77
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
Stroma
78
Where do light dependent cycles take place?
Thylakoids
79
What is a pathogen?
a disease causing agent
80
What do antibiotics work against?
Bacteria
81
What are the three shapes of bacteria cells?
Bacillus (rod), coccus (round), spirillum (spiral)
82
What are the three steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC
83
What two cycles are part of photosynthesis?
Calvin Cycle and light dependent cycles.
84
Light energy is converted into chemical energy in what process?
Photosynthesis
85
What is the building block for carbs?
glucose
86
What is the building block for lipids?
fatty acids
87
What is the building block for proteins?
Amino acids
88
What is the building block for nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
89
What is an example of a carb?
pasta
90
What is an example of a lipid?
triglycerides
91
What is an example of a protein?
enzymes
92
Which macromolecule forms a peptide bond?
protein
93
What is conjugation?
Direct transfer of DNA between cells
94
What is transduction?
What a virus uses bacteria as a host
95
What is transformation?
When the cell picks up genes from the environment
96
What is binary fission?
When the cell multiplies
97
what is antibacterial resistance?
When an antibiotic is resisted.
98
What are pili and how are they used?
Hair like things outside of the bacteria that connects one bacteria to another
99
What is a pathogen?
Disease causing agent.
100
How do viruses reproduce?
In host cells
101
Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?
Viruses don't have what antibiotics target against
102
Which way does the movement of substance go in diffusion?
High to low
103
Is diffusion passive or active?
passive
104
Is osmosis passive or active?
passive
105
Is facilitated diffusion passive or active?
passive
106
Is the sodium potassium pump passive or active?
Active
107
Is endocytosis passive or active?
active
108
What is the difference between plant and animal cells?
plant cell is larger, and doesn't have a cell wall or chloroplast.
109
What is the Golgi apparatus?
transports
110
What is the mitochondria?
energy maker
111
what is the cell membrane?
allows things in/out of cell
112
what are ribosomes?
makes proteins
113
What do chloroplasts do?
convert energy
114
What is the vacuole?
Where water/waste is stored
115
What does hypotonic mean?
Shriveled, with less water
116
What does hypertonic mean?
More water, swollen
117
what are the products of cellular respiration?
CO2, H2O, atp
