Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

Question

AGE OF DISCOVERY Spain and Portugal Leading the Way

Answer 1

- The first successful explorers were Spanish and portuguese (Prince Henry the navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, Vasco da Gama, Magellan, Hernan Cortez, Balboa, Christopher Columbus)

Answer 2

there are a fixed amount of resources in the world; export more than you import; colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

Answer 3

agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Answer 4

- Spanish explorer who found a sea route to Spice Island by sailing around the American continent - First to circumnavigate the world - when he arrives in the Philippines he was killed

Answer 5

- Italian explorer that believed that sailing west to east was the best option to get new sources of wealth.

Answer 6

- The first to sail directly from Europe to India by going around Africa - helps create Portuguese foothold in india

Answer 7

led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. Entered Mexico w/600 men and 16 horses Conquered Tenochtitlan(Aztec capital) in 1521

Answer 8

- Very deadly - made the natives easy prey bc were not exposed to as many germs (ate alpacas llamas) - Middle Ages in Europe infectious diseases were prevalent therefore making the Europeans genetically better, survival of the fittest - Europeans also ate pigs / cows / sheep That had a lot of germs - Helped with the takeover of the Incas and Aztecs by the Spanish.

Answer 9

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas and killed Atahualpa, continued on to Ecuador and Chile.

Answer 10

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Answer 11

- spain was interested in est colonies, new trade routes, money,religion - dutch wanted money, NOT religion

Answer 12

Peninsulares - born in Spain Creoles - American-born descendants of Spanish Mestizo - native American and European Mulattoes - African and European

Answer 13

- final imperial dynasty in China - started by Manchus - Enforced culturally restrictive policies: no intermarriage with Chinese and no foot binding. - Qing emphasized teachings and philosophy of Confucius - Pushed for more exports than imports, hated merchants. - strong long leading rulers, eventually fell to european encroachment because their technology was not advanced enough (didn’t have guns)

Answer 14

japanese dynasty; cut off trade with the west, isolationism, persecuted Christians, forbade Japanese from leaving, isolated until Matthew Perry in 1853

Answer 15

Charles's son, king of Spain / netherlands/portugal / naples/sicily, also the king of England / Ireland because he married into it, married Queen Mary AKA bloody mary, very catholic, wanted to centralize Royal power (Divine right, absolute monarchy, guardian of the Roman Catholic Church)

Answer 16

Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from god.

Answer 17

- Bloody mary, inherited the throne after Henry VIII’s son died, had no kids, power given to Elizabeth the first after her - Catholic queen of England married to Philip II of Spain. Executed hundreds of Protestants when they refused to convert.

Answer 18

- "virgin" queen - ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History - She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England - Protestant stepsister of mary - had her cousin Mary Queen of Scots executed for wanting to overthrow her

Answer 19

A parliament is the english representative body, a lot of power, helped make laws, say in government (depending on the king)

Answer 20

- French representative assembly, like congress/parliament, didn't meet during Louis XIV’s reign or Louis XV’s - not that much power - more advisory instead of lawmaking

Answer 21

- granted Huguenots religious tolerance - not a huge devoted catholic - created Huguenot communities to avoid persecution that Henry could rule over - revoked by Louis XIV

Answer 22

inherits at 4yo, poverty and defamation, Fronde insurrections, nobles try to take advantage of his young age, as king titles himself as the Sun King (center of the solar system) to symbolize his absolute monarchy, never called the estates-general while in power, made intendants stronger (take care of crime, $$, execute, enforce King’s rules), made Versailles palace

Answer 23

between Cavaliers (royalist) vs Roundheads (parliament), Roundheads won

Answer 24

for parliament, won, headed by Oliver Cromwell, good numbers on their side

Answer 25

- Leader of the Roundheads, - puritan - won the english civil war - very strong leader - became lord protector of the commonwealth - while in power he made the rule of saints - stepped up english trade and wiped out irish (catholic and fought with english during the civil war), believed the irish were less than human

Answer 26

son of James I, abused money power, went against the magna carta, forced to sign the petition of right (still went against it), dissolved parliament and made his own court, targeted puritans, tried and executed for treason, his defense on trial was that he was above his subjects and his subjects couldnt put their KING on trial

Answer 27

targeted by Charles I because they were unhappy with the Catholic Anglican Church, persecuted by Charles I A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.

