Midterm Soc 101 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Norms
A
rules of behavior appropriate in different situations
2
Q
Values
A
Broad principles of behavior and moral standards of the group
3
Q
Roles
A
individuals activities in a group
4
Q
Socialization
A
1) A process of social interaction and communication in which an individual comes to to learn and internalize the culture of the society or group
2) The term is also sometimes used to refer to the collective ownership and management of economic resources
5
Q
Sociologists and social thinkers say that people become fully human only in society:
A
without society there is no language, and without language, people cannot think in abstract ways. It is the cultural development of a symbolic system of language that makes humans unique among animals
6
Q
Sociology
A
The area of study that focuses on the analysis of society
7
Q
Societies
A
- Culture
- Social Structure
8
Q
Culture
A
Can be defined as the way that a group of people live. It includes language, art, religion, knowledge, ideas and belief
9
Q
Social structure
A
Describe the way that social life is organized and the ways that people relate to each other
10
Q
Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857)
A
Often regarded as the founder of modern sociology, distinguished between past societies dominated by the “theological - military” power of king and church and the newly emerging “scientific - industrial” society with its practical thinking and elected government
11
Q
In Comte’s opinion:
A
Sociology would uncover laws of social development, just as biology and chemistry were uncovering the natural laws of organic development. It would also be able to define laws of social organization.
12
Q
Scientific Method
A
1st) Scientific method demands that researchers keep personal opinions and biases out of their sociological investigations
2nd) sociological arguments should, ideally, flow from observation
3rd) Sociological arguments must be supported by further observation (replication)
4th) A sociological argument must be falsifiable (capable of being tested)
13
Q
Inductive reasoning:
A
Working from observations toward general theories or arguments
14
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
working from a general hunch or hypothesis and then locating evidence that confirms or contradicts the hypothesis
15
Q
Empirical questions
A
those that can be answered by an appeal to measurable evidence
16
Q
Quantitative method
A
the method that produces numerical accounts
17
Q
Qualitative method
A
The method that produces narrative accounts
18
Q
Max Weber (German Sociologist)
A
admitted that what sociologists choose to analyze is itself inevitably shaped by their personal values and beliefs. Weber thought that sociologists could be objective in their analysis once they had chosen a subject for investigation.
19
Q
Functionalism
A
A sociological perspective that focuses on the mutually supportive interconnection of the principal institutions of society and assume consensus among its members. Also known as structural functionalism system theory, the consensus perspective or the order theory.
20
Q
Critical Perspectives
A
Refers to perspectives within sociology that uncover and analyze the sources of social inequality and that advocate social change. two examples are Marxism and feminism.
21
Q
Marxism
A
Examines class inequality and advocates collective ownership of the means of production as a foundation for establishing social equality.
22
Q
Feminism
A
Examines gender inequality and advocates a transformation of gender, roles in society and a systematic uprooting of cultural attitude that support and encourage the social subordination of women
23
Q
Micro Sociology
A
these perspectives tend to examine individual action and interaction as a way to understand society
24
Q
Macro Sociology
A
is the analysis of either large collectivities (the city, the church) or more abstractly of social system and social structures
25
Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim
Based their work on the assumption that society could be scientifically investigated. The assumed that society was composed of patterns of law and cause-effect relationship similar to those that governed the natural world
26
Unit of Analysis
the kind of units the researcher is investigating
27
Variable
is a category (relevant for describing individuals or groups) that can take on more than one value. (if takes on only one value, it is a constant)
28
Concepts
are not material things: they are ideas (e.g. democracy beauty) that helps people think about the world
29
Correlation
Association between variables
30
Causation
3 Conditions must be met before it can be asserted that one variable causes another
1) there must be a correlation between the 2 variables
2) it must be clear that causal variable occurred prior to the effect variable
3) the researcher must be confident that the correlation cannot be eliminated by allowing a third variable to be introduced
31
casual variable
is the independent variable
32
Effect variable
dependent variable
33
Control Variables
or "confounding variables" are third variables that help eliminate a lack of genuineness in a sociological research
34
Hypothesis
A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
35
Synonyms
Suppositions, assumption, conjecture, presumption
36
Spurious relationship
(spurious correlation) is a mathematical relationship in which two events or variables have no direct casual connection, yet it may be wrongly inferred that they do.
e.g.
A causes B
B causes A
or C causes both A and B
in the last case there is a spurious correlation between A and B because A doesn't cause B and/or B doesn't cause A. It is C which causes A and B
37
Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber
are considered the principal architects of modern social science
38
Emile Durkheim
considered the father of sociology
39
George H. Mead (1934)
his work on the formation of social identity is central to sociology, explained that the process of becoming a social member through socialization has 3 stages:
1) the preparatory stage
2) the play stage
3) the game stage
40
the preparatory stage
mead claimed that an individual's emergence as a conscious, thinking being depends on the use of symbols
41
the play stage
children begin to play or being another person and acting out how they behave
42
The game stage
children develop an ability to see that there is consistency in the way people behave and that general rules and expectations govern this behavior. Children recognize that society and social relationships are shaped by abstract but definite rules
43
Self I
subject - Active
44
me
Object - passive
45
subculture
a culture within a culture: ethnicity, class, personal habits or choices, etc.
