Midterm Review

Question 1

Who is Vasari?

Answer 1

Wrote “The Lives” about artists in 1550; dedicated it to the Medici; painted the inside of the Duomo “Last Judgement”
Knew Michaelangelo, he praised both Michaelangelo and Giotto

Question 2

Who is Boccaccio?

Answer 2

Wrote the “Decameron” in 1348; his characters are realistic; it is about people fleeing from the plague
Wrote in Vulgar

Question 3

Describe the intro to the Decameron.

Answer 3

Dedicated to women, describes the plague in depth. Group of people are in a Villa to flee the plague and they decide to tell 10 stories over the course of 10 days. Boccacio is analyzing ppl’s reaction to the plague - shows that the plague affected everyone in spite of their station.

Question 4

Describe Chichibio.

Answer 4

A story in the Decameron. Chichibio is a cook who is in love with Brunetta. He is given a crane to cook, but when Brunetta walks by, she convinces him to give her the crane’s leg, so he does. When he brings the crane out to dinner, his master is upset and asks Chichibio, who tells him that cranes only have one leg. The next day, Currado wants to prove that cranes have two legs, so he takes Chichibio with him and they find cranes sleeping on one leg. Currado then yells angrily, waking them up and causing them to put down their legs. Then Chichibio smartly says that if Currado had shouted at him like that, he would have sprouted another leg too. Currado laughs. Breaks the rules/social boundaries, approves of humor

Question 5

Describe Madame Filippa

Answer 5

Madam Filippa is found by her lover and brought to court. She says that she should not be condemned because she loved her husband and still had more love to give. She is set free, the law changes. Breaks the rules, triumph of a female.

Question 6

Arnolfo di Cambio

Answer 6

Designed the Duomo in “Piazza della Signoria” in 1300s - made the original, smaller church plan

Question 7

Giotto

Answer 7

Lived in Florence
Broke away from Medieval art w/emotion
“Death of St. Francis” Santo Croce Church
His art is very human, adds emotion
Chiaroscuro: light/dark/shading
Perspective: people in the front are larger than those in the back, attempted to put characters in perspective positions, but the often appear distorted because it was intuitive

Question 8

Medici Family Tree

Answer 8

Giovanni di Bici (1360-1429)
Cosimo the Elder (1389-1464)
Piero the Gouty (1418-1469)
Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492)
Piero the Unfortunate (1471-1503)
Giovanni Leo X (1471-1521)

Question 9

Cosimo the Elder

Answer 9

Pater Patriae - Father of the Country
Educated at a monastery school, a cradle of new learning
His Father Giovanni sent him to the Council of Constance with Pope John to make conections
Cosimo collected manuscripts and started the first public library

Question 10

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Answer 10

Poet
Ugly but the ladies still loved him
Enjoyed Plato
Threw lavish festivals to distract the public from problems
Inspired Castiliglione and Machiavelli’s The Courtier and The Prince

Question 11

When did the Great Schism Occur?

Answer 11

1054

Question 12

When are Giotto, Dante, Arnolfo, and Boccaccio working Florence?

Answer 12

1300s

Question 13

When is the Black Plague?

Answer 13

1350s

Question 14

What is the Century of Stability?

Answer 14

1400s

Question 15

What is Significant about 1401?

Answer 15

Competition to create North Door of the Baptistry

Beginning of the Renaissance

Question 16

When is the Council of Pisa?

Answer 16

1409

Question 17

When is the Council of Constance?

Answer 17

1414-1418

Question 18

When does Brunelleschi begin working on the Duomo?

Answer 18

1420

Question 19

When is the Duomo closed?

Answer 19

1436

Question 20

When is the Duomo completed (lantern)?

Answer 20

1460s

Question 21

When is the Neoplatonic academy created?

Answer 21

1462

Question 22

When is the Pazzi Conspiracy?

Answer 22

1478

Question 23

When does Lorenzo the Magnificent die/the Medici family are exiled?

Answer 23

1492, 1494

Question 24

Neoplatonic Academy

Answer 24

group of important people that meet and try to reconcile pagan classical antiquity with Christianity

Question 25

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Answer 25

Poet, loved Plato | Organized the Brigate: Company of the Magi

Question 26

Pazzi Conspiracy

Answer 26

Francesco De’Pazzi, Bernardo Bandini, and Pope Sixtus IV Motivated by the Pope/Medici dispute over the purchase of Imola (town) funded by the Pazzi family Killed Guiliano Lorenzo escaped Crowds found the conspirators and dragged their bodies through the streets Pope excommunicated Lorenzo & all of Florence

Question 27

1401 Competition for N. Baptistry doors

Answer 27

Giovanni di Bicci presides over competition Beginning of Medici patronage of art Ghiberti vs. Brunelleschi Ghiberti wins Puts his & his sons likeness on the door Note: 1401 (50 years after Black Plague had destroyed Florence)

Question 28

Ghiberti

Answer 28

Won the 1401 Competition against Brunelleschi for the North Door of Baptistry, and then was commissioned to design the East Door “Most important artist of the time” One of the first artists of the time to become wealthy and famous Created the culture of the workshop Taught future artists (Michelangelo)

