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midterm review (quiz 1, 2 and study guide) Flashcards

1
Q

What degree does an audiologist need in order to practice Audiology (Since 2007)?

A

Doctorate

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2
Q

_____________________________ often works for organizations that create and sell hearing devices or technologies, such as hearing aid manufacturers.

A

Corporate Aud

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3
Q

In order to obtain a license to practice audiology, you must pass the National Examination in Audiology (Praxis) (T/F)

A

True

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4
Q

_____________________________ is when there is a region of increased pressure and sound travels outward.

A

Condensation/Compression

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5
Q

_____________________________ is when the is slight decrease in pressure and sound travels inward.

A

Rarefraction

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6
Q

What are the FOUR properties of sound?

A

Intensity, frequency, phase, and spectrum.

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7
Q

Human hearing in young adults ranges from 20 to 20,000 Hz. (T/F)

A

True

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8
Q

Differential Sensitivity

A

pertains to the capacity of the auditory system to detect differences or changes in intensity, frequency, or some other dimension of a sound

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9
Q

Hearing Sensitivity

A

most commonly refers to absolute sensitivity to hear faint sound

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10
Q

Hearing Acuity

A

most accurately refers to the differential sensitivity, usually to the ability to detect differences in signals in the frequency domain

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11
Q

Absolute Sensitivity

A

pertains to the capacity of the auditory system to detect faint sound

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12
Q

_________________________ is the smallest difference that can be detected between two signals that vary in some physical dimension.

A

Difference limen

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13
Q

Ossicles (what part of ear?)

A

Middle Ear

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14
Q

Cochlea (what part of ear?)

A

Inner Ear

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15
Q

External Auditory Meatus (what part of ear?)

A

Outer Ear

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16
Q

Eustachian Tube (what part of ear?)

A

Middle Ear

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17
Q

Auricle/Pinna (what part of ear?)

A

Outer Ear

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18
Q

Semicircular Canals (what part of ear?)

A

Inner Ear

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19
Q

The impendence mismatch INCREASES the transmission of sound. The tympanic membrane and the ossicles function to overcome the mismatch of impedances between air and the cochlear fluids, and thus the middle ear serves as a transformer, or impedance matching device. (T/F)

A

False; DECREASES

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20
Q

What does it mean when we describe the cochlea as being “tonotopically organized”?

A

High-frequency sounds stimulate the base of the cochlea while low-frequency sounds stimulate at the apex

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21
Q

Scala tympani

A

the lower, perilymph-filled, bony passage of the cochlea, also referred to as the tympanic ramp.

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22
Q

Scala vestibuli

A

also referred to as the vestibular ramp, it is the upper, perilymph-filled, bony passage of the cochlea

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23
Q

Scala Media

A

Also referred to as the cochlear duct, containing endolymph, it is the central duct of the cochlea. The cilia of the hair cells project into this spirally formed structure in the bony canal of the canal of the cochlea.

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24
Q

Explain THREE differences between outer and inner hair cells of the Organ of Corti.

A

The outer and inner hair cells’ cilia differ in their location. The cilia in outer hair cells are embedded in the tectorial membrane, while the cilia in inner hair cells are in proximity to the tectorial membrane.

Outer hair cells are innervated by efferent fibers, while inner hair cells are innervated by afferent fibers in the nervous system.

In the cochlea, there are about 13,000 outer hair cells, but inner hair cells have about 3,500.

