Midterm Rough Draft Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
independent variable
A
something manipulated in a controlled experiment
2
Q
dependent variable
A
something that changes as a result of the independent variable in a controlled experiment
3
Q
controlled/constant variable
A
something that stays the same in all groups of a controlled experiment
4
Q
qualitative data
A
descriptive data - what I see/ using my sences
5
Q
quantitative data
A
measurements you make - numbers
6
Q
characteristics of life
A
-respond to stimuli: react to environment
-cells: all living things are made of cells
-reproduction: passing heredity info (DNA)
-energy (metabolism): convert things into energy
-homeostasis: maintaining a stable internal environment
-adapt & evolve: mutations with the intent of surviving
-grow & develop: all living things grow - cell division
7
Q
6 most common elements
A
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus
-sulfur
CHONPS
8
Q
organic molecule
A
always contain a carbon atom
-ex. glucose (C6H12O6)
9
Q
inorganic molecule
A
most do not have carbon
-ex. water (H2O)
-exceptions CO2 + CaCo3 (have carbon)
10
Q
carbohydrate elements
A
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
11
Q
carbohydrate monomers
A
monosaccharides
12
Q
carbohydrate polymers
A
polysaccharides
13
Q
carbohydrate function
A
supply energy to cells
14
Q
carbohydrate examples
A
-sucrose
-fructose
-lactose
-starch
15
Q
lipid elements
A
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
16
Q
lipid monomers
A
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
17
Q
lipid polymers
A
triglyceride
18
Q
lipid functions
A
-long-term energy storage
-protection against physical shock
-protection against water and heat loss
-major component of membranes
19
Q
lipid examples
A
-fats
-phospholipids
-oils
-waxes
-steroid hormones
-triglyceride
20
Q
protein elements
A
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-(sulfur)
21
Q
protien monomer
A
amino acids
22
Q
protein polymer
A
polypeptides
23
Q
protein functions
A
-store energy
-transport
-regulatory
-movement
-structural
-enzymes
24
Q
protein examples
A
-enzymes
-antibodies
-hemoglobin
25
nucleic acid elements
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus
26
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotides
27
nucleic acid polymer
polynucleotide
28
nucleic acid functions
-direct synthesis of protein
-gene expression
29
nucleic acid examples
-DNA
-RNA
30
primary protein folding
link amino acids together in polypeptide chain
31
secondary protein folding
alpha helix or beta pleated sheet due to hydrogen bonding
32
tertiary protein folding
3D globular shape and folding due to interactions between R groups
33
quaternary protein folding
more than one polypeptide chains connect together
34
HDL
"good" cholesterol with high density
35
LDL
"bad" cholesterol with low density
36
dehydration synthesis
removing water molecules to build an organic molecule
37
hydrolysis
adding water molecules to break down an organic molecule
38
what is an enzyme?
a type of protien - chain of amino acids
*considered biological catalysts because they speed up reactions
39
process of enzyme reactions
-enzyme has an active open site
-add substrate to the active site
-creates an enzyme-substrate complex
-reaction occurs
-products leave the enzyme
-enzyme can be reused
**active site can change under denaturation
40
prokaryotic cells
-smaller and simpler structure
-no nucleus
-no membrane-bound organelles
-bacteria
41
eukaryotic cells
-larger and more complex structure
-has nucleus
-membrane-bound organelles
-plants, animals, fungi
42
cell membrane
-protects cell
-controls what enters and leaves the cell
-selectively permeable
-in both plants and animals
43
cell wall
-protects and gives rigidity (support) to plant cells
-found in plants
44
nucleus
-controls most activities in the cell
-contains all genetic info in the form of DNA
-in both pants and animals
45
mitochondria
-energy producers
-powerhouse of cell
-many in muscle cells
-in both plants and animals
46
chloroplast
-stores chlorophyll and other pigments
-site of photosynthesis
-only in plants
47
ribosomes
-site of protein synthesis
-makes proteins
-in both plants and animals
48
lysosomes
-cellular digestion
-digestive enzymes
-recycles cell parts and breaks down macromolecules
-in both plants and animals
49
central vacuole
-stores water and nutrients needed by plants
-in plants only
50
cell membrane
**draw and label diagram**
51
what makes a cell membrane selectively permeable?
