Midterm Review (CLUSTER 73A) Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Descartes’ meditator begins by challenging his “_____” beliefs
A
foundational
2
Q
Descartes in _______ thinks he can establish a single truth, namely, that his is a _____ thing
A
Meditation II, thinking
3
Q
Descartes uses the example of examining wax using his sense to show his _____, not _____, allows him to grasp the nature of wax
A
intellect, senses
4
Q
T/F: Nagel believes reductionism is the most likely of all current philosophical positions to shed light on consciousness
A
False
5
Q
T/F: Nagel emphasizes what he calls “the objective character of consciousness
A
False
6
Q
According to Noë, the three things related in a “process of dynamic interaction” are ____, ____, ____
A
brain, body, world
7
Q
T/F: In the experiment that MIT Professor Sur and his team performed, they found that by rewiring newborn ferret brains so that their eye was attached to the auditory part of their brain, ferrets began to hear with their eyes
A
False
8
Q
____ ____ is the aspect of self-consciousness presented by Noë that can be modified or extended to include items such as a walking cane or even a car
A
body schema
9
Q
To make his argument, Godfrey-Smith engages with the work of _____ and _____
A
Nietzche, Dewey
10
Q
Examples of “_____ ____ Thinking” according to Godfrey Smith’s definition are:
1) to convince your mother to let you attend a party, you ____ possible speeches you might give to convince her in your head
2) during you math final, you spend 30 minutes on a difficult equation as you work through many possible solutions to find the correct one
A
system II, rehearse
11
Q
______ of a neuron at resting potential will inhibit an ____ ____
A
Hyperpolarization, action potential
12
Q
Inhibition of _____ from entering the axon terminal could result in the vesicles containing ______ are inhibited from releasing their contents into the ____ ____
A
calcium, neurotransmitters, synaptic cleft
13
Q
T/F: Regions of the body that are more sensitive to touch stimulus are likely to have fewer sensory neurons
A
false
14
Q
Otto Loewi’s research was used to resolve the ____ vs ____ debate
A
soup, sparks
15
Q
T/F: Neurons with unmyelinated axons have faster action potential propagation compared to myelinated axons
A
false
16
Q
Dendrites are associated with _____ potential but not an ____ potential
A
presynaptic, action
17
Q
T/F: The sodium-potassium pump pushes K+ ions out of and pulls Na+ ions into the cell
A
False
18
Q
Postsynaptic potentials have a varying amplitude which is proportional to the strength of a _____, whereas action potentials have a ____ amplitude
A
stimulus, fixed
19
Q
_____ ____ is a condition where one’s body produces antibodies that attack part of myelin and disrupts saltatory conduction
A
multiple sclerosis
20
Q
____ ____ determines a neuron’s maximal rate of firing
A
refractory period
21
Q
Campbell’s article “Inside the Frame of the Past: Memory, Diversity, and Solidarity” is based partly on the author’s experience taking part in a ____ ____ ____ theater performance
A
Canadian First Nations
22
Q
Mere exposure to a given stimuli often increases our bias towards them. This phenomenon is referred to as ____ _____
A
preference learning
23
Q
In Marya Schechtman’s (2020) “Glad it Happened: Personal Identity and Ethical Depth,” the author criticizes _____ self-experience described by _____
A
episodic, Strawson
24
Q
The portion of the medial temporal lobe thought to be important to learning and memory is the _____
A
hippocampus
25
According to Prof. Knowlton, the form of ____ emotional conditioning is most well-studied
fear
26
in Campbell's article "Inside the Frame of the Past," "The Scrubbing Project" refers to a play by The ____ ____
Turtle Gals
27
T/F: The hippocampus is thought to be responsible for fear-potentiated startle responses
false
28
Sue Campbell argues that sharing memories is a ____ _____
performative activity
29
Pavlov's experiments in training dogs to salivate by ringing a bell, instead of just at the sight of food demonstrates the learning process of ____ _____
classical conditioning
30
T/F: Rats kept in impoverished conditions have a heavier, thicker cortex, especially in somatosensory and visual cortical areas
false
31
If you repeatedly squirt water at a sea slug's siphon, the slug will retract its gill less and less. This is not an example of ____ ____
associative learning
32
The _____ is important for conditioning the ___-___ reflex and other simple conditioning in rabbits and humans