46
Generalized other
a term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to an individual's recognition that other members of society hold specific values and expectations of others, thus orienting themselves to the norms and values of their community or group. It comes with the game stage of socialization.
47
Internalization
the absorption of social norms and values that occurs during the process of socialization
48
Reflexive Role-taking
a situation in which an individual's role behavior is shaped by a consideration of the normative expectations of others
49
sex
the biological classification of individuals as males and females. Sociologists would note, however that even though this is a classification based on biological differences, it is a socially constructed classification
50
gender
the cultural elaboration placed upon sexual identity that defines the norms, values, and roles considered appropriate to members of each sex.
51
Deviance
breaking rules, violation of social boundaries, stepping outside of our social group.
52
Androcentrism
a view of the word that focuses on the roles and life experiences of men and ignores or denies the separate experiences of women
53
beliefs
the assumptions found in a culture about what is true, factual, and morally right
54
Ascribed status
status based on the inherited social position or innate characteristics of an individual. Examples of ascribed status are caste, age, and gender
55
Cultural crisis
a crisis occurring when a cultural system is no longer able to provide individuals with the beliefs and values that create a sense of community and shared identity with others
56
Cultural shock
occurs when individuals encounter a new different culture and experience a major disruption of their normal assumptions about social values and behavior. their old values seem unable to provide guidance in the new situation, yet the new culture seem strange and unacceptable
57
Hegemony
a concept of Italian Marxist Anthony Gramsci that refers to the diffusion of a dominant capitalist ideology throughout the institutional structures and cultural beliefs and practices of society.
the term is also used in discussion of a patriarchal society or a colonial society
58
ideology
a linked set of ideas and beliefs that act to uphold and justify an existing or desired arrangement of power, authority, wealth, and status in a society.
59
individualism
a value system, central to classical liberalism and capitalism, that upholds choice, personal freedom, and self-orientation.
60
institution
a typical pattern of behavior regulated by well-established and authoritative norms and values that remain relatively constant over time. An institution is a more general unit than a role: It is composed of interrelated roles
61
The family institution example
includes roles such as mother, father, daughter, son, grandparents, etc, and these roles regulated by norms
62
sociologist generally agree that societies have 5 principal institutional areas
- economic
- political
- kinship (parents and families)
- stratification (allocating positions in society)
- cultural
63
Erik Erikson
was not a sociologist but rather a psychologist trained in the analytical tradition founded by Sigmund Freud. As a Freudian, Erikson was convinced of the crucial importance of earliest childhood experiences in the formation of personality. 3 crucial psychological stages through which all infants pass:
- oral stage
- anal stage
- genital stage
64
Philip Slater (1976)
offered another perspective on the link between society and personality by distinguishing the patterns of socialization in traditional "simple, stable and familiar" societies from those in modern "complex, shifting, and strange" societies
65
Slater argued
that these two distinct types of societal organization require people to be prepared in different ways for adult participation.
66
Jean Piaget (1952)
suggested that children do not start out with an adult mental structure and simply fill it with learning and knowledge as the mature
67
Ruth Benedict
Argued that "adolescence" was a social creation. She concluded that adolescence were not hormonal or based in some universal need for stage of youth rebellion against adults; they were a creation of modern society.
68
Margaret Mead
shared the same attitude as Benedict. Mead traveled to Samoa and discovered that adolescence was unknown to the Samoans.
They were criticized by Derek Freeman.
69
Nurture
importance of socialization
70
Talcote Parson
His work influenced a sociological debate about Canadian culture in the 1950s and 1960s
71
Nature
the role of biology
72
Traditional stable society
- affectivity
- Diffuseness
- Particularism
- Ascription
- Collectivity
73
Modern changing society
- Affetcive neutrality
- Specificity
- Universalism
- Achievement
- Self
74
Parson's analysis argues
that Canadian culture is less modern than some others, notably that p the United States
75
Symbolic interactionism
Is a major sociological perspective that is influential in many areras of discipline. It is particulary important in microsociology and social psychology.
Is derived from american pragmatism and particulary from the work of George Herbert Mead who argued that people's selves are social products but that these selves are also purposive and creative.
76
Moral relativism
is easily understood in comparison to moral absolutism that claims morality relies on universal principles (natural law, conscience)
Relativism argues that morals can be valuated differently depending on the culture and people
77
Ascription
Occurs when social slass or stratum placement is primary hereditary.
In other words, people are placed in position ina satisfication system because of qualities beyond their control.
