Midterm Review

Question 1

receive information and transfer it to the cell body

Answer 1

Dendrites

Question 2

he message sending component of the nerve cell.

Answer 2

Axons

Question 3

is the space between axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron

Answer 3

Synapse

Question 4

What does the synapse allow

Answer 4

allows for communication between different parts of the NS.

Question 5

are chemicals that transmit information across the synapse

Answer 5

Neurotransmitters

Question 6

medications for CNS pathologies act by…?

Answer 6

facilitating or inhibiting neurotransmitter activity

Question 7

s a lipid/protein that encases and insulates the axon, increasing speed of impulse conduction.

Answer 7

Myelin

Question 8

Larger nerves c milenation have…

Answer 8

fastest transmission

Question 9

composed of axons that carry information away from cell bodies, found in the brain and spinal cord posterior Horn.

Answer 9

White matter

Question 10

an area that contains a large number of cell bodies and dendrites, covers the entire surface of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex) *anterior horn

Answer 10

Grey matter

Question 11

Information is conveyed by white matter and is processed and integrated by grey matter.

Answer 11

Information is conveyed by white matter and is processed and integrated by grey matter.

Question 12

The brain is made up of..

Answer 12

cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

Question 13

responsible for contralateral voluntary control of extremity and facial movements

Answer 13

Cerebrum

Question 14

primary motor

Answer 14

Frontal in Cerebrum

Question 15

primary sensory

Answer 15

Parietal

Question 16

primary auditory

Answer 16

Temporal

Question 17

primary vision

Answer 17

Occipital

Question 18

coordinator Controls balance and muscular movements,

Answer 18

Cerebellum

Question 19

houses reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses

Answer 19

Brain stem Midbrain

Question 20

functions with the medulla to regulate the breathing rate; contains reflex centers that assist with orientation of the head in response to visual and auditory stimulation

Answer 20

Pons

Question 21

Control centers for heart and respiration rates; reflex centers for vomiting, sneezing, and swallowing

Answer 21

Medulla

Question 22

Two primary functions of the spinal cord

Answer 22

Coordination of motor information and movement patterns, and Communication of sensory information

Question 23

extends vertically throughout the length of the brain stem, maintains and adjusts level of arousal