cerebellum, eye-blink
33
The _____ and _____ ____ are important for declarative memory
hippocampus, entorhinal cortex
34
LTP (a stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses following repeated strong stimulation) stands for ___ ____ ____
long term potentiation
35
T/F: Removal of the hippocampus and nearby cortex left patient HM unable to learn new skills, such as mirror tracing, showing that his nondeclarative memory was no longer intact
false
36
3 steps the brain must perform to succeed in undertaking of memory according to computer science metaphor of memory provided by ____: _____, ____, _____
Corkin, encode, store, retrieve
37
___ ____ performed the first surgery for ____ in 1886 in London by stimulating the patient's exposed brain to identify the affected area of the brain
Victor Horsley, epilepsy
38
The CS in the eyeblink classic conditioning procedure is the ____
tone
39
____ ___ and ____ are two ways fear can be measured in rats during a fear conditioning procedure
potentiated startle, freeze
40
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of _____
dementia
41
One of the most common tests used to diagnose Alzheimer's is the ____ ____ test
clock drawing
42
The three primary groups of symptoms for Alzheimer's are: _____ _____, ____ ____, ____ ____
non-cognitive dysfunction, instrumental dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction
43
T/F: There are no drugs that are effective for treating (symptoms of) Alzheimer's
False
44
T/F: The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can by misattributed to normal aging
True
45
Bjork and Bjork recommend integrating ___ ____ into your study routine
desirable difficulties
46
One of the difficulties in measuring learning objectively is because of the difference between learning and ____ ____ ____
performance on assesments
47
Bjork and Bjork also recommend _____ out retrieval tasks
spacing
48
In contrast to how tests are normally perceived, Bjork and Bjork recommend that testing be seen as a ____ to assist one's learning
tool
49
The story of psychologist ___ ____ misremembering being nearly kidnapped as a child in the custody of his nanny is cited as an example of how ___ memories can _____ actual events
Jean Piaget, false, overwrite
50
Neural pathway:
(after neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft) ____ --> soma --> ___ ___ --> axon --> ___ ____ --> diffuses through synaptic cleft --> dendrites
dendrites, axon hillock, axon terminals
51
Neural part: the cell membrane protects the ___ of the neuron
nucleus
52
Neural part: dendrites receives _____ via ____ and starts ___ ____ process
neurotransmitters, synapses, action potential
53
Neural part: the soma receives action potential from _____
dendrites
54
Neural part: the axon has ___ ___ travel through it to the axon terminals
electrical. pulses
55
Neural part: the axon hillock controls the _____ of the neuron
firing
56
Neural part: the myelin sheath protects the ____ and ____ up action potential
axon, speeds
57
Neural part: the nodes of ranvier are where ____ ____ occurs where action potential "jump" between the nodes of ranvier
saltatory conduction
58
Neural part: the axon terminal releases the _____ of the presynaptic cell
neurotransmitters
59
The _____-____ pump maintains the resting potential in a neuron (__ mv)
sodium-potassium, -70
60
An action potential occurs when the threshold of ___ to ___ mv is reached
-40, -55
61
Neurons are organized in ___ rather than a big continuous ___ (____ theory_
units, net, reticular
62
____ believed neurons were ____ cells
Cajal, individual
63
____ believed neurons were a ____
Golgi, net
64
In ____, Cajal and Golgi shared a nobel prize for their work on ____
1906, neurons
65
MS (___ ______ is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the ____
multiple sclerosis, myelin
66
Process of an Action Potential:
1. _____ (around -70 mv)
2. inject current (____)
3. ______ (gets ____ relative to the outside, ___ ions in; changes polarity to _____
4. repolarization (___ ions out, pushed out by ____-____ pump)
5. _____ (so much ___ leaves, causes inside to be more ____)
6. resting state
resting, stimulus, depolarization, positive, Na, positive, K, sodium-potassium, hyperpolarization, K, negative
67
Properties of the action potential:
___ ___ ___ --> once action potential is triggered you get the entire sequence
all or none
68
Properties of the action potential:
_____ ____ --> impossible to generate another action potential immediately after 1st action potential
refractory period