Question 29

Brunelleschi

Answer 29

Built the dome of the Duomo (1420) Climbed on the roof of the Pantheon and removed covering to see how the dome was built Fired workers every few years so he was the only one who knew how to build the dome Believed to have invented mathematical/linear perspective Believed that the body is the measurement of all things Lost the 1401 door competition to Ghiberti, so he became an architect Went to Rome with Donatello and measured everything with their own arms and legs Crucifixion

Question 30

Crucifixion

Answer 30

Brunelleschi, Represented Jesus as a peaceful figure who didn't struggle Compared to Donatello’s crucifixion, Brunelleschi’s represents Christ as a real man Donatello’s had more tensed muscles on Jesus so it implied that Jesus was trying to not die (lungs collapse on body); Brunelleschi shows more ligaments and stuff, relaxed muscles so he was not trying not to die Face on Christ by Donatello shows suffering, Brunelleschi shows beautiful face Brunelleschi's Crucifixion shows classical idea of beauty

Question 31

Masaccio

Answer 31

The Trinity - Santa Maria Novella (1425) Masaccio uses himself as the individual looking at the frescoe in which he is the same dimension as the figure of God Depicts Jesus on the cross with the Father behind him and a dove as the Holy Spirit Roman pillars Chiaroscuro Mary, St. John Patrons of the Church (same size as Mary & John) (supposedly) asked Brunelleschi with help measuring perspective

Question 32

Intuitive Perspective

Answer 32

Objects are placed at an angle to the picture plane, but their linear elements don't converge at a single point Giotto Botticelli

Question 33

Mathematical Perspective

Answer 33

Realistically depicting 3 dimensional objects in a 2 dimensional plane Formulated by Brunellesci 1st used by Masaccio

Question 34

Poggio Bracciolini

Answer 34

Secretary to the Pope, friends with Cosimo Paid by Cosimo and Niccoli to search for manuscripts Invented calligraphy

Question 35

Niccolo Niccoli

Answer 35

Cosimo's friend/humanist His handwriting was adopted by printers and known as italic Created a library, left it to Cosimo upon death The library was a novelty because it provided knowledge from a source other than the Church

Question 36

Pico della Mirandola

Answer 36

Spoke over 20 languages Humanist poet who was a part of the Neoplatonic academy Wrote: On the Dignity of Man 900 thesis, considered heretical by papal authorities

Question 37

1400s Palazzo

Answer 37

Central, Humanist arrangement Lower Level: small windows (can be closed during riot) Upper Level: servants Courtyard: large, open, used for parties, in the center (humans are the “center”) Square Detached from neighboring buildings

Question 38

1300s Palazzo

Answer 38

``` Palazzo Davanzati Vertical arrangement Lower Level: workshop Next Level (“Piano Nobile”): living space Upper Level: kitchens (more air) Not square Attached to neighboring buildings ```

Question 39

Michelozzo

Answer 39

Employed as architect by the Medici Completed the Duomo, added the lantern Library for San Marco

Question 40

Donatello

Answer 40

Commissioned to make the bronze David statue for the Medici’s courtyard (FIRST MONUMENTAL BRONZE STATUE SINCE ANTIQUITY) Rare b/c religious art pieces were typically for churches, not homes Emphasizes his homosexuality Perfect contrapposto Mercury’s winged boots (could be pagan?)

Question 41

Benozzo Gozzoli

Answer 41

``` Procession of the Magi Magi are painted as medici Cosimo rides a donkey to show his humility Depicts Council of Florence 1439 Magi are the sign of the Medici/wise men ```

Question 42

Botticelli's Art for the Medici

Answer 42

Primavera Birth of Venus Adoration of the Magi

Question 43

Adoration of the Magi

Answer 43

Botticelli Depicts goddess arriving on land born out of the sea Met by one of the Graces Painted on canvas, likely meant to be repainted or thrown out after use Botticelli derives inspiration from classical statues Proportions don’t matter b/c beauty is in the eye of the beholder (Botticelli)

Question 44

Western Schism

Answer 44

Split within the Catholic Church over 2 different popes

Question 45

Council of Pisa

Answer 45

1409, depose 2 popes, elect Alex V, now there are 3 popes, supposed to solve Western Schism

Question 46

Council of Constance

Answer 46

``` 1414-1418 Organized by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund 3 popes abdicate Cosimo attends solves Western Schism ```

Question 47

Great Schism

Answer 47

Split between Roman Christian Church and Eastern Orthodox Church over purgatory, trinity, and unleavened bread

Question 48

Savonarola

Answer 48

Leads the city in the Medici’s absence A Priest, teaches return to Christ’s teachings (like Protestantism) Heralded as a saint (almost) because he talked Charles VIII, King of France, out of attacking Florence because it was God’s “chosen”/holy city Excommunicated by the pope Caused city to divide into Piagnoni and Arrabbiati Savonarola is condemned and burned to death

Question 49

Dante

Answer 49

Divine Comedy De Monarchia Wanted to separate politics and religion Vernacular