Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
Ideal Man of Middle Ages
A
Man is well-versed in one subject and it is how to get to heaven
2
Q
Ideal Man of Renaissance
A
Virtu (Renaissance Man should be well-rounded)(From Castiglione)
3
Q
Literature of Middle Ages
A
Based almost solely on religion; Written in Latin; Church was greatest patron of arts and literature; Little political criticism; Hand-written
4
Q
Literature of Renaissance
A
Humanism; Secularism; Vernacular; Covered wider variety of subjects; Focused on the individual; Increased use of printing press; Propaganda
5
Q
Northern Renaissance focuses on….
A
Writings of early church fathers
6
Q
Religion in Middle Ages
A
Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe; Church is supreme to the state; Inquisition; Dissenters dealt with harshly
7
Q
Religion in Renaissance
A
The state is supreme to the church; “New Monarchs” assert power over national churches; Rise of skepticism; Popes worldy and corrupt
8
Q
Sculpture of Middle Ages
A
More gothic; Extreme detailed; Relief
9
Q
Sculpture of Renaissance
A
Greek and Roman classical influences; Free-standing; Use of Bronze
10
Q
Painting of Middle Ages
A
Gothic Style; Stiff, 1-D figures; Less emotion; Stylized faces; Lack of perspective; Patronized mostly by Church
11
Q
Painting of Renaissance
A
Increased emphasis on secular themes; Classic Greek and Roman ideals; Use of perpective; Chiaroscuro; Use of Oil Paints; Brighter colors; More emotion; Real People and settings depicted; Patronized largely by merchant princes; Renaissance opes patronized Renaissance art
12
Q
Architecture of Middle Ages
A
Gothic Style; Pointed arches, barrel vaults, spires; Flying buttresses; Elaborate detail
13
Q
Architecture of Renaissance
A
Rounded arches, clear lines, Grecco-Roman columns; Domes; Less detailed; Focus on balance, symmetry, and form
14
Q
Technology of Renaissance
A
Printing press, new inventions for exploration
15
Q
Marriage and Family of Middle Ages
A
Divorce non-existent; Marriages arranged for economic reasons; Prostitution in urban areas; Ave. age for marriage (women- less than 20 years old) (Men-mid-late twenties); Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage; Manners shaped men to please women; Relative sexual equality
16
Q
Marriage and Family of Renaissance
A
Divorce available in certain cases (Protestant countires); More prositution; Increased marriages based on romance (but still more heavily based on economic considerations); Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione); Sexual double standard; Increased infanticide
17
Q
Genoa, Venice, Milan
A
Northern Italian Cities; Developed International Trade; Profits from trade led to enormous partronage of the arts
18
Q
Jacob Burckhardt
A
a 19th century historian, claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct contrast to Middle Ages
19
Q
Republic of Florence
A
Medici Family- family power rested on banking and commerce
20
Q
Cosimo De’ Medici
A
Allied with other powerful families of Florence and became the unofficial rler of the Republic of Florence; Most powerful of the Medici Rulers
21
Q
Lorenzo de’ Medici
A
Know as “the Magnificent;” Major art patron
22
Q
Duchy of Milan
A
Sforza Family; Major enemy of Florence throughout much of the Renaissance; Peace of Lodi
23
Q
Caterina Sforza
A
Major art patron
24
Q
Peace of Lodi
A
Resulted in a balance of power and peace between Milan, Florence, and Naples; Laster until the French invasion of the 1490
25
Rome
"The Papal States," Controlled by the Pope
26
Napes
Controlled by Spain after 1435
27
Venice
Great Naval and Trading power; Longest lasting of the Italian city-states
28
Isabella d'Este
Most famous Renaissance female ruler; Rule Mantua
29
Condottieri
Leaders of private armies hired by cities for military purposes
30
Girolamo Savonarola
After Medici was removed from power; Established a theocracy in Florence with the help of France; Predicted French Invasions due to paganism and moral decay of Italian city-states; Burned at stake in 1498 after the French were removed from Italy
31
Charles VIII
Led French invasions of Italy that made it a battleground fro international ambitions between France and effectively ended the soverignty of most Italian city-states
32
Niccolo Machiavelli
wrote "The Prince;" Modeled "The Prince" after Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander), who sought to unite Italy under Roman rule; MOst influential source on gaining and maintaining ower in modern Euro History; Emphasized practical politics
33
Who said "It is better to be feared than to be loved" and "the end justifies the means?"
