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Physiology > Midterm-Slide Set 1 > Flashcards

Midterm-Slide Set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy.

A

study of the body and it’s parts using the naked eye

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

understanding the organ mechanisms

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3
Q

Define tissue

A

an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function

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4
Q

What are the four major tissue types?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

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5
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers and protects the body surface, lines body cavities, movement of substances, glandular activity

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6
Q

What distinguishes connective tissue?

A

It has few cells surrounded by ECM

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7
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Connect, anchors and supports body structures, transport

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8
Q

Where is connective tissue found?

A

bone, tendons, blood and fat

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9
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A

can contract and generate force

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10
Q

What are the functions of nerve tissues?

A

to initiate and transmit electrical impulses

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11
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Body adjusts variables to maintain a “set point” or normal range

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12
Q

Define effector mechanism

A

brings about the change to return to the set point

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13
Q

Are negative feedback systems inhibitory or stimulatory?

A

inhibitory

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14
Q

What is the function of a negative feedback system?

A

act to reset physiological variables. maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

Are positive feedback systems inhibitory or stimulatory?

A

stimulatory

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16
Q

What is the function of a positive feedback system?

A

amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring. disrupt homeostasis. bring body functions to swift completion

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17
Q

Which system is more common: negative or positive feedback?

A

negative feedback

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18
Q

Define intrinsic control

A

regulation within tissues or organs

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19
Q

Define extrinsic control

A

regulation from organ to organ. May involve nerve or endocrine signals

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20
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Have more ground substance than fibers and cells. has collagen, is elastic, reticular and random

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21
Q

Give examples of loose connective tissue

A

skin, around blood vessels and organs, under epithelia

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22
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

more fibers than ground. mostly collagen and random

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23
Q

What is the main cell type of loose and dense connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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24
Q

What is the cell type of cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

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25
Q

What are the main cell types of bone?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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26
Q

Give an example of dense connective tissue

A

Tendons and ligaments

27
Q

What is the difference between white and brown fat?

A 
white= single lipid droplet
brown= multiple lipid droplets
28
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A

trachea and ears (and nose?)

29
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A

cardiac, smooth and skeletal

30
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscle?

A

nucleus pushed to the extremities, striations, linear muscle fibers

31
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A

centralised nucleus, striations, branching muscle fibers, intercalated disks

32
Q

What are the features of smooth muscle?

A

centralised nucleus, no striations, clumped together almost like epithelial cells

33
Q

What are some characteristics of nervous tissue?

A

minimal matrix, which is the external lamina

34
Q

Define totipotent

A

capable of giving rise to any cell type or a complete embryo

35
Q

Define pluripotent

A

capable of giving rise to several different cell types

36
Q

What are the TWO reasons why stem cells are important in medicine?

A

They can differentiate into any cell type, and they are highly proliferative

37
Q

How can we cultivate stem cells?

A

By taking an egg cell and making a hybrid with a somatic cell

38
Q

What is Lou Gehrigs’ disease?

A

A degenerating nerve disease

39
Q

What are some alternative sources of stem cells and what is the problem with these?

A

Bone marrow and testes stem cells are not necessarily able to make all cell/tissue types (pluripotent)

40
Q

What was Shinya Yamanaka’s experiment?

A

Define a gene ‘recipe’ for stem cells by forcing expression of four transcription factors, which reverted fibroblasts to stem-cell-like cells

41
Q

What id Dr. Douglas Kerr John Hopkins do?

A

Showed that stem cell therapy is a viable treatment for restoration of function to damaged nerve cells

42
Q

How does ADH respond to dehydration?

A

Acts on distal tubule of the kidney to increase water permeability by inserting aquaporin channels into cell membranes. Therefore, increased absorption of water by kidney and decreased urine flow

43
Q

What is the function of Integral membrane-spanning proteins?

A

bind otehr integral membrane proteins to form cell-cell connections

44
Q

What is the function of integral surface membrane proteins

A

binds ECM to give structure to tissues

45
Q

What are integrins?

A

Heterodimer (alpha & beta subunits) that join cell-cell or cell-ECM. Involved in wound-healing, angiogenesis, development, embryo attachment, cancer invasion

46
Q

Which part of the integrin is involved in embryo attachment to the uterus?

A

Integrin alpha6

47
Q

What are the major functions of smooth ER?

A

synthesizes certain lipids and carbohydrates. Makes membrane for use throughout the cell, removes and stores Ca from cell’s interior

48
Q

What molecule is recycled from lysosomes?

A

amino acids

49
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

A

a failure to produce an enzyme needed to break down lipids-gangliosides (fatty acid derivatives found in all cell membranes)

50
Q

What is Parkingson’s disease?

A

the proteasome system fails and improperly folded proteins kill nerve cells in the brain that regulate muscle tension

51
Q

Which diseases inherited through the mitochondria?

A

Parkinson’s, Alzheimer and Diabetes

52
Q

What are multinucleated cells associated with?

A

Cancer most often, but normal skeletal cells are multinucleated

53
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

tightly compacted DNA (genes are silent)

54
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

loosely packed DNA (can have gene expression)

55
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

actin with myosin heads

56
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A

lie parallel to the long axis of the cell and contract the cell

57
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

they form much of the supporting framework in many types of cells

58
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

to move things around in the cell

59
Q

Define centrosome

A

an area near the nucleus that coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules

60
Q

What are microvilli formed by?

A

microfilaments

61
Q

What are cilia and flagella formed by?

A

microtubules

62
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

anchoring junctions

63
Q

Which types of junctions are found within intercalated disks?

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

64
Q

What type of junction is used in the intestinal epithelium and why?

A

tight junctions because digestive enzymes cannot be allowed to pass through

Physiology (8 decks)

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