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Physiology > Midterm-Slide Set 3 > Flashcards

Midterm-Slide Set 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which combined system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

A

Neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

What is the difference in effects between the two systems?

A

neurotransmitters make rapid, short-lived signals. hormones make slow, longer-lasting signals

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3
Q

What do endocrine glands secrete?

A

hormones

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4
Q

What do exocrine glands secrete?

A

products

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5
Q

Define neurosecretory tissue

A

modified neurons that secrete chemical messengers that diffuse into the blood stream (rather than across a synapse)

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6
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

controls release of anterior pituitary hormones

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7
Q

What are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH, ACTH, growth hormone, FSH, LH, prolactin

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8
Q

What are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

vasopressin, oxytocin

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9
Q

Which hormone is released by the pineal gland and what is it’s function?

A

melatonin- entrains biological rhythm

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10
Q

What is the function of aldosterone and which gland releases it?

A

acts on kidney to cause conservation of sodium, overall retention of water

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11
Q

What is the function of cortisol and which gland releases it?

A

increases BP and blood sugar and reduces immune responses, anti-inflammatory

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12
Q

What do T3 and T4 do and where are they released from?

A

calcitonin to decrease plasma, controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins (metabolism regulator)

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13
Q

Which hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

Which hormones are released by the pancreas?

A

insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

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15
Q

Define cretinism

A

stunted physical and mental growth

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16
Q

Define goitre

A

lack of iodine in the diet, meaning there is no thyroxine in the body. Leads to physical growth and development problems in children, including brain development

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17
Q

Which molecule are steroids derived from? Which is the exception?

A

cholesterol, except thyroid hormone, which is an iodinated tyrosine derivative

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18
Q

Define tropic hormone

A

target endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion of other hormones

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19
Q

Define anabolic hormones

A

stimulate anabolism (to build) in target cells

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20
Q

How are hydrophilic preprohormones synthesized?

A

on the RER, sent to the golgi and secreted in vesicles. They are aimon-acid based

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21
Q

Are lipophilic hormones stored?

A

only thyroid hormones are stored until they are secreted

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22
Q

What is the main structural feature of steroid hormones and what are some examples?

A

all have a four ring steroid nucleus at their core.

Ex. cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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23
Q

What are peptide hormones and gives examples?

A

shorter amino acid sequence than protein hormones.

Ex. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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24
Q

What are amino acid derivative hormones?

A

hormones derived from a single amino acid molecule

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25
Q

What are some examples of amino acid derivative hormones?

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine (amine hormones, modification of tyrosine molecule) AND T4 (synthesized by adding iodine to tyrosine)

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26
Q

Define synergism

A

combinations of hormones acting together have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone.
Ex. FSH & estrogen act on granulosa cells

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27
Q

Define permissiveness

A

when a small amount of one hormone permits, or enables, a second one to have its full effects on a target cell

28
Q

Define antagonism

A

one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone.
Ex. parathyroid hormone increases calcium, and calcitonin decreases calcium

29
Q

What are some examples of hormones have secondary effects on target cells

A

prolactin-stimulates mammary gland cells to transcribe milk proteins; secondary effect on immune cells

30
Q

What measures the sensitivity of a cell?

A

How many hormone receptors is has on its cell surface

31
Q

Define up-regulation

A

increased number of hormone receptors. increases sensitivity

32
Q

Define down-regulation

A

decreased number of hormone receptors. decreases sensitivity

33
Q

What can activated G proteins do?

A

either open ion channels in the membrane or alter enzyme activity on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

34
Q

How do G proteins work with adenylyl cyclase?

A
  1. Binding of ligand
  2. G protein turns on Adenylyl cyclase (in membrane)
  3. A.C converts ATP to cAMP
  4. cAMP activates protein kinase A
  5. PKA phosphorylates other proteins
35
Q

Which G protein subunit is known to activate adenylyl cyclase?

A

the alpha subunit

36
Q

How do G proteins work with phospholipase C?

A
  1. Binding of ligand
  2. G protein activates phospholipase C
  3. PL-C converts membrane phospholipids into DAG and IP3
  4. DAG stays in the membrane and activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylates proteins
  5. IP3 diffuses into the cytoplasm and causes the release of calcium ions from organelles
37
Q

What does the secondary messenger, calcium, do?