Machiavelli
34
Symbolized the end of Renaissance in Italy
Armies of Charles V, and the sack of Rome in 1527
35
Humanism
Revival of antiquity (Greece and Rome) in literature
36
Characteristics of Humanism
Revival of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, literature, and art; Strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings; Focused initially on studying ancient languages; Rejected Aristotelian views and medieval scholasticism; Believed in liberal arts educational program; Civic Humanism; More secular and lay dominated
37
Liberal arts education
grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy
38
Civic Humanism
education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs
39
Petrarch
Saw the Medieval period as the "Dark Ages;" "Father of Humanism" and first modern writer; Literature was no longer subordinate to religion
40
Bruni
Wrote "History of Florence;" division of historical periods; Civic humanist; First to use term "humanism"
41
Lorenzo Valla
Expert in the study of Latin; Translated Roman manuscrips; "Donation of Constantine" exposed false claims of the Catholic Church
42
Ficino
Founded Platonic Academy with the help of Cosimo de' Medici; Translated many Plato's works into Latin
43
Pico della Mirandola
"Oration on the Diginity of Man;" Emphasized that humans are capable of achieving great things and are made in God's image; Major figure in the Platonic Academy in Florence
44
Medieval view of humans
Humans are insignificant and inherently sinful
45
Castiglione
"The Book of the Courtier;" Most important book on courtly manners writtend during Renaissance; Emphasized that a Renaissance man should be well-read in the classics, a gentleman, warrior, poet, musician, etc.; Women were essentially to be ornaments for their husbands
46
Printing Press
Created by Johann Gutenberg; Spread of humanistic literature to rest of Europe
47
Florence was the leader....
in Renaissance art during 1400's
48
Giorgio Vasari
Contemporary Renaissance art historian who detailed the lives of many Renaissance artists; Major merchant families (like Medicis) provided massive patronage; Patronage also from local churches
49
Rome became the center of....
Renaissance art in the 1500's
50
Pope Alexander Vi
Commissioned a fortune in Renaissance art
51
perspective
3-D effects; Developed by Brunelleschi
52
chiaroscuro
use of dark and light colors to create the illusion of depth
53
sfumato
blurring or softening sharp lines in painting; Developed by Leonardo
54
Masaccio
painted rule, nude human figures
55
Sandro Botticelli
painter; "Birth of Venus;"
56
Raphael
"School of Athens;" Numerous Madonna and Child paintings
57
Titian
greates painter of the Venetian school
58
Leonardo
Mona Lisa; The Last Supper
59
Sculpture technique of Renaissance
Use of Marble + Bronze; Free-standing sculptures; Glorification of human body and emphasis on individualism
60
Contrapposto
Stance
61
Ghiberti
Bronze doors for Florentine baptistery
62
Donatello
Sculptor; "David"
63
Michelangeol
"David;" "Pieta"
64
Renaissance Architecture
Utilized Greek temple architecture; Simplicity, symmetry, and balance; Brought back domes and Roman arches of ancient Greco-Roman tradition
65
Filippo Brunelleschi
architect of cathedrals (Il Duomo in Florence)
66
Leon Battista Alberti
Architect of cathedral
67
Michelangelo Architecture
dome atop St. Peter's basilica in the Vatica
68
Christian Humanism
Emphasis on early Church writings( New Testament) for answers to improve society; Studied Hebrew + Greek text of the Bible and writings of Church Fathers; Emphasized education and power of human intellect to bring about institutional change and moral improvement; Writings led to criticism of the Catholic Church and paved way for Reformation; Northern Renaissance
69
Erasmus
"In Praise of Folly;" Criticized the immorality of Church leaders and clergy; Made "purer" translations of the Greek and Latin versions of New Testament; Most Famous intellectual of his time
70
Thomas More
"Utopia;" Created and ideal society on an island; To achieve harmony and order people must sacrifice indiviudal rights; Saw accumulation of property as a root cause for society's ills; Gap between rich and poor
71
Jacques Lefevre d'Etables
Leading French Humanist; produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritiative Bible