78
Life Chances
originall articulated b a social scientist Weber. There are many things that contribute to a person's chances for success in life.
79
Ethnocentrism
the assumption that culture of one's own group's morals, rights, are rational and that other cultures are inferior
80
Agratian Societies
Societies based on the growing of crops. More technologically advanced and productive than hoe-based horticultural societies, cultivation methods usually involve the use of plows.
81
Core Natons, Metropolis - Hinterland theory
```
A theory of social and economic development that examines how economically advanced societies, through Tradition and colonialism.
A hinterland (or periphery) is less able to withstand the political and economic interference of the metropolies.
```
82
Materialist
A theory of historical analysis, developed by Karl Marx, that gives primary weight to economic factors, including technology and the social organization of the economy, in explaining social and intellectual change.
83
Polyandry
A marriage structure where a woman has more than one husband at one time. It is rare, but when it is found there is often fraternal polyandry, in which the husbands are brothers.
84
Polygamy
Refers to the practice of having more than one spouse.
85
Polygyny
Situations where one man has multiple wives
86
Commodities
- A useful or valuable thing, such as water or time
| - a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sould
87
Capitalist Society
A society founded on private ownership of productive resources and the means of production, and on wage labout and the production of commodities for sale. In theory, the economy in capitalists societies is self-regulating through the price mechanism
88
Key features of a capitalist society
1) productive resources are privately owned
2) the motive force in economic activit it's self-interest
3) formal legal equality exists for all citizens
4) it is possible for individuals to change their class position
5) the economy rests on a competitive market
6) Prices and wages are set by the forces of supply and demand
7) there is a pronounced division of labour
8) economic grouwth is fuelled b the reinvestment of profit
9) the government usually is a democratic political system
89
Equality of condition
where every one has the same thing as wealth, status and power. Des not exist in any complex society
90
Equality of opportunity
where differences in individual wealth status and power are not so great as to create advantage and disadvantage in the pursuit of personal achievement
91
Democracy
in the original greek, literallyy "rule by the people"In ancient Greece, political organization was usually centred around "city states"and male citizens had equal rights to participate in government. In modern usage the term has become narrowed to mean a system of government where citizens have equal rights to vote in free elections
92
individualism
the individuals are free to pursue their individual interest.
asserts that all people are born free and all have equal rights
93
Liberty
Implies that society has rights and authority over the individual only so far as necessary to protect the enjoyment to protect the enjoyment of liberty by others
94
Independent variable
the casual variable
95
dependent variable
the effect variable
96
Derek Freeman
In 1970s and 1980s, undertook a re-examination of Mead's research and colected new evidence about adolescence in Samoa, concluding that (in his opinion) Mead was wrong
97
Liberal Philosophy
all societies have a set of ideas that makes the structure of the society seem right, natural and moral
98
Liberalism
upholds the values of capitalism as an ideal form of socio organization
99
Hunting and gathering societies
have a simple organization in which family ties are the central band and the economy and every da life are organized around a narrow range of hunting and gathering activities. Relationships are always personal and direct: there are no personal institutions, and the individual is wholly inergrated into the community
100
Generalized Reciprocity
refers to putaively altrustic transactions
101
Open- Class society
all individuals act as free individuals and make decisions about their property and interests
102
Idealism
in a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas - specially beliefs and values - shape society
103
Nancy Chodorow (1978)
Argued that while males are socialized for separation and differentiation from their mothers, girls are socialized for identification and connection
104
Feudalism
The system was founded on a web of military obligations between powerful overlords and other vassals
105
Vassals
who were usually land lords of knightly rank, owed duties of military service. In return for grants of land (fiefs) from the overlord. The land, and the military obligation was usually passed from father to son
106
Laissez faire
A term used for an economic doctrine that government should not interfere in the economic or cocial regulation of society unless absolutely necessary
107
Kinship
Is the web of lines between individuals that created by sharing common blood descent.
108
affinal Relationships
the ties established with other families by marriage
109
Utilitarianism
The society that allows individuals to maximize their own satisfaction at the same time maximizes overall social benefit
110
Guilds
Medieval trade associations which regulated trade and to protect the interest of employers
111
Mastercraft
was bonded to protect and exercise parental control over the apprentice, he was responsible for his moral and religious conducts
112
Journeymen
The one that completes the aprenticeship
113
Factory
power friven machinery introduced
114
Robin Lakoff
Developed an analysis of women's and men's differing use of language
115
Seymour Lipset (1986; 1990)
Attributes priority to culture and says that, unlike the U.S., Canada never had a revolution against a central colonial authority
116
Industrial revolution
Began in England in the eighteneeth century and quickly spread across Europe and North America.
New technology and inventions transformed an agrilctural and commercial way of life into a modern industrial society. Factory systems drew workers away from the rural family economy to urban areas
117
Catholic church
Also known as the Roman catholic church is the world's largest Christian church, with 1.2 billion members worldwide