Answer 28

- first english james - first stuart family king - black sheep, complete absolutist - scottsman leading england - didn't give tudors any power - scotland was calvinist and england was catholic - money problems - taxed like john I foreign policy - absolutist - divine right believer - disagreed with parliament constantly - dissolved parliament and collected his own taxes

Answer 29

charles I's son, replaced cromwell's son to restore the monarchy, lavish lifestyle/opened up society/reopened theaters, previously lived in versailles with XIV, instead of the absolutist idea of divine right the new idea was that “you are king because of Parliament”

Answer 30

Took over James II power for being absolutist and catholic (during the glorious revolution, england is now protestant with a limited monarchy, English bill of Rights under their rule (can’t dissolve parliament, parliament is in charge of money, etc.), Parliamentary monarchs, made the test act (restricted Catholics from public office), made the act of settlement (William’s successor must be protestant), act of toleration (freedom of worship except catholics)

Answer 31

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Answer 32

after 30 year war religious and political struggle, treaty made the Hapsburgs lose control of the HRE and they focus on Austria, Austria filled with many ethnicities/languages/customs, not a developed centralized country, mainly roman catholic but still other religions, HRE divided the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Answer 33

Ruling family in many places (spain and austria/HRE), Spanish and Austrian family; Spanish: Charles V/Phillip II, Austrian: Charles VI, in charge until end of WWI

Answer 34

austria and prussia lead nations over modern germany, prussian king, Hohenzollern family granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, improved education, reformed the justice system, and abolished torture - prussian

Answer 35

Obsessed with westernizing Russia due to his travels in western europe, built st. petersburg, "father of the russian navy", established russian empire

Answer 36

not russian, german man’s daughter, father disappointed he didn’t get a son, ships her off to Russia to marry Phillip III, educated woman (uncommon for the time), Peter didn’t want to have kids, she had multiple affairs, Phillip III sends military to arrest her but military sides with her, Catherina promotes culture/music/art/lit as ruler, achieved warm water port on the black sea from the ottoman empire (ships can dock yearround) Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (continued Peter's rule), father HATED her for being a woman, extremely smart, German wife of Peter III.

Answer 37

an intellectual movement, AKA Age of Reason, change in economic/political/social thinking, continuation of the Renaissance by applying science to human activity, using the intellect given by God

Answer 38

wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women,” gender equality, education for women, daughter of Mary Shelley who wrote “Frakenstein or Modern Prometheus”

Answer 39

critical of Ancient Regime (Louis XVI in particular), champion of free speech/thought and innocent until proven guilty

Answer 40

presumption of innocence; innocent until proven guilty, separation of powers/checks and balances to safeguard liberties

Answer 41

- optimistic nature - proponent of natural rights - purpose of government is to protect these rights and rule by popular sovereignty

Answer 42

- negative view on human nature - people are born bad - need a strong absolute ruler to keep the people in line - proponent of the social contract theory (people give power to gov so gov has to protect their lives and rights), won’t do bad things if people are scared of consequences

Answer 43

- people are born good but become bad from society - people should live with little government control

Answer 44

- physiocrat (natural laws govern human activity) - rejected mercantilism - championed laissez-faire/free trade/supply and demand - government had to stay out of the economy - no tariffs

Answer 45

1. Members of the clergy: worked for the church (upper and lower), went to school and worked as priests/monks/bishops, 0.5% of the population 2. Nobility/Aristocracy: born into upper class families with the right last names, military leaders even without experience, 1.5% of the population 3. Everybody Else: no advantages, included the middle class/bourgeosie (wealthy educated, didn’t like the system), majority was peasants involved in the feudal system (⅓ profits to church, ⅓ to lord, ⅓ to themselves)

Answer 46

- Louis XVI locked national assembly out of meeting room, so they met at a tennis court - promised to not disban until the constitution was written - Lafayette helped by having new ideas (soldier in the American Revolution) - a commitment to a national constitution and representative government

Answer 47

- her popularity decreased during reign - known as "Madame Deficit" and "that Austrian woman" because people didn't even want to speak her name - influenced husband (Louis XVI) to make poor decisions as king

Answer 48

- an idiot for a king - last French king to rule before the French Revolution overthrew the monarchy - put the country in debt - indecisive- would listen to what his wife, marie antoinette, and her poor decisions