72
Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros
Reformed Spanish Clergy and church; Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition
73
Francois Rableis
"Gargantua" and "Pantagruel" -> satirized French society, emhasized education, attachked clerical education and monastic orders; Secular works portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes
74
Michel de Montaigne
Developed the "essay" form -> became a vehicle for testing new ideas; Skepticism
75
William Shakespeare
Works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism, and humanism
76
Miguel de Cervantes
"Don Quixote;" Masterpieve of Spanish literature, critical of excessive religious idealism and chivalric romance
77
Flemish Style of Northern Renaissance
Heavily influenced by Italian Renaissance; More detail throughout paintings (especially the background); Use of Oil paints; More emotional than Italian Style; Works often preoccupied with death
78
Jan Van Eyck
Flemish Painter; Most famous and innovative Flemish painter; perfected oil painting; Wood panel paintings used much religious symbolism; Detailed works; "Anrolfini and his wife"
79
Bosch
Netherlands; Master of Symbolism and fantasy; Art looked surreal and focused often on death and torments of Hell
80
Peter Brueghel the Elder
Not influence by Italian Renaissance; Focused on lives of Ordinary People
81
Albrecht Durer
Master of woodcut; First northern artist to master Italian Renaissance technique
82
Hans Holbein the Younger
Premier portrait artist of his era; Painted Erasmus, More, and King Henry VIII
83
Fugger Family
A significant patron of art of Northern Renaissance
84
Mannerism of N. Renaissance Art
Against High REnaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity, and realistic use of color; Often used unnatural colors
85
El Greco
Mannerist; "Burial of Count Orgaz;" Spent most of creative life in Spain
86
Upper-Class women of Renaissance
Enjoyed increased access to education; Lost some status compared to women in middle ages; Now seen as "ornaments" to middle-class or upper-class husband; Sexual-double standard
87
Christine de Pisan
"The City of Ladies;" "The Book of Three Virtues;" Chronicled accomplishments of great women in history; Renaissance woman's survival manual' Perhaps Europe's first feminist
88
Isabella D'Este
"First Lady" of Renaissance; Set example for women to break away from traditional role; Ruled Mantua after husband died; Founded School for young women
89
Artemesia Gentileschi
First female artist to gain recognition; First woman to paint historical and religious scences
90
Peasant woman of Renaissance
Status did not change compared to Middle Ages
91
The Catholic Church claimed that "powers" came from either...
God or the Devil
92
The Catholic Church used witch hunts to...
gain control over village life in rural areas
93
Scientific Revolution and end of Witch hunts
Discredited Superstition; Advances in Medicine and the creation of insurance companies enabled people to better take care of selves when problems struck; Using witch trials for political gain became risky because accusers could become the accused; Protestant Reformation emphasized God as only spiritual force in universe
94
Joan Kelly; "Did Women have a Renaissance/"
Middle-Class Women suffered a decline in status during Italian Renaissance; Upper-class women exclusivly relegated to private sphere
95
New Monarchs
Consolidated power and created early foundation for Europe's first modern nation-states; Utilized ancient Roman Law
96
Characteristics of New Monarchies
Reduced power of nobles through taxation, confiscation of lands, and hiring of mercenary armies; Reduced power of clergy; Created more efficient bureaucracies; Increased political influence of French Bourgeoisie; Increased public debt
97
Louis XI
"Spider King;" Large royal army; Suppressed nobles; high taxes; power over clergy; Actively encouraged economic growth
98
Concordat of Bologna
King now appointed bishops to Gallican Church; Major reason why Reformation did not take hold in France
99
Francis I
Concordat of Bologna; Taille (head tax on all land and property; large royal army
100
War of Roses
House of York Defeated House of Lancaster; Gave rise to Tudor Dynasty
101
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon + Isabella of Catile...
