The Reformation Flashcards
1
Q
Religious Pluralism (more than one excepted idea)…
A
Challenged the concept of a unified Europe
2
Q
The Catholic + Protestant Reformations changed…
A
theology, religious insitutions, and culture
3
Q
Protestantism adopted by…
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States in Northern Europe (especially in Germany and England)
4
Q
Reformation saw…
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Religious enthusium rekindled; destroyed religious unity of W. Europe; Caused more Religious Wars
5
Q
Causes of Protestant Reformation
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Babylonian Captivity; Great Schism; Conciliar Movement
6
Q
Simony
A
Sale of Church offices
7
Q
Pluralism
A
an official holding more than one office at a time, thus receiving more than one pay check
8
Q
Absentesism
A
an official not participating in job by receiving pay check and privileges
9
Q
Sale of indulgences
A
people paying money to the Church to absolve their sins of their loved ones
10
Q
nepotism
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favoring family members in the Appointment of Chruch offices
11
Q
Examples of Nepotism…
A
2 popes were sones of Flrentine Medici rulers; Pope Paul III made two of his grandsons cardinals
12
Q
Moral decline of Papacy
A
Pope Alexander had numerous affairs and children out of wedlock; many priests in the diocese of Trent (N. Italy) kept concubines
13
Q
“Critics of the Church”
A
By John Wyclif; emphasized a personal relationship with God as primary
14
Q
John Wyclif
A
English guy that stated that the Bible was sole authority; Foreshadowed Luther’s veiws; diminished importance of sacraments; Translated Bible into English
15
Q
Lollards
A
Wyclifs followers; continued his ideas into the 16th centure
16
Q
John Hus
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Czech guy who had similar ideas to Wyclif; Religious leader in Bohemia who led a nationalist movement there; Burned at the state for “Heretical” views
17
Q
HUssites
A
followers of Hus who staged large rebellionsin the 14th centurey
18
Q
Monarchs & Princes initiated….
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Religious reform from the “Top Down” in an effort to excercise greater control over religious life and morality
19
Q
English Reformation
A
the Lollards were part of the Early English Reformation.
20
Q
William Tyndale
A
a humanist; translated bible into English; became basis for “King James” version; Executed after thousands of English Bibles made way to England; Early English Reformation
21
Q
William Tyndale refused to…
A
recognize Henry VIII’s leadership of Anglican Church
22
Q
Henry VII
A
2nd of Tudor Monarchs; Earlier had been conservative Catholic who spported the Church & opposed Protestant Reforms; Awarded “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope
23
Q
“Defense of Seven Sacraments”
A
Henry Viii’s writing for pro-Catholic Church; criticized Luther’s views
24
Q
Church of England (Anglican Church)
A
Created because Pope was unable to grant a papal dispensation for an annulment due to Charles V had sacked Rome (Catherine’s Nephew); An annulment would make Catherine an adulteress (bad for family name)
25
Thomas Cranmer
replaced Wolsey + convinced Henry to Breakaway from Catholic Church to marry Anne Boleyn
26
The Act of Supremacy
Made Henry (the King) the official head of the Church of England; Catholic Lands were confiscated; monasteries were closed
27
Confiscation of Catholic lands....
Doubled royal revenues, helping build up military ; nobles purchased large pieces of lands
28
Act of Succession
All the King's subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to the King as head of the Anglican Church
29
Thomas More...
executed by Henry because he refused to take the oath of loyalty
30
Pilgrimage of Grace
a huge multi-class rebellion; largest in English history; due to Henry's reformation
31
Statue of the Six Articles
The Anglican Church maintained most of the Catholic doctrines; Kept the 7 sacraments; celibacy for clergy; and transubstantiation
32
Edward VI
Age 10 became King; Strong Protestant; England adopted Calvinism during reign
33
New Practices under Edward Vi's Reign....
Clergy could marry; Iconic images removed from Churches; Communion by the laity was expanded
34
New doctines under Edward VI's Reign...
Salvation by faith alone; Denial of Transubstantiation; Only 2 sacraments (baptism and communion)
35
Edward's premature death led to...
A religious struggle among Protestans and Catholics
36
Mary Tudor
Tried unsuccessfully to reimpose Catholicism; daughter of Catherine of Aragon; Married Philip II (King of Aragon); Resinded Edward's religious legislation; executed 300 people including church people
37
Elizabeth I
Daughter of Anne Boleyn; Catholics saw her as "illegitimate" child & thus rejected her legitimacy to the throne;
38
Elizabeth I & Protestanism
Effectively owersaw the development of Protestansim in England
39
Politique
Elizabeth I was a practical politician who carefully navigated a middle ground b/w Anglicanism and Protestanism
40
Elizabethan Settlement
Elizabeth & Parliament required confomity to the Church of England but people were allowed to worship Protestantism & Catholicism privately
41
The Anglican church resembled...
Lutheranism
42
Catholicism remained among....
the gentry, but could not be practiced openly
43
Anglican Church....
Services given in English; Monasteries not reestablished; Clergy allowed to marry; Everyone required to attend Anglican Church Serviced (fined if absent)
44
39 Articles....
defined the system of the Anglican Church; It followed Protestant doctrine but was vague enoguh to accommodate most English (except Puritans)
45
Anabaptist
formed in Germany; Voluntary association of believers with no connections/ allegiance to any state; Rejected secular agreements; refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in military; opposed childhood baptism; Rejected the Trinity
46
Munster
A radical group of Anabaptist took control of the town; Led by John of Leyden; Where Polygamy was insituted; Women served as leaders of the movement; All books except Bible were burned; Anabaptist began killing some Lutherns & Catholics
47
Tragedy at Munster
Combined armies of Protestant & Catholic forces captured the city and executed Anabaptist leaders
48
Long-term impact of Anabaptist
Mennonites (founded by Dutch Leader Menno Simmons) (Descendeant of Anabaptist); Quakers; Unitarians (rejected the Trinity)
49
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss Reformation; A student of humanism who preached from Erasmus; Adopted Lutheranism & established a theocracy in Zurich; Saw Eucharist as only symbolic & that Luthern's views were TOO Catholic
50
Colloquy of Marbug
Zwingli officially split with Luther over the issue of the Eucharist
51
The Augsburg Confession
Excluded Non-Lutheran reforms like Zwingli
52
Calvinism
Created by John Calvin; a frenchman who was influenced by humanism (Erasmus) and Luther; exiled to Switzerland due to religious reform ideas
53
The Institutes of The Christian Religion
Calvin's fundaional work for Calvinism; Pre-destination
54
Pre-destination
God already knows who is destined for Heaven; thus good works are not sufficient for salvation but a sign that one has been chosen for salvation
55
In Calvinism, a conversion experiance is...
when God reveals if one has been chosen for salvation
56
The Elect in the Calvanist Church
memebers who have had their converstion experience and should become model Christians
57
Social dislocation, with the weakening of religious institutions durng the Reformation left...
The City governements with the task of regulatng public morals
58
Geneva
Became new center of Reformation in Europe when Calvin established a theocracy here; Became home to Protestant Exiles from North Europe (who later returned to own countries with Calvinist ideas); only those commited to following Calvinism allowed to live in city
59
Calvin
Believed that Church and City should combine to enforce christion behavior
60
Calvinism was the most.....of all Protestant sects
militant and uncompromising
61
Consistory
a judiciary made up of lay elders that had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who disobeyed God's law; for Calvinism
62
Michiael Servetus
A unitarian humanist from Spain; burned for his denial of the Trinity
63
Presbysterianism
John Knox; Became dominatn religion in Scotland
64
Huguenots
French Calvinist brutally suppressed in France; Strong among nobility due to difficult to punish
65
Dutch Reformed Church
developed in Netherlands; The rise of Calvinism in Netherlands as dominant religion set state for revolt againt the Spanish Inquisition of King Philip II
66
Puritans in England
Pressured Elizabeth I for more reforms but largely kept at bay; Later established colonies in AMerica; Victorius in ENlgish Civil War (w/ Oliver Cromwell ruling)
67
"The Imitation of Christ"
Thomas a Kempis; He encouraged Christians to live simply and make religion a holy experiance
68
"In Praise of Folly"
Erasmus; Criticized the corruption in the church + hypocrisy of the clergy
69
Erasmus laid...
The egg that Luther hatched
70
Impact of Christian Humanism...
N. Renaissance criticized the Church (eg Erasmus) + questioned the validity of the Latin Vulgate (in Catholic Bible); Italian Renaissance marked by de-emphasis on religion
71
Ulrich Zwingli
trained as a humanist + as a preacher; used Erasmus' edition of the Greek New Testament
72
The Printing Press.....
Facilitated the spread of humanism
73
Reformers Martin Luther + John Calvin established....
New interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice
74
Martin Luther
Augustinian Monk who taught at University of Wittenburg
75
Johann Tetzel
encouraged by Pope Leo X to sell indulegences ( b/c Pope was looking for additional revenues to ay for Michelangelo's dome atop St. Peter's Basilica)
76
Ninety-Five Theses
Luther; Criticized the selling of indulgences but went further that other before; questioned the scriptural authority of the Pope to grant indulgencs
77
Pope's view of 95 Thesis
viewd the thesis as an insignificant disagreement b/w Augustinian + Dominican Monks b/c Theological debates among clergy members was not unknown
78
Luther defied the Pope by...
refusing to stop his crusade
79
Elector Freerick III of Saxony
"The Wise"; Protected Luther
80
Luther debate with Johann Eck
Luther denied both the infallibility of the pope + infallibility of a general council; claimed the Church had made a mistake when it burned Hus for Hersey; Point of No RETURN for Luther
81
Three Works of Luther's Theology of Reform
1. Rejected good works as means to salation but that it followed faith; 2. The Bible was sole authority; Only Two Sacraments (Baptism + Communion); Rejected Transubstantiation; Advocated consumnstantation (the "Real Presence" of God in the bread and wine); 3. People not subjected to Pope's interpretaion of Bible; 4. Bible contained all that was needed for person to lead Christian life (thus Church Hierarchy was unneccessary)
82
In Luther's Theology Reform he...
criticized the sale of indulgences and Simony
83
Luther was....by Pope Leo X
Excommunicated; which he thre the papal bull that excommunicated him into the fire
84
Diet of Worms
Group of HRE with power to outlaw + sentence execution; Charles V demanded Luther recant his writings, but he refused
85
Edict of Worms
Luther was outlawed as a heretic by HRE;
86
After Edict of Worms, Luther was....
Kidnapped by agents of Frederick III + taken to his castle where he was protected & continued to write
87
How did Luther influence the development of modern German language?
By translating the Bible into the German vernacular; showed that scripture was now accessable to any literate German; a distinct print culture also developed in Germany
88
Confessions of Augsburg
Written by Philip Melanchthon (Friend of Luther); An attempted compromise statement of religious faith to unite Lutheran + Catholic Princes of HRE; Rejected by Catholic Princes; Became TRADITIONAL statement of Luthern Church
89
Luthern Church
Salvation through faith alone; Bible is Sole Authority; "Priesthood of all belivers"
90
The efforts of Habsburg rulers failed....
to restore Catholic unity across Europe
91
Spread of Lutheranism
Many N. German States switched to Lutheranism; Many German princes politicaly motivated b/c could escape authory of Catholic Church + confiscate Church lands for own benefit; Denmark + Sweden became Lutheran aswell
92
Southern Part of Germany...
remained largely Catholic
93
Lutheranism did not....
spread beyond Northern Germany + Scandinavia; Unlike Calvinism that spread throughout W. Europe and parts of New World
94
Charles V
Wanted to stop spread of Protestiantism; wanted to preserve the unification of Catholicism (similar to medieval emperor); Allied w/ the Pope in trying to stop Protestantism
95
What led to Peasants revolting?
The attempts of landlords to incease their revenues by restricting or abolishing the traditonal rights of peasants
96
German Peasants Revolt
Fuled by The 12 Articles; Peasants demanded the end of serfdom + tithes + other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry; inspired by Lutheranism
97
Luther's views on peasant movement....
Believed that people should obey their political authorities; disgusted with the manner of the peasant movement (destroying property, messing with secular) He asked German princes to violently stamp out revolt;
98
League of Schmalkalden
Formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) Princes of Germany to defend themselves against Charles V's want to re-catholicize Germany; Francis I of France allied w/ the League
99
Why did Francis I of France ally with The League?
Despite being Catholic; Wanted to Keep Germany divided
100
Was Charles V victorius over the League?
Yes, however, Lutheranism had spread + taken over much of central Europe; Forced to give up on Restoring Catholicism in all German States
101
Peace of Augsburg
Temp. Peace that ended Struggle in Germany over Lutheranism
102
Provisions of Peace of Augsburg....
Princes in Germany could choose if their lands were either Protestant or Catholic; Protestants living in Catholic states allowed to move to Protestant state (and vice versa)
103
El Greco
Greek Artist; Did most of work in Spain; Greatest Mannerist; "Burial of Count Orgaz" and "Toledo"
104
Baroque
Sought to overwhelm the viewer; emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness, and unity surround a certain theme; Became associated w/ Catholic Reformation
105
Baroque Architecture
reflected the image and power of absolute monarch + the Catholic Church
106
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Personified Baroque architecture + Sculpture; "Colonmnade" for front of St. Peter's Baislic (His greatest Architectural achievement)
107
Baroque Art as part of Catholic Reformation
Began in Catholic Reformation Countries to teach in concrete + emotional way; demonstate the glory + power of Catholic Church; Was Encourage by Papacy + Jesuits; Became prominent in France, Flanders; Austrai; S. Germany + Poland
108
Baroque spread...