A

activates calmodulin, which induces proteins to change shape and bring about a cellular response

38
Q

What is the simplest mechanism of hormone regulation?

A

when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the physiological changes produced by its target cells
Ex. PTH increases plasma calcium

39
Q

What is another mechanism of hormone regulation?

A

when the gland is regulated by a hormone produced by another glans.
Ex. estrogen from ovary feeds back to Pit to regulate FSH

40
Q

Give an example of a negative feedback loop in hormone control

A
  1. plasma concentration of TH falls
  2. the anterior pituitary secretes TSH
  3. thyroid in turn secretes TH
  4. TH inhibits further secretion of TSH
41
Q

Give another example

A
  1. lactation decreases blood calcium
  2. parathyroid increases secretion of PTH
  3. PTH stimulates osteoclasts in bone to release calcium from storage
  4. therefore blood calcium increases
42
Q

What is the name of the stem like stalk that connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

the infundibulum

43
Q

What two parts is the anterior pituitary divided into?

A

pars anterior (forms major portion) and pars intermedia

44
Q

What is another name of the anterior pituitary?

A

adenohypophysis

45
Q

What are the four cell types in the anterior pituitary and which hormone do they release?

A 
somatotrophs- secrete GH
corticotrophs- secret ACTH
thyrotrophs- secrete TSH
lactotrophs- secrete prolactin
gonadotrophs- secrete LH and FSH
46
Q

What does GH do?

A

stimulates the liver to produce growth factors, which accelerate amino acid transport into bone, muscle, and other cells.
Also stimulates lipid metabolism

47
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

promotes development of the breasts during pregnancy and stimulates the mother’s mammary glands to produce milk after giving birth

48
Q

What are the four tropic hormones produced and secreted by the basophils of the pars anterior?

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH

49
Q

What does TSH do?

A

promotes and maintains growth and development of thyroid. Also causes it to secrete T3 and T4 (thyroid regulates metabolism)

50
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

promotes and maintains normal growth and development of cortex of adrenal gland. Also stimulates cortex to secrete some of its hormones: cortisol and aldosterone, which both act on the kidney

51
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

acts on ovary where it stimulates primary graffian follicles to grow toward maturity. Also stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogens

52
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

stimulates development of seminiferous tubules of testes and maintains spermatogenesis. Acts on Sertoli cells

53
Q

What does LH do in females?

A

stimulates formation and activity of corpus luteum of ovary. CL then secretes progesterone and estrogens. LH also supports FSH in stimulating maturation of follicles

54
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

stimulates interstitial cells (leydig cells) in testes to develop and secrete testosterone

55
Q

What happens to FSH levels at menopause?

A

they rise

56
Q

What does a peak in LH and FSH do in the menstrual cycle?

A

causes females to ovulate

57
Q

when are progesterone levels highest?

A

when the corpus luteum is fully developed

58
Q

When do estrogen peaks occur?

A

just before ovulation and just before the corpus luteum fully degrades

59
Q

How are signals from the hypothalamus sent to the anterior pituitary?

A

through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

60
Q

Give an example of negative feedback of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

rise in cortisol can reduce CRH secretion (by hypothalamus) and the sensitivity of ACTH secreting cells to CRH.
If cortisol falls in the blood, the response is reversed

61
Q

What is a portal system?

A

an arrangement of blood vessels in which blood exiting one tissue is immediately carried to a second tissue before returning to the heart

62
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus into the blood portal?

A

GH releasing hormone, GH inhibiting hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, prolactin releasing hormone, and prolactin inhibiting hormone

63
Q

How is the hypothalamus linked t the posterior pituitary?

A

neurosecretory cells have their bodies directly in the hypothalamus and their axon terminals in the posterior pituitary

64
Q

Which hormones balance calcium ion use?

A

cacitonin, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D

65
Q

In which pathologies will you find goiter?

A

lack of dietary iodine and hypothyroidism

66
Q

which gland secretes both steroid and peptide hormones?

A

gonads

67
Q

Which gland secretes neurohormones?

A

posterior pituitary

Physiology (8 decks)

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