69
EPSP = ____ ____ ____
excitatory postsynaptic potential
70
IPSP = ____ ____ ____
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
71
EPSP's and IPSP's in the _____ sum up and if threshold is reached at ___ ____, then an action potential is generated; EPSP's and IPSP's near axon hillock have more ___
dendrites, action potential, weight
72
Epilepsy is a disorder where a patient has repeated _____; seizures are caused by ____ ____ in the brain becoming _____
seizures, electrical activity, synchronized
73
The Synapse:
when depolarization reaches the terminal, _____-____ ____ channels open; influx of calcium, causes ____ ____ to bind w/ the membrane and releasing _____ into synaptic cleft; neurotransmitter binds to receptors on ____ cells; entrance to target cells are ____ ___ channels
voltage-gated calcium, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters, target, ligand gated
74
The synaptic cleft is the pathway between ____ and ____ cells
presynaptic, postsynaptic
75
Loewi ended the ____ vs ____ debate; his experiment proved that neurons release a ____ that flowed across ____ instead of ____ ____
soups vs sparks, chemical, synapses, electrical signals
76
Chemical neurotransmitters spread via ___ ____ to other cells; electric neurotransmitters only go within ___ cell and trigger chemical neurotransmitters to fire to send to other ____
liquid membrane, one, neurons
77
Reuptake is when neurotransmitters in the ___ ___ are recycled and repacked into ____
synaptic cleft, vesicles
78
Agonists ____ action of a neurotransmitter; Antagonists ____ efficacy of neurotransmitter
increase, reduce
79
Characteristics of Parkinson's Disease are ____, difficulty initiating ____, and problems w/ ____; experience ____ early on
tremors, movement, balance, depression
80
Long term memory has a ____ capacity; short term memory (____ memory) can keep ___ amount of information
huge, working, small
81
Declarative memory is memory for ___ and ___; depends of ___ ___ lobe; the memory that you “know” and can explain how to do and is parts of your life and experiences and knowledge
facts, events, medial temporal
82
Episodic memory is used to store ____ that occurred in one's life that remembers the little ____ and ____
events, details, feelings
83
Semantic memory is used to store ____ information which would be considered ____ _____
factual, general knowledge
84
Nondeclarative memory is defined by its ____ of the defining properties of declarative memory; not aware of declarative learning, learning is shown merely by change in _____
lack, performance
85
Descartes method of doubt was to question _____ beliefs
foundational
86
Descartes substance dualism:
mind is thinking stuff and is ____ – different from extended (____) stuff that makes up ____ bodies
immaterial, material, physical
87
property dualism:
one kind of ___ w/ two distinct kinds of _____ (physical and the mental
stuff, properties
88
substance dualism:
there are two kinds of stuff, ___ and ____
mind, matter
89
physicalism/materialism:
there is one kind of ___, all explainable in ___ terms
stuff, physical
90
functionalism:
including "___ ___" theories, emphasizes what consciousness ____ in the system
global workspace, does
91
Nagel understood/described conscious as "____" which means the mind-body problem is impossible to understand because consciousness is difficult to define since it isn't the same for everybody
intractable
92
In Nagel's belief in the ability to understand what it's like to be a bat, the 1st POV experience of pretending to be a bat is not more than us experiencing what it is like to ____ to be a bat(like dressing up as a bat doesn't equal you are a bat); 3rd POV is us hearing what it is like to be a bat from a bat which is ___ being a bat
pretend, not
93
Noe's enactivism is the idea that _____ and learning is shaped by one's ____ and _____
consciousness, environment, experiences
94
Noe uses the ___-___ experiment to prove consciousness is dependent on the world around us; experiment shows ow the brain or our "consciousness" can ___ itself to include the things around us
rubber-hand, extend
95
Autobiographical memory is stringing together ____ memories into an album (like your childhood); this memory is shaped by our ___ and ____ experiences growing up
episodic, personal, subjective
96
The "Reafferent Loop" described by ___-___ is the way your brain compensates for ____ and ___ that you produce
Godfrey-Smith, movement, action
97
The Scrubbing Project by the ___ ____ was a play about the genocide of aboriginal peoples. The ___ ____ it presents doesn't make the audience feel good, but draws them into the tragedy and challenges their perception of events in history, The play shows the audience their own role in systematic oppression of minorities
Turtle Gals, collective memory
98
Strawson's "____ ____" are just where they are in ___; distinguish between the same human being/person who did x, y, z, from now being a different self from the one who did those things
episodic self, time
99
Schechtman argues that we relate to our past selves in ____ complex ways; with ____ and ___ depth
emotionally, experiential, ethical
100
Motor skills learning:
- gradually learned through ____
- difficult to ____ what has been learned
- include ____ activities as well as abilities involving immense expertise
practice, verbalize, everyday
101
Priming: after being exposed to a stimulus, you can process it a little more ___ and ___ next time
quickly, accurately
102
Perceptual learning:
- can learn to discriminate between very similar _____
- is improvement in ability to ___ stimuli
- many domains rely on perceptual learning for expertise (ie radiology)
stimuli, perceive
103
Preference learning:
- slow and gradual, depends on ___
- usually can't ___ how you are performing the task
- is very specific to a domain of ____ (ie a coffee expert doesn't equal and wine expert)
experience, verbalize, learning
104
In Pavlovian Conditioning (___ ____) neutral (____) stimulus is paired with another (____) stimulus that elicits a response; is a form of ___-___ memory
classical conditioning, conditioned, unconditioned, non-declarative
105
CS is the ____ ____; US is the stimulus that results in a ___of some kind; UR is the response caused by the ___; CR is the reaction given by the CS without the US after an ____ has been made
neutral stimulus, reaction, US, association
106
The eyeblink experiment:
CS = ____
US = ____
UR = ____
CR = _____
tone, airpuff, closing eye when air is puffed, blinking when you hear the tone
107
Two kinds of fear conditioning in rats are ___-___ ___ ____ and ____ ____
fear-potentiated startle response, pavlovian conditioning
108
Genetic factors of Alzheimer's are:
- family history
- APOE-__
- chromosomes ___, ___, and ___
4, 21, 14, 1
109
Environmental risk factors of Alzheimer's are a history of ___ injuries
head
110
Patient HM was ___ ____ who struggled w/ ____ and had his ____ removed to cure it. The removal of the hippocampus took away his ability to form ___ memories
Henry Molaison, epilepsy, hippocampus, new
111
HM taught us:
- the removal of the hippocampus affects the ___ and ___ of new memories
- memories are __ stored in the hippocampus; its just the area where short-term information is created into long-term memory
- areas of ____ lobe are important for declarative memory
- could still learn tasks through ____, but did not recall practicing it
creation, storing, not, temporal, repitition
112
Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember ___ memories
past
113
Nonassociative learning involves a ___ stimulus present once or repeated
single
114
habituation: ____ response to repeated presentations of a stimulus (no longer sensing something like a buzzing sound)
decreased
115
sensitization: prior strong stimulation ____ response to most stimuli
increases
116
LTP (____ ____ ____) is a stable and enduring increase in the ____ of synapses following repeated ___ stimulation
long term potentiation, effectiveness, strong
117
tetanus is an ___ volley of ___ ____
intense, action potentials
118
The NMDA receptor binds ____, but only allows positive ions in when postsynaptic cell is already depolarized
glutamate
119
Alzheimer's Disease:
- most common ___ disorder
Characteristics:
- ____
- impact on ___ life activities
- ____, ____, ____
- ____
neurodegenerative, dementia, daily, visuospatial, language, reasoning, progressive
120
Mild Cognitive Impairment occurs with _____ problems occurring ____ normal for age (but not in range of AD); after diagnosis of amnestic MCI, conversion to AD > ___%
memory, below, 10%
121
There is a point at which function pathology overwhelms neural function and cognitive changes can be detected; for those w/ ____ education/level of cognitive processing, this point happens later (this is an example of ___ ____)
higher, cognitive reserve
122
Optimizing Memory:
- deep encoding (processed for ___) are remembered better than shallow encoding (processed for ____ characteristics)
meaning, physical