later to Protestant countries
109
St. Peter's Baldachin
A canopy over the high altar of St. Peter's Basilica; sculpted by Bernini
110
The Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Bernini's altarpiece sculpture; evokes lots of emotionf
111
Baroque Painting Characteristics
Stressed broad Areas of light + shadow (rather than linear arrangements of H. Renaissance) Color appealed to senses; NOT concerend w/ clarity of detail as w/ overall dynamic effect; Designed to give SPONTANEOUS personal experience
112
Caravaggio
Italian; First important painter of Baroque era; Depicted highly emotional scenes; used Sharp contrasts of light and dark to create drama
113
Caravaggio was criticized for...
using ordinary people as models for his depicitons of Biblical scense
114
Tenebrism
sharp contrast of light + dark to create drama
115
Peter Paul Rubens
Flemish Painter; Worked for Habsburg Court in Brussels (capital of Spanish Netherlands); Empahasized color + sensuality animated figures; melodramatic contrasts; Monumental Size; Most works dealt with Christian Subject; Known for sensual nudes
116
Diego Velazquez
The greatest court painter of Era; Painted numerous portraits of Spanish Court and their surroundings
117
Artemesia Gentileschi
Perhaps the First Female artist to gain recognition in the post-Renaissance era; First woman to paint historical and religious scenes
118
Female artists of the time....
largely consigned to portrait painting and imitative poses
119
Results of Reformation
Unity of W. Christianity was SHATTERED; N. Europe adopted Protestantism; Religious enthusiasm was rekindled; Abuses in Chatholic church remedied; Religious WARS broke out in Europe for well over a centure
120
Impact of Reformation on Protestant Women
Luther believed that a woman's occupation was in the home taking care of the family; Calvin believed in the Subjugation of women to preserve moral order; Protestant Churches had great control over marriage than did Catholic Church; Suppressed Common Law Marriages; Catholic Government followed the Protestant Example
121
Marriages became more...
based on Romantic love; emphasizing the love relationship b/w man and wife
122
Luther's wife...
Katherine Von Bora
123
Luther's view on marriage
Believed that sex was an act enjoyed by husband and wife not just act of procreation
124
Increased emphasis on....
teaching people to read the Bible-----resulted in an increase in women's literacy
125
Schools for girl developed throughout....
IN Germany
126
Increased literacy led to....
The rise of a print culture
127
Women gradually lost....
rights to manage their own property or to make legal transaction in their own name
128
Catholic Women
Continued to enjoy opportunities in the Church through religious orders
129
Angela Merici
Founded the URSULINE ORDER OF NUNS; wanted to provide education and religious training; Sought to combat hersey through Christian education; The Ursulines spread to France + New World
130
Teresa de Avila
Major Spanish leader of reform movement for monasteries + convents; Preached that individuals could have a relationship w/ God through prayer + contemplation
131
The Catholic Reformation revived...
The Church but cemented the division w/in Christianity
132
Catholic Reformation
response to the gains of Protestantism + response to critics w/in the Church abuses needed to be reformed
133
Pope Paul II
Most important pope in reforming the Church and challengin Protestantism; Sought to discipline Church through existing doctrine
134
Council of Trent
established Catholic Dogma for the next four centuries; Equal valididty of scriptures, church traditions, + writings of Chruch fathers; Salvation through faith + goodworks; All seven sacraments were valid; Approved The "Index of Forbidden Books"
135
Index of Forbidden Books
Books that supported Protestansitsm or overly critical of the Church were banned from Catholic Countries; Ex: Erasumus; Anyone possessing books listed could be punished severly;
136
Church Reforms
Abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed; Sale of Church offics curtailed; Bishops given greater control over clergy; Seminaries established to train priests
137
Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola; organises in military fashion
138
Three goals of Jesuits:
1. Reform church through education; spread gospel to pagan people; Fight Protestantism
139
Spiritual Exercises
Loyola's guidebook to train jesuis
140
Jesuits oversaw....
both Spanish and Roman Inquisitions
141
Spainish Inquisition
Persecution of Chrsitan Moors and Christian Jews suspected of backsliding to original faiths
142
Italian inquisition
Pope Paul IV issued papal bull accussing Jews of killg Christ; ordered Jews to be placed in Ghettos
143
Catholic Reformation succeeded in...
bringing southern Germany + E. Europe back to Catholicm; Index of Forbidden Books ----Strongly enforced; Jesuit schools became among finest in all of euroe