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25
The MAIN NUCLEI involved in the primary auditory pathway of the central auditory nervous system are:
cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate
26
1 MAJOR MYELINATED PATHWAY involved in the primary auditory pathway of the central auditory nervous system:
lateral lemniscus
27
Utricle
structure that primarily detects horizontal acceleration and deceleration
28
Saccule
primarily detects vertical acceleration and deceleration
29
Semicircular Canals
on each side are arranged at right angles to each other and are responsible for detecting angular and rotary head movement
30
Ampullae
are located at the entrance to each semicircular canal
31
Cupula
Hair cells that project within a gelatinous membrane
32
is simply the examination of the external auditory meatus and the tympanic membrane with an otoscope.
Otoscopy
33
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
When loss occurs as a result of changes in the cochlea, it is due to a loss in function at the sensory-neural junction
34
Conductive Hearing Loss
When a loss occurs as a result of changes in the outer or middle ear, it is due to a loss in the conduction of sound to the cochlea.
35
Mixed Hearing loss
When a loss occurs as a result of changes in both the outer or middle ear and the cochlea, it will have both a conductive and a sensorineural hearing loss
35
Retrocochlear
When a loss occurs as a result of changes to the 8th nerve or auditory brainstem, it will be due to a reduction in neural function.
36
(T/F) Are the following principles of Universal Newborn Screenings True or False: All infants should undergo hearing screening prior to discharge from the birth hospital and no later than 3 months of age. Confirmation of the infant’s hearing status should occur no later than 6 months of age Early intervention services should be offered as soon as possible after diagnosis but no later than 12 months of age
False; 1 month of age, 3 months, 6 months
37
Three types of TRANSDUCERS used for audiologic pure tone testing.
Earphones, loudspeakers, and bone conduction
38
___________________________________ is the amount of reduction in intensity that occurs as a signal crosses over the head from one ear to the other
interaural attenuation
39
________________________________ occurs when the difference between the bone conduction threshold in the test ear and the air conduction threshold in the nontest ear approaches the amount of interaural attenuation.
Masking dilemma
40
Degree
Provide a metric for the severity of someone's hearing loss. In an audiogram, for instance, it could be plotted that a person might have minimal, mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe, or profound hearing loss.
41
Type
Determines whether the person has conductive, sensorineural, mixed, or retrocochlear hearing loss.
42
Configuration
Is the shape of the hearing loss. In an audiogram, it is plotted as flat, rising, and sloping.
43
Stapes
the footplate is fitted into the oval window of the cochlear wall
44
malleus (bbg)
attached to the tympanic membrane and a head that is attached to the body of the incus
45
Incus
attaches to the head of the stapes
46
Eustachian tubes
Tubes made of bone and cartilage that run from your middle ears to the back of your nose and throat.
47
Organ of Corti
organ of the inner ear contained within the scala media of the cochlea; hair cells located here
48
Degrees of hearing loss: minimal
11–25 dB
49
Degrees of hearing loss: mild
26–40 dB
50
Degrees of hearing loss: Moderate
41–55 dB
51
Degrees of hearing loss: Moderately Severe
56–70 dB
52
Degrees of hearing loss: Severe
71–90 dB
53
Degrees of hearing loss: Profound
more than 90 dB
54
AC (unmasked) in an audiogram
O (circle)- right ear X (equis)- left ear
55
AC (masked) in an audiogram
Triangle-right ear Box- left
56
BC (unmasked) in an audiogram
< right ear > left ear
57
BC (masked) in an audiogram
[ right ] left
58
No response (on any)
left arrow (right ear) right arrow (left arrow)
59
Sound field specifc (non-ear specific)
S
60
Nystagmus
normal, involuntary, repetitive eye movement that occurs during head movement and occurs as a result of the VOR; the slow drift of the eye in one direction
61
Schwabach test
Location-mastoid If the examiner perceives the sound LONGER than the patient, the result is consistent with sensorineural disorder. If the patient perceives the sound LONGER than the examiner, the result is consistent with conductive disorder.
62
Rinne test
Location-mastoid and then near ear If the tone is heard for the SAME duration by air and bone conduction, it is considered a positive ____, consistent with sensorineural disorder. If the tone is heard for a LONGER duration by bone conduction than by air, it is considered a negative _____, consistent with conductive disorder.
63
Bing test
Location-mastoid If the TONE is perceived to be LOUDER with the ear canal occluded, results are consistent with normal hearing or a sensorineural hearing loss. If the TONE is NOT perceived to be LOUDER, results are consistent with a conductive hearing loss
64
Weber test
Location- center of forehead If one ear has a conductive hearing loss, the sound will lateralize to that side. If both ears have a conductive hearing loss, the sound will lateralize to the side with the largest conductive component. Perception of the sound at midline suggests normal hearing, sensorineural hearing loss, or symmetric conductive loss
65
SRT relationship to pure tone average
Should typically agree closely with the pure tone thresholds averaged across 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. When SRT is lower or higher than the PTA by 10 dB or more, the examiner should suspect some degree of non- organicity.
66
Speech recognition threshold (SRT)
the lowest level at which spondee words can be identified
67
How do speech measures contribute to audiologic evaluation?
*measurement of threshold for speech * Cross check of pure tone sensitivity * quantification of suprathreshold speech recognition ability * assistance in differential diagnosis * assessment of auditory processing ability *estimation of communicative function
68
What needs to be done to obtain an audiology license?
include passing a written and practical exam, meeting education requirements and having professional experience. National Examination of Audiology State license of Practice AuD
69
Clinical Aud
examines patients to diagnose their hearing, balance or ear-related problems. They work with patients of all ages or specialize in a particular group, such as children or elderly individual
70
Pediatric audiologist
specializes in treating patients under the age of 21, from infants to teenagers.
71
Educational audiologist
provides auditory healthcare services to children, focusing on how their educational environment supports their needs. They work with school staff and administrators to improve accessibility and develop individualized education programs (IEP) for students
72
Humanitarian audiologist
serves individuals who don't have access to health services that support their auditory needs
73
Forensic audiologist
specializes in using their expertise for legal purposes
74
Professor (aud profession)
works within the education field; provide training to undergraduate and graduate students pursuing degrees in audiology and other clinical fields.
75
Hearing Conservation Audiologist
must ensure that any hearing conservation program provides for the identification and evaluation of noise hazards, control and reduction of noise in the workplace, and fitting of and training in the use of personal hearing protective devices
76
Clinical Research Audiologists
is consulted as the subject-matter expert to ensure that protocols are feasible to run. If not, they suggest ways to improve the testing experience for the participant. Manages the day-to-day lab operations while ensuring that recruitment and data collection happens smoothly.
77
Intraoperative Neuromonitoring (MA)
requires knowledge in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, with special emphasis in neurodiagnostic techniques and their intraoperative applications.
78
Military
consists of on-the-job learning in various healthcare environments and through receiving advanced civilian/industry certifications and licenses (credentials), which may require additional education, training, or experience; they complete a comprehensive training program covering responsibilities, military structure and etiquette, traditions, the military health system, and leadership development.
79
Audibility index
an estimate can be made of recognition scores for syllables, words, and sentences
80
Nonsense syllables
ex. pa, ka, ga used as a means of assessing a patient’s ability to discriminate between phonemes
81
Single/monosyllabic words
ex. cat, tie -used extensively in the assessment of word recognition ability -we tend to use the CID W 22 or NU-6.
82
Spondaic/spondee word
ex.cowboy, hotdog 2 syllable words
83
Cochlea
a fluid-filled space within the temporal bone, which resembles the shape of a snail shell
84
inner hair cells are
free floating
85
The outer hair cells alter
the stiffness of the organ of Corti through a motor protein, prestin, located on the lateral membrane of these cells

aud (2 decks)

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