Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
.Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans
A
Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth
2
Q
Northwest Passage
A
believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic toPacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in therace to Asian wealth
3
Q
Conversion Experience
A
required of members of the PuritanChurch; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church
4
Q
Social Reciprocity
A
society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminantly
5
Q
Church of England
A
Protestant church led by the king of England,independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism duringreign of Catholic royalty
6
Q
Atlantic slave trade
A
often debtors sold to slave traders by Africankings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange
7
Q
Jamestown
A
first permanent English settlement in the Americas(1607), along James River
8
Q
John Smith
A
introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony,sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had foughtSpanish and Turks
9
Q
Pocahontas
A
key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617
10
Q
Mayflower Compact
A
foundation for self-government laid out bythe first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land
11
Q
John Winthrop
A
Calvinist, devised concept of “city on a hill” (“AModel of Christian Charity”); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay
12
Q
“City on a Hill”
A
exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs
13
Q
Indentured servants
A
settlers to pay the expenses of a servant’svoyage and be granted land for each person they brought over headright system
14
Q
Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
A
mandated thetoleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even thoughMaryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)
15
Q
James I, Charles I
A
reluctant to give colonists their owngovernment, preferred to appoint royal governors
16
Q
William Penn and the Quakers
A
settled in Pennsylvania, believedthe “Inner Light” could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers
17
Q
Roger Williams
A
challenged New Englanders to completelyseparate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church RI
18
Q
Anne Hutchinson
A
challenged New England Calvinist ministers’authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism
19
Q
Bacon’s Rebellion
A
rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans Independence (1763-1789)
20
Q
Navigation Acts
A
only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763
21
Q
Mercantilism
A
ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; toorestrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists
22
Q
Charles II, James II
A
tried to rule as absolute monarchs withoutusing Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures
23
Q
William and Mary
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ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies
24
Q
Dominion of New England
A
combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut,Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one “supercolony” governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a “super governor”
25
The Glorious Revolution
William and Mary kicked James II outof England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures
26
James Oglethorpe
established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors
27
The Enlightenment
emphasis on human reason, logic, andscience (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity
28
Benjamin Franklin
connected the colonies to Britain, opposed tounnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan
29
The Great Awakening
began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overallreligious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and moreministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities
30
Deists
believed that God created the universe to act throughnatural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine
31
George Whitefield
powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity
32
Jonathan Edwards
Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance
33
New Lights vs. Old Lights
New Lights brought new ideas,rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other
34
Albany Plan of Union
colonies proposed colonial confederationunder lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, “Grand Council”); never took effect
35
French and Indian War
French threat at the borders was nolonger present, therefore the colonies didn’t need English protection;more independent stand against Britain
36
Proclamation of 1763
prohibited settlements west of Appalachian,restriction on colonial growth
37
Salutary Neglect
Parliament took minor actions in the colonies,allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements
38
Writs of Assistance
search warrants on shipping to reducesmuggling; challenged by James Otis
39
Townshend Act (1767)
similar to Navigatio; raised money to paycolonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries
40
Sugar Act
increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attemptedto harder enforce existing tariffs
41
Stamp Act
taxes on all legal documents to support British troops,not approved by colonists through their representatives
42
Stamp Act Congress
held in New York, agreed to not importBritish goods until Stamp Act was repealed
43
Virginia Resolves
“no taxation without representation,”introduced by Patrick Henry
44
Currency Act
prohibited colonies from issuing paper money,destabilized colonial economy
45
Virtual Representation
all English subjects are represented inParliament, including those not allowed to vote
46
The Loyal Nine
group of Bostonians in opposition to the StampAct, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city
47
Sons of Liberty
organized and controlled resistance againstParliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom),advocated non importation
48
Declaratory Act
allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists’ say
49
Boston Massacre
British soldiers shot into crowd of snowballfight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter
50
Committees of Correspondence
committees appointed fromdifferent colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies
51
Tea Act (1773)
intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than throughwholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)
52
Boston Tea Party
peaceful destruction of British tea in BostonHarbor by colonists disguised as Indians
53
Quebec Acts
former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep
Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in theChurch of England
54
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in thename of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony
55
Suffolk Resolves
organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain
56
Olive Branch Petition
politely demanded from the king a cease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights
57
Thomas Paine, Common Sense
stressed to the American peopleBritish maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions
58
George Washington
American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedentsfor future presidents, put down WhiskeyRebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidentialcabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule
59
Whigs (Patriots)
most numerous in New England, fought for independence
60
Tories (Loyalists)
fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy)
61
British strengths and weaknesses(Revolutionary War)
British citizenshipoutnumbered colonies’, large navy and professional army; exhaustedresources (Hessians hired), national debt
62
Colonial strengths and weaknesses
fair amount of troops,short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington);nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles
63
Battle of Saratoga
American general Horatio Gates wasvictorious over British general Burgoyne
64
Valley Forge
scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben
65
Battle of Yorktown
last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, ledKing George III to officially make peace with the colonies
66
Treaty of Paris (1783)
full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland
67
American society during the Revolution
British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money,African-Americans and Native Americans involved
68
Articles of Confederation
states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme(lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes
69
Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786)
foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state
70
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories
71
Alexander Hamilton
pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume statedebts), pushed creation of the National Bank (mostcontroversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party
72
James Madison
strong central government, separation of powers,“extended republic”
73
Shays’s Rebellion
mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy, forced people to think about central government
74
Connecticut Compromise
advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state andrepresentation in the House based on population
75
Virginia Plan
bicameral congressional representation based on population
76
New Jersey Plan
equal representation in unicameral congress
77
Commerce Compromise
congress could tax imports but not exports
78
Federalism
strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances,amendable constitution
79
Changes in the Constitution from the Articles
stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simple majority
vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federalcourts, easier amendment process
80
Articles’ achievement
system for orderly settlement of West
81
Elastic Clause (“necessary and proper”)
gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution
82
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists wanted states’ rights, bill of rights,unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strongcentral government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights
83
The Federalist Papers
written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, andMadison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over large territory Post-Independence and Critical Period (1789-1800)
84
Judiciary Act of 1789
established federal district courts thatfollowed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction;compromise between nationalists and advocates for states’ rights
85
Bill of Rights
protected rights of individual from the power of the central government
86
Bank of the United States
Hamilton’s plan to solveRevolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution
87
Report on Public Credit
proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of statedebts, set up the first National Bank
88
Report on Manufactures (tariffs
Hamilton praised efficientfactories with few managers over many workers, promoteemigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology
89
Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution
looseinterpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress
90
Whiskey Rebellion
Western Pennsylvanian farmers’ violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent
91
Impressment
British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain
92
Jay’s Treaty
provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes
93
Nullification
states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional
94
Federalists and Republicans
the two political parties that formedfollowing Washington’s presidency; Federalists for stronger centralgovernment, Republicans for stronger state governments
95
Washington’s Farewell Address
warned against permanentforeign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country,established precedent of two-term presidency
96
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
response to French attemptsfor alliance with US
97
XYZ Affair
French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribein order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people
98
Alien and Sedition Acts
meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists
99
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
argued that states had theright to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional
100
12th Amendment
required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates Citizen Genet – Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation bycreating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which wasdirected to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St.Augustine
101
Second Great Awakening
emphasis on personal salvation,emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks;nationalism (Manifest Destiny) Jefferson’s Administration and Growth of Nationalism(1800-1820)
102
Election of 1800
Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost,Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists tovote for Jefferson to break the tie
103
Barbary Pirates
North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtainedfees from most European powers
104
Midnight judges
judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams inthe last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson,Marshall among those appointed
105
Marbury v. Madison
John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional
106
Lewis and Clark expedition
Meriwether Lewis and WilliamClark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on“Voyage of Discovery”
107
Non-Intercourse Act
sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing
108
Macon’s Bill No. 2
president has power to cease trade with anyforeign country that violated American neutrality
109
Embargo Act (1807)
prohibited exports (and imports) based inAmerican ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation
110
War hawks
Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812)
111
Henry Clay and the American System
Henry Clay aimed tomake the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., supportinternal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)
112
John C. Calhoun
opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avidSouthern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property
113
William Henry Harrison
military hero from War of 1812;elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler
114
Battle of Tippecanoe
decisive victory in the War of 1812 byHarrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison’s campaign for presidency
115
Hartford Convention
December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered nextto those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party• Essex case – Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention
116
Era of Good Feelings
Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap Britishimports, tightened credit, affected West the most)