-fluidity
-flexible
-self-sealing
-transport proteins
52
passive transport
-high to low concentration
-doesn't require energy
-when cells need equilibrium with the external environment
-diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
53
diffusion - passive transport
-particles go through membrane easily
-random high to low concentration gradient
-no energy
-example molecules: CO2 and O2
54
osmosis - passive transport
-diffusion of water
-no energy
-high to low concentration gradient
-example molecules: H2O (only for water)
55
facilitated diffusion - passive transport
-no energy
-assisted transport of hydrophilic molecules and ions
-provides tunnel from transport proteins (channel and carrier proteins)
-example molecules: larger molecules, ions, polars
56
hypertonic solution - osmosis
-less water - more solute
-cell shrinks
-water moves out of cell
57
isotonic solution - osmosis
-same solute concentration
-cell stays the same
-water moves in and out of cell
58
hypotonic solution - osmosis
-more water - less solute
-cell gets bigger
-water moves into the cell
59
animal cells during osmosis
-hypo: swell and burst as water goes in
-hyper: shrivel and die
-iso: healthy and ok
60
plant cells during osmosis
-hypo: central vac gets filled to max turgor pressure and is healthy
-hyper: central vacuole shrinks, death
-iso: wilty but ok
61
active transport
-high to low concentration
-energy required
-when cells need more or less of something compared to surrounding environment
62
uniporter
can move one molecule at a time
63
symporter
can move two molecules in same direction
64
antiporter
can move two molecules in opposite directions
65
neurons receive, conduct, and transmit messages
dendrites - axon - axon terminals
66
sodium/ potassium pump (Na/K) - protein pump
-antiporter
-3 Na out of the cell and 2 K coming in
-high concentration of Na out of a cell
-allows messages to travel nerve cells
67
proton pump - protein pump
-uniporter
-H+ out of cell
-used to carry out cotransport
68
receptor-mediated endocytosis - bulk transport
-when the material to be transported binds to certain molecules
69
endocytosis - bulk transport
-cell takes in larger particles
-membrane wraps around substance
-pinocytosis: cellular drinking of extra cellular fluids
-phagocytosis: cellular eating of foods
70
exocytosis - bulk transport
-large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane when vesicles fuse
71
osmoconformers
environment is isotonic with internal environment - jellyfish
72
osmoregulators
body fluids are not isotonic with the external environment - fish
73
photosynthesis chemical reaction
sun energy + 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O --> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)
74
cellular respiration chemical reaction
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) --> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + ATP
75
what happens to energy in bonds?
-bonds formed, energy is stored
-bonds break, energy is released
76
ATP cycle
**ATP is usable energy in cells
-a phosphate leaves an ATP as energy is released
-become ADP
-energy from food is added and a phosphate is added too
-becomes ATP
77
what are two types of electron carriers?
-NADP+ --> NADPH
-FAD+ --> FADH
-pick up electrons to become second one
-carry electrons to next steps
78
glycolysis - cellular respiration
-starts w one glucose, ends w two pyruvate
-2 ATP invested, becomes 4 ATP
-gain 2 ATP
**draw little pic
79
pyruvate oxidization - cellular respiration
-a pyruvate looses 1 CO(2) molecule and adds coenzyme A
-creates acetyl CoA
-NAD+ becomes NADH
**draw little pic
80
citric acid cycle - cellular respiration
-happens in mitochondria
-acetyl CoA looses CoA so two carbons enter the cycle
-combines with a four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate)
-creates a six-carbon molecule (citrate)
-2 CO(2) molecules leave cycle to go back tot he four-carbon molecule
-NADPH and FADH2 produced
-2 ATP produced per glucose
-H(2)O added
**draw little pic
81
oxidative phosphorylation - cellular respiration
-in mitochondria
-H+ creates an electrochemical gradient
-ATP synthase brings H+ from top to bottom
--rotar spins
--ATP produced (24-28)
-electron carriers bring electrons to create an H(2)O byproduct
**draw little pic
82
aerobic cellular respiration
uses oxygen to generate usable energy
-multicellular organisms
-38 ATP per glucose
83
anaerobic cellular respiration
does not use oxygen to generate usable energy
-some prokaryotes, certain bacteria, archaea
-2 ATP per glucose
84
lactic acid fermentation
-anaerobic respiration (2 ATP produced)
-glycolysis occurs and creates 2 pyruvate
-electrons used to create 2 lactate
**draw little pic
85
alcohol fermentation
-anaerobic respiration (2 ATP produced)
-glycolysis occurs to create 2 pyruvate
-2 CO(2) leave (one from each pyruvate)
-uses electrons to create two ethanol
**draw little pic
86
light-dependent reactions - photosynthesis
-occurs in thylakoid (membrane)
-light goes into photosystems I and II (clusters of pigments)
-water goes in and is split, releasing electrons
--oxygen byproduct
-H+ passes down because of electron transport chain
-ATP synthase creates ATP by passing H+ from high to low concentration
-brings ATP and electrons (NADPH) to light-independent reactions (calvin cycle)
**draw little pic
87
light-independent reactions - photosynthesis
-CO(2) enters cycle and combines with RuBP (5-carbon molecule)
-creates rubisco (6-carbon molecule)
-rubisco splits creating two G3P
-1 G3P leaves cycle to make glucose
-5 are recycled to create the RuBP
-carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
-uses ATP from light-dependent
**draw little pic
88
how are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
-animals breathe in oxygen and exhale CO(2)
-plants take in CO(2) and release oxygen
**draw little pic
89
what is DNA?
contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell
90
what is a double helix?
-shape of DNA
-two strands twirl around eachother
91
what are nitrogenous bases in DNA?
-adenine (2 H) (purine)
-cytosine (3 H) (pyrimidine)
-guanine (3 H) (purine)
-thymine (2 H) (pyrimidine)
92
what nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?
-A and T because they both have 2 H
-C and G because they both have 3 H
93
what are hydrogen and covalent bonds in DNA?
-hydrogen bonds are weaker and bond nitrogenous bases
-covalent bonds are stronger and bond each side of the DNA structure
94
why is DNA antiparallel?
-one side goes up, other is flipped
-one side has 3' at the top and 5' at the bottom
-other side has 5' at the top and 3' at the bottom
95
DNA structure
**draw pic including deoxyribose and phosphates