Answer 23

Reticular activating system

Question 24

Provide feedback to CNS about muscle length

Answer 24

Muscle Spindles

Question 25

Names the 12 Cranial Nerves

Answer 25

``` Olfactory Optic- Oculomotor- Trochlear- Trigeminal- Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear- Glossopharyngeal- Vagus- Spinal Accessory- Hypoglossal- T ```

Question 26

Olfactory

Answer 26

smell

Question 27

Optic

Answer 27

Vision

Question 28

Oculomotor

Answer 28

pupil constriction and dilation, eye movement.

Question 29

Trochlear

Answer 29

eye movement, looking down and looking toward midline.

Question 30

Trigeminal

Answer 30

- Muscles for chewing, sense of pain/touch for head/face.

Question 31

Abducens

Answer 31

- Eye movement away from midline (eye rolling)

Question 32

. | Facial

Answer 32

facial expression muscles, and taste in 2/3rds of the tongue

Question 33

Vestibulocochlear

Answer 33

- hearing and balance.

Question 34

Glossopharyngeal

Answer 34

taste in the back portion of the tongue, swallowing muscles.

Question 35

Vagus

Answer 35

Very important role in the body, controls sensory and motor functions in the heart and glands, as well as, takes part in digestion.

Question 36

Spinal Accessory

Answer 36

Trapezius and SCM to control the head movement.

Question 37

Hypoglossal

Answer 37

- Tongue movement.

Question 38

UE D1 Flexion | -Start and End

Answer 38

Start→ shldr ext/ABD/IR/open hand/forearm pronated/wrist ext/UD End→ shld flex/ADD/ER/closed hand/forearm supinated/wrist flexed/RD

Question 39

UE D1 Extension | -Start and end

Answer 39

Start→ shld flex/ADD/ER/closed hand/forearm supinated/wrist flexed/RD End→ shldr ext/ABD/IR/open hand/forearm pronated/wrist ext/UD

Question 40

UE D2 Flexion | -Start and end

Answer 40

Start→ hand at opposite hip/shldr ext/ADD/IR/hand closed/forearm pronated/wrist flexed/UD End→ Shldr flexed/ABD/ER/hand open/forearm supinated/wrist ext/RD

Question 41

UE D2 Extension | -Start and end

Answer 41

Start→ Shldr flexed/ABD/ER/hand open/forearm supinated/wrist ext/RD End→ hand at opposite hip/shldr ext/ADD/IR/hand closed/forearm pronated/wrist flexed/UD

Question 42

LE D1 Flexion | -Start and end

Answer 42

tart→ leg ext/heel in line w/shldr/ankle plantarflexed/everted End→ hip flex/ADD/ER/Knee flex/ankle dorsiflexed/inverted

Question 43

LE D1 Extension | -Start and End

Answer 43

Start→ hip flex/ADD/ER/Knee flex/ankle dorsiflexed/inverted | End→ leg ext/heel in line w/shldr/ankle plantarflexed/everted

Question 44

LE D2 Flexion | -Start and End

Answer 44

Start→ hip ext/knee ext/ER/ADD/ankle plantarflexed/inverted | End→ hip flex/knee flex/IR/ABD/ankle dorsiflexed/everted

Question 45

LE D2 Extension | -Start and End

Answer 45

Start→ hip flex/knee flex/IR/ABD/ankle dorsiflexed/everted | End→ hip ext/knee ext/ER/ADD/ankle plantarflexed/inverte

Question 46

Scapular D1 Flexion

Answer 46

Elevation + protraction = anterior elevation

Question 47

Scapular D1 Extension

Answer 47

Depression + retraction = posterior depression

Question 48

Scapular D2 Flexion

Answer 48

Elevation + Retraction = posterior elevation

Question 49

Scapular D2 Extension

Answer 49

Depression + Protraction = Anterior depression

Question 50

Pelvic D1 Flexion

Answer 50

Elevation + protraction = anterior elevation

Question 51

Pelvic D1 Extension

Answer 51

Depression +retraction = posterior depression

Question 52

Pelvic D2 Flexion

Answer 52

Elevation + Retraction = posterior elevation

Question 53

Pelvic D2 Extension

Answer 53

Depression + Protraction = Anterior depression

Question 54

Difficulty comprehending spoken language and following commands

Answer 54

Wernike’s

Question 55

Major afferent tracts

Answer 55

Lateral Spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature) | Spinocerebellar (proprioception

Question 56

Lateral Spinothalamic tract

Answer 56

pain, temperature

Question 57

Spinocerebellar

Answer 57

proprioception

Question 58

Major efferent tract

Answer 58

Corticospinal tract; controls skilled movements of the extremities

Question 59

Corticospinal tract

Answer 59

controls skilled movements of the extremities

Question 60

Indicator of corticospinal damage-

Answer 60

Babinski sign

Question 61

Facilities both intrafusal & extrafusal agonist muscle contraction (over tendon/muscle belly)

Answer 61

Tapping/repeat quick stretch

Question 62

Facilitates postural extensors & stabilizing responses; enhances jt awareness

Answer 62

Jt Approximation

Question 63

Facilitates jt motion: enhances jt awareness

Answer 63

Jt Traction

Question 64

- impairment of speech due to weakness, paralysis, or in-coordination of speech motor system.

Answer 64

Dysarthia

Question 65

interruption in eating function or maintence of nutrition and hydration.

Answer 65

Dysphasia-

Question 66

limited vocabulary, slow, hesitant, with intact comprehension.

Answer 66

Nonfluent aphasia (Brocas)

Question 67

can not coordinate the muscles used for speech.

Answer 67

Apraxia

Question 68

accquried communication disorder in people whp previously communicated, Fluent (wernicke’s) impaired auditory comprehension, speech is normal decreased awareness of impairments.

Answer 68

Asphasia-

Question 69

Characterized by motor performances that after consideration practice is considered automatic Movements are largely error free w/ little interference from environmental distractions

Answer 69

Autonomous Stage

Question 70

Becomes organized and movement develops into a coordinated pattern Phase is “how to do the movement , NOT what to do”

Answer 70

Associative Stage

Question 71

Develop an overall understanding of the skill “ cognitive map” Want to facilitate understanding and organize early practice

Answer 71

Cognitive stage

Question 72

Feedback.....Proprioceptive, visual, vestibular, and cutaneous signals are types of feedback Uses the somatosensory system

Answer 72

Intrinsic

Question 73

Brunnstrom stage.....Return of fine motor skills

Answer 73

VII. Return to fine motor skills

Question 74

Brunnstrom stage..No voluntary movement or reflex activity is present in the involved extremity

Answer 74

I. Flaccidity

Question 75

Brunnstrom stage.. Isolated movement and combination of movements are evident. Coordination deficits may be present with rapid activity changes

Answer 75

VI. Spasticity is essentially absent

Question 76

Brunnstrom stage..Synergy patterns begin to develop . Some may appear as associated reactions

Answer 76

II. Spasticity begins to develop

Question 77

Brunnstrom stage..Movement synergies are less dominant. Complex movement possible

Answer 77

V. Spasticity continues to decrease

Question 78

Brunnstrom stage..Movement synergies of the involved ue/le can be performed voluntarily

Answer 78

III. Spasticity increases and reaches its peak

Question 79

Ashworth scale....0

Answer 79

No increase in muscle tone

Question 80

Ashworth scale....4

Answer 80

Affected part rigid in flexion and extension

Question 81

Ashworth scale....2

Answer 81

More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected part easily moved

Question 82

Ashworth scale....1

Answer 82

Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by catch and release at end of ROM

Question 83

Ashworth scale....1+

Answer 83

Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by catch followed by minimal resistance throughout the reminder of the ROM

Question 84

Ashworth scale....3

Answer 84

Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult

Question 85

a group of muscles that work together to provide patterns of movement; initially occur in flexion/extension combos

Answer 85

Synergy

Question 86

Development of spasticity occurs is patterns | Often develops ................ first

Answer 86

proximally

Question 87

Components of Brunnstrom Synergy Patterns: UE....Flexion or extension ... Scapular retraction and/or elevation, Shoulder ER and ABD to 90, elbow flexion, forearm supination, wrist and finger flexion

Answer 87

Flexion

Question 88

Components of Brunnstrom Synergy Patterns: UE....Flexion or extension .......Scapular protraction, shoulder IR and ADD, full elbow extension, forearm pronation, wrist flexion with finger flexion

Answer 88

Extension

Question 89

Components of Brunnstrom Synergy Patterns: LE....Flexion or extension ......Hip extension, ADD, and IR, knee extension, ankle PF and INV, toe flexion

Answer 89

Extension

Question 90

Components of Brunnstrom Synergy Patterns: LE....Flexion or extension ..... Hip flexion, ABD and ER, Knee flexions to ~90, ankle DF and INV, toe extension

Answer 90

Flexion