117
James Monroe
provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine
118
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Maine as free state, Missouri asslave state, slavery prohibited north of 36°30’Tallmadge Amendment – no further introduction of slaves intoMissouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25
119
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
agreement between US and Britain toremove armed fleets from the Great Lakes
120
Adams-Onis Treaty
remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined
121
Monroe Doctrine
Europeans should not interfere with affairs inWestern Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs;supported Washington’s goal for US neutrality in Americas
122
Age of Jackson (1820-1850)
Jackson Presidency
123
Panic of 1819
Bank tightened loan policies, depression rosethroughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly
124
Election of 1824
“corrupt bargain” and backroom deal for JQAdams to win over Jackson
125
Tariff of Abominations
under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff,South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jacksonappear to advocate free trade
126
.Jackson’s Presidency
focused on the “Common Man;” removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto
127
Transportation Revolution
river traffic, roadbuilding, canals(esp. Erie), rise of NYC• Erie Canal – goods able to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways• National Road – part of transportation revolution, fromCumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network;stimulated Western expansion
128
Indian Removal Act
Jackson was allowed to relocate Indiantribes in the Louisiana Territory• Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles;“civilized” due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion
129
Trail of Tears”
Cherokee tribe forced to move fromsouthern Appalachians to reservations in current-day Oklahoma, high death toll
130
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
first attempt of Cherokees togain complete sovereign rule over their nation
131
Worcester v. Georgia
Georgia cannot enforce American lawson Indian tribes
132
Spoils System
“rotation in office;” Jackson felt that one should spend a single termin office and return to private citizenship, thosewho held power too long would become corrupt and politicalappointments made by new officials was essential for democracy• Kitchen Cabinet – Jackson used personal friends as unofficialadvisors over his official cabinet
133
Lowell mill/system
young women employed by Lowell’s textile company, housed in dormitories
134
Cotton Gin
allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by Eli Whitney, more need for slaves
135
Nullification Controversy
southern states (especially SouthCarolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal lawsunconstitutional and therefore not enforce them• South Carolina Exposition and Protest – written by Calhoun,regarding tariff nullification
136
Bank of the United States
destroyed by Jackson on the groundsthat it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal institution
137
wild cat banks
mall state banks set up by Jackson to keep federalfunds out of the National Bank, used until funds were consolidated into a single treasury
138
Liberty Party
supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society
139
Whig Party
believed in expanding federal power on economy,encouraged industrial development; could only gain power on thelocal level, led by Henry Clay (anti-Jackson)
140
John C. Calhoun
opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner
141
Marshall Court (all cases
Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v.Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, statescannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstatecommerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contractcannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v.Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties’ consent)
142
Second Great Awakening
religious movements, traveling“meetings,” rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G.Finney
143
Horace Mann
worked to reform the American education system,abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix
144
William Lloyd Garrison
editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery),fought for feminist movement (“Am I not awoman and a sister”picture of slave woman
145
Frederick Douglass
runaway slave, well-known speaker on thecondition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips,founder of The North Star
146
.Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
for women’s rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requestsafter the Declaration of Independence
147
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
organized Seneca Falls Convention,founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization
148
Angelina and Sarah Grimké
fought for women’s rights and abolition, “Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!”
149
Dorothea Dix
worked towards asylums for the mentally insane,worked alongside Mann
150
John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community
John Noyes, NewYork; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage New Harmony – first Utopian society, by Robert Owen
151
Hudson River School
American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects
152
Transcendentalism
founded by Emerson, strong emphasis onspiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strongreferences to nature• Ralph Waldo Emerson – in Brook Farm Community, literarynationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God andfreedom), wrote “The American Scholar”• Henry David Thoreau(Wa l d e n and On Civil Disobedience)– in Brook FarmCommunity, lived in seclusion for two years writingWalden, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants Slavery and Sectionalism (1845-1860
153
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Nat Turner led a slave rebellion inVirginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholdingVirginians to consider emancipation
154
Yeoman Farmers
family farmers who hired out slaves for theharvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local marketsalongside slave owners
155
Underground Railroad
network of safe houses of whiteabolitionists used to bring slaves to freedomHarriet Tubman – worked alongside Josiah Henson to makerepeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom
156
“Wage slaves”
northern factory workers who were discardedwhen too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)
157
Nativism
anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics
158
The Alamo
Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio),Texans lost great number of people, “Remember the Alamo”• Stephen Austin – American who settled in Texas, one of theleaders for Texan independence from Mexico
159
James K. Polk
“dark horse” Democratic candidate; acquiredmajority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation,Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury
160
Oregon and “Fifty-four Forty or Fight
Oregon Territoryowned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced tosettle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40’
161
Manifest Destiny
stated the United States was destined to spanthe breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible,advocated by Polk
162
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