Answer 49

July 14, 1789 - was beginning of actual revolt in the revolution, - stormed a prison in paris - mobs of people attacked the building - freed 7 prisoners

Answer 50

- made by national assembly - combo of the declaration of independence and the bill of rights, what had been abused in France - idea that all men are created equal - a human civil rights document written by the national assembly

Answer 51

- when the estates general was finally called, were representations from each social class; voting always resulted in the 1st/2nd benefitting - 3rd estate calls themselves the national assembly and invited representatives of other estates to join in writing the new French constitution, - reformed land ownership and abolished feudalism - organized departments, decreased RCC power

Answer 52

Replaced the national assembly after the constitution was written

Answer 53

- ran the gov during the reign of terror - made in the national convention - in charge of government - established the revolutionary tribunal (court system, enemy of revolution went on trial)

Answer 54

- established committee of public safety and revolutionary tribunal - had extreme reaction to threats against the revolution

Answer 55

- most responsible for reign of terror - ran the committee of public safety - in charge of France - loved power - radical of the revolution - killed threats to his power

Answer 56

- run the government of france after the reign of terror - governing 5-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon, corrupt

Answer 57

- take over government, directory could not stand up to him - turned the control over to Napoleon in 1799 - ended the French Revolution and led to the Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor - took over French government with his very loyal army by force

Answer 58

- Napoleonic code: uniform set of laws for all of france - Bank of France: central Financial institution; makes france rich and no longer in debt - Public edu: at all levels/professions - Concordat: ended conflict between government and RCC; radicals hated RCC

Answer 59

- seizing or burning any supplies that the French might pillage from the countryside - a military strategy that aims to destroy anything that might be useful to the enemy.

Answer 60

- austria, england, russia, french conservatives restore balance of power - compensation - restoration of monarchs - legitimate power rested in the hands of the “rightful” rulers (legitimacy) - Louis XVIII in French, others in Portugal, Spain, Italy

Answer 61

- Lots of natural resources to fuel the factory - large labor supply - great port cities - government support of business - large number of people with investment capital (money) - new technology - religious attitude/protestant work ethic

Answer 62

- land consolidation - mechanization allowed for more production – more food means more people - also contributed to large number of people able to work in factories since they lost their jobs on the farms

Answer 63

- developed as workers tried to improve their working conditions - collective bargaining : workers banding together to “convince” bosses agree to shorter hours, higher pay, better working conditions

Answer 64

- wrote “Essay on the Principle of Population.” Which made the argument that war, famine, and disease were necessary checks on the population - If population grows too much, food shortages result, people should die to alleviate suffering of others – Think Scrooge in “A Christmas Carole” “…surplus population…” comparing humans to animals

Answer 65

- David Ricardo, “wages tend toward the minimum necessary to support the population.” - Wages are best kept low to keep workers from getting too wealthy, having more kids, increasing supply of workers that would decease wages due to competition - If you pay your workers too much, it’s bad - happier=reproduce=more workers

Answer 66

- middle class developed - had better lives/conditions than the factory workers - grew to be politically influential, too - Upper class benefited the most, working class, very little

Answer 67

- early socialist who put his theories into practice by building mills in England (and US) which provided safe working conditions, good pay, suitable housing, education for children, no child labor - socialism = gov’s job to provide what the people need - Created new lanark factory where people worked in safer conditions and got paid better than normal - no child labor, proved that you don’t have to take advantage of your workers to make money

Answer 68

- political philosophy that developed during the Ind Rev which promoted the idea of government providing important services for their citizens - Believed the people as a whole, rather than private individuals - own the means of production (farms, factories, railroads, large businesses

Answer 69

- German philosopher - founder of communism - “scientific socialism” - Believed all history is a class struggle between the bourgeoisie (the “haves” rich, powerful who run the countries, in charge of society) (no rich no poor) and proletariat (common people, “have nots” who do all the work and are taken advantage of by the bourgeoisie) - Eventually a world -wide revolution would take place, establishing communist world with a “classless society” where everyone shared equally in wealth---divided everything equally---no rich, no poor, no haves and have nots, everyone had everything the same - Everybody is equal, sounds appealing, but in reality it set people back and wasn’t actually the case