Midterm Review Flashcards
(54 cards)
Order the following metric system units in order from largest to smallest:
Picometer, Milliliter, Nanoliter, Microliter
- Milliliter
- Microliter
- Nanoliter
- Picoliter
In the Collins paper, you learned about a cell line derived from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. What is the name of this cell line?
HL-60
Describe the steps of the scientific method in order.
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Experimental Design
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis
- Conclusion
A _______ article is a scientific literature source that is written by people who actually performed the experiments and are presenting their own data.
Primary
A ______ article summarizes and analyzes the work of several different groups of scientists.
Review
You are viewing a stained blood cell with a compound light microscope under the 40X objective lens and the 10X ocular lens. What is the total magnification of the stained cell when viewed at these parameters?
400x
In the Xie paper, the authors described a certain collagenase/gelatinase enzyme called _________, which is found to be highly expressed in HL-60 cells that have differentiated into monocytes.
MMP-9
Our microscopes are _______ and _______ (the first means the microscope stays relatively in focus between objectives, while the second means the sample will stay relatively in the center of the field of view).
- Parfocal
2. Paracentral
What are HL-60 cells, and why do they make a good model system for stem cell research?
HL-60 cells are cells derived from a woman with acute promyelocytic leukemia that have been made into a cell line (they are immortal). They are a good model system for stem cell research because they are multipotent cells, able to differentiate into a variety of different cell types.
PMA induces differentiation of HL-60 cells, and activation of the production of a protein called MMP-9. It does this by binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and activating a second messenger called ________.
PKC-B
The May-Grunwald/Giemsa staining procedure was used to view changes in the HL-60 cells’ ________.
Morphology
List the 2 types of apoptotic pathways
- Extrinsic
2. Intrinsic
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is:
DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into protein
Name the 2 chemicals we have used to induce HL-60 cells to differentiate, and the cell types they were expected to differentiate primarily into based on the treatment
- PMA = Monocytes
2. DMSO = Granulocytes
Enzymes called _______ are special proteases that cleave DNA and cellular components into fragments during apoptosis.
Caspases (or executioner caspases)
Like stem cells, HL-60 cells are capable of becoming a different cell type upon the proper inductive stimulus. HL-60 cells are ________ and can be induced to differentiate into cells of the white blood cell lineage.
Multipotent
MMP-9 is a member of a family of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, released by ________, that digest the ______ in order to improve cell motility during immune response.
Monocytes, extracellular matrix
________ is a housekeeping gene, and therefore very abundant in all cell types. For this reason, we used it as our control for PCR.
B-actin
In order to visualize our PCR results, we used _______, a method for separating molecules based on size and charge.
Gel electrophoresis
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
What do we used PCR for?
To amplify a certain segment of DNA that is of interest
Name the PCR step:
Addition of nucleic acid bases complementary to a template strand, to the end of an oligonucleotide primer by Taq polymerase
Extending the primers to generate a PCR product
Name the PCR step:
Pairing of short strands of DNA by hydrogen bonding to form complementary double-stranded sequences targeting the sequence of interest
Annealing of Primers
Name the PCR step:
Splitting the hydrogen bonds between complementary strands of DNA to form single strands
Denaturing the DNA