began process of centralizing power; Unified Spain
102
Reconquista
Removed last of Moors; Explusion of Jews
103
Spanish Inquisition
Oversaw by Tomas de Torquemada (Dominican Monk): Targeted Conversos, Jews who had converted to Christianity but suspected of backsliding; Began wave of anti-Semitism in Europe
104
Habsburg Empire
HRE; Consisted of 300 semi-autonomous German states; Not a "new monarch;" Center of power was in Austria
105
Charles V
Most powerful ruler in Europe; First Holy Roman Emperor; Ruled Spanish and Austrian Hapsburg Branches; Sacked Rome; Wanted to prevent spread of Protestant Reformation in Germany
106
Commerical Revolution
Brought about age of discovery and exploration
107
Causes of Comerical Revolution
Population growth; Price Revolution; States and emerging powers sought to increase their economic power; Rise in Capitalism
108
Price Revolution
Long, slow upward trend; Increased food prices; Increased volume of money; Influx of gold + silver
109
New Industries of Commerical Revolution
Cloth, mining, printing, book trade, shipbuilding, cannons, muskets; Sugar, tea, rice
110
Mercantilism
Nations (France, England, and Netherlands) sought self-sufficient economy and favorable balance of trade; "Bullionism:
111
Protestant Reformation Causes
Crises (ie: Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Conciliar Moevement) Hurt presitge of Catholic Church and clergy; Corruption of Catholic Church; Critics of CHurch emphaseized a personal relationship with God; Commercial Revoltion resulted in capitalist investments in overseas exploration; Religious desire to convert pagan peoples in New World
112
Waldseemuller
World Map
113
Portugese caravel
lighter, faster ships; could sail into the wind
114
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese; Financed exploration along coast of West Africa
115
Bartholomew Diaz
Rounded Southern tip of Africa
116
Vasco da Gama
Rounded south of Africa and found all-water route to India; Caused major blow to Italian city-states' monoploy on trade with Asia
117
Pedro Cabral
discovered Brazil
118
Amerigo Vespucci
First European to realize a new continent had been found; "America" named after him
119
Christopher Columbus
First European to reach New World since Vikings; Spanish
120
Bartholomew de las Casas
Writings about Columbus and his sccessors' cruel treatment of Indians; helped spead "Black legend" in Protestant countries regarding Spanish Empire
121
Treaty of Tordesillas
New World divided by Spain and Portugal; Pope Leo Vi
122
Ferdinand Magellan
His ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe
123
Hernando Cotes
conquered Aztecs in MesoAmerica
124
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered Incas in South America
125
"New" Imperialism
Instead of conquering, set up trading posts and ports
126
"New Imperialism" in Africa and Asia
Establishing posts and forst on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conqer entire regions or subjugate their populations
127
Alphonso d'Albuquerque
Laid foundation for Portugese imperialism; Established empire in Indonesia
128
Francis Xavier
Led Jesuit missionaries to Asia; by 1550 thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity
129
Dutch East India Company
Became major force behind Dutch imperialism; Expelled Portugese from Celon and Spice Islands
130
Samuel de Champlain
founded modern-day Canada
131
England Exploration
Came into exploration late; Established first colony in Viginia; Far more English came to New World than other countries
132
Portugal first introduced slavery...
In Brazil to farm sugar plantations
133
From Europe to New World
Diseases (small pox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, tyhus); Plants (wheat, sugar, rice, coffee); Animals (Horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens)
134
Anglo-Dutch Wars
England sought to weaken Dutch dominance in Atlantic; Kicked Dutch out of New York and Delaware
135
War of the League of Augsburg
England and France fought over certain territories in North America; Dutch decline continud as they fought expensive and destructive war
136
War of Spanish Succession
Britain and France fought over northeastern North America
137
Treaty of Ultrecht
France lost Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay territoy to Britain; Spanish lost the asiento to Britain, allowed one British ship to sell to Spanish empire each year
138
Simony
sale of church offices
139
nepotism
Favoring family members
140
clerical ignorance
many priests were illiterate
141
John Wyclif
English; State that the Bible was the sole authority; Stressed personal relationship with God; Followers know as Lollards
142
John Hus
Bohemia; Ideas similar to Wyclif; Burned at stake for Criticism of CHurch
143
Erasmus
"In Praise of Folly;" Criticized corruption of church and hypocrisy of clergy
144
Impact of Renaissance humanism
Eventually led to reforms in the Catholic Chuch during Catholic Reformation; State Regulated monopolies created
145
Tsar ruled by...
decree ( an example of absolute power) but exlained his decrees to gain more popular suport
146
Table of Ranks
educational training for new civil service (mostly nobles); Peter the Great sought to replace old nobiliy with new service based nobility loyal to tsar
147
Russian secret police
ruthlessly crushed opponents
148
St. Petersburg
Largest city in Northern Europe by Peter's death; Sought to create a city like Amsterdam; "Winter Palace" sought to emulate Versailles; Became capital of Russia; Peter ordered noble families, merchants, artisians, and peasants to move to city
149
Nicolaus Copernicus
heliocentric view
150
Vesalius
"The Structure of Human Body;" Renewed and modernized study of anatomy
151
William Harvey
"On the Movement of the HEart and Blood"
152
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
developed powerfl microscopes; first to see and write about bacteria, yeast plants, living oragansims in a drop of water
153
Descartes
deductive method; "I think therefor I am."
154
Significance of scientific revolution, leads to...
Enlgihtenment; Clash with religion; Agricultural Revolution; Improvement in Exploration; Decline in Witch hunts