acquired Mexican Cession (futureCalifornia, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledgedAmerican annexation of Texas
163
Wilmot Proviso
slavery to be barred in all territory ceded fromMexico; never fully passed Congress
164
California Gold Rush
gold discovery in Sutter’s Mill in 1848resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the WestThe Civil War (1850-1880)
165
William Seward
Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly”
166
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico,(3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federalassumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6)new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A.Douglas
167
Fugitive Slave Act
runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property – running away was as good as stealing)
168
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin
depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South
169
Know-Nothing (American) Party
opposed to all immigration,strongly anti-Catholic
170
Kansas-Nebraska Act
territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed byStephen A. Douglas
171
“Bleeding Kansas”
border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attackedLawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre
172
Lecompton Constitution
proslavery constitution in Kansas,supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious),denied statehood until after secession
173
John Brown
led Pottawatomie Massacre, extremeabolitionist who believed he was doing God’s work
174
Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856
John Brown and his sonsslaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud inLawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress
175
Republican Party
ormed in response to Kansas-NebraskaAct, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate
176
Harpers Ferry (1859
Brown aimed to create an armed slaverebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and becamemartyr in the North
177
Dred Scott v. Sandford
slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be takenfrom masters except by the law, Missouri Compromiseunconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state
178
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858
over Senate seat for Illinois(Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain splitover the issue of slavery
179
Freeport Doctrine
Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be ableto exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property
180
Fort Sumter
first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina
181
Negro Law
exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”
182
Anaconda plan
the Union planned a blockade that would notallow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control theMississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico
183
Ulysses S. Grant
won battles in the West and raised northernmorale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Unioncommanding general
184
William T. Sherman
pushed through northern Georgia, capturedAtlanta, “march to the sea” (total war and destruction), proceeded toSouth Carolina
185
Robert E. Lee
opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyalto Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army
186
Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
Lee’s chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer
187
Battle of Antietam
Lee’s attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from theUnion, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate,McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again
188
Emancipation Proclamation
issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to avictory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did notinclude border states), symbolic gesture to support Union’smoral cause in the war
189
Battle of Gettysburg
Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battleof the war, Confederate Pickett’s Charge (disastrous), Lee forced toretreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, GettysburgAddress given by Lincoln (nation over union)
190
.New York City draft riots (1863
drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned
191
Military Reconstruction Act (1867
South divided into 5military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify14th amendment
192
Compromise of 187
South to gain removal of last troops fromReconstruction; North wins Hayes as president
193
National Labor Union
founded by William Sylvis(1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages,women; excluded blacks
194
Knights of Labo
founded by Uriah Stephens (1869); excluded corrupt and well-off; equal female pay, end to child/convict labor, employer-employee relations, proportional income tax; “bread and butter” unionism (higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions)
195
Tammany Hall
Democratic political machine in NYC,“supported” immigrants and poor people of the city, who wereneeded for Democratic election victories
196
Farmers’ Alliance movement
Southern and Midwestern farmers expressingdiscontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop – farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks
197
Greenback Party
supported expanded money supply,health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers,granger(farmer)-supported
198
Populist Party
emerged from Farmers’ Alliance movement (when subtreasury planwas defeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes;Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry simpson
199
merged from Farmers’ Alliance movement (when subtreasury planwas defeated in Congress), denouncedEastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes;Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry
Supreme Court legalized the “separate but equal” philosophy
200
Jim Crow laws
educational and residential segregation; inferior facilities allotted to African-Americans, predominantly in South
201
Panic of 1893
– 8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads); due to stock marketcrash, overbuilding of railroads, heavy farmer loans, economic disruption by labor efforts, agricultural depression;decrease of gold reserves led to Cleveland’s repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Ac
202
Thomas Nast
political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribesto stop criticism
203
.Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans
Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth
204
Northwest Passage
believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic toPacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in therace to Asian wealth
205
Conversion Experience
required of members of the PuritanChurch; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church
206
Social Reciprocity
society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminantly
207
Church of England
Protestant church led by the king of England,independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism duringreign of Catholic royalty
208
Atlantic slave trade
often debtors sold to slave traders by Africankings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange
209
Jamestown
first permanent English settlement in the Americas(1607), along James River
210
John Smith
introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony,sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had foughtSpanish and Turks
211
Pocahontas
key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617
212
Mayflower Compact
foundation for self-government laid out bythe first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land
213
John Winthrop
Calvinist, devised concept of “city on a hill” (“AModel of Christian Charity”); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay
214
“City on a Hill”
exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs
215
Indentured servants
settlers to pay the expenses of a servant’svoyage and be granted land for each person they brought over headright system
216
Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
mandated thetoleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even thoughMaryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)
217
James I, Charles I
reluctant to give colonists their owngovernment, preferred to appoint royal governors
218
William Penn and the Quakers
settled in Pennsylvania, believedthe “Inner Light” could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers
219
Roger Williams
challenged New Englanders to completelyseparate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church RI
220
Anne Hutchinson
challenged New England Calvinist ministers’authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism
221
Bacon’s Rebellion
rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans Independence (1763-1789)
222
Navigation Acts
only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763
223
Mercantilism
ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; toorestrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists
224
Charles II, James II
tried to rule as absolute monarchs withoutusing Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures
225
William and Mary
ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies
226
Dominion of New England
combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut,Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one “supercolony” governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a “super governor”
227
The Glorious Revolution
William and Mary kicked James II outof England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures
228
James Oglethorpe
established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors
229
The Enlightenment
emphasis on human reason, logic, andscience (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity
230
Benjamin Franklin
connected the colonies to Britain, opposed tounnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan
231
The Great Awakening
began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overallreligious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and moreministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities
232
Deists
believed that God created the universe to act throughnatural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine
233
George Whitefield
powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity
234
Jonathan Edwards
Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance
235
New Lights vs. Old Lights
New Lights brought new ideas,rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other
236
Albany Plan of Union
colonies proposed colonial confederationunder lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, “Grand Council”); never took effect
237
French and Indian War
French threat at the borders was nolonger present, therefore the colonies didn’t need English protection;more independent stand against Britain
238
Proclamation of 1763
prohibited settlements west of Appalachian,restriction on colonial growth
239
Salutary Neglect
Parliament took minor actions in the colonies,allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements
240
Writs of Assistance
search warrants on shipping to reducesmuggling; challenged by James Otis
241
Townshend Act (1767)
similar to Navigatio; raised money to paycolonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries
242
Sugar Act
increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attemptedto harder enforce existing tariffs
243
Stamp Act
taxes on all legal documents to support British troops,not approved by colonists through their representatives
244
Stamp Act Congress
held in New York, agreed to not importBritish goods until Stamp Act was repealed
245
Virginia Resolves
“no taxation without representation,”introduced by Patrick Henry
246
Currency Act
prohibited colonies from issuing paper money,destabilized colonial economy
247
Virtual Representation
all English subjects are represented inParliament, including those not allowed to vote
248
The Loyal Nine
group of Bostonians in opposition to the StampAct, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city
249
Sons of Liberty
organized and controlled resistance againstParliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom),advocated non importation
250
Declaratory Act
allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists’ say
251
Boston Massacre
British soldiers shot into crowd of snowballfight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter
252
Committees of Correspondence
committees appointed fromdifferent colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies
253
Tea Act (1773)
intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than throughwholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)
254
Boston Tea Party
peaceful destruction of British tea in BostonHarbor by colonists disguised as Indians
255
Quebec Acts
former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep
Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in theChurch of England
256
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in thename of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony
257
Suffolk Resolves
organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain
258
Olive Branch Petition
politely demanded from the king a cease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights
259
Thomas Paine, Common Sense
stressed to the American peopleBritish maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions
260
George Washington
American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedentsfor future presidents, put down WhiskeyRebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidentialcabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule
261
Whigs (Patriots)
most numerous in New England, fought for independence
262
Tories (Loyalists)
fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy)
263
British strengths and weaknesses(Revolutionary War)
British citizenshipoutnumbered colonies’, large navy and professional army; exhaustedresources (Hessians hired), national debt
264
Colonial strengths and weaknesses
fair amount of troops,short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington);nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles
265
Battle of Saratoga
American general Horatio Gates wasvictorious over British general Burgoyne
266
Valley Forge
scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben
267
Battle of Yorktown
last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, ledKing George III to officially make peace with the colonies
268
Treaty of Paris (1783)
full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland
269
American society during the Revolution
British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money,African-Americans and Native Americans involved
270
Articles of Confederation
states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme(lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes
271
Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786)
foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state
272
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories
273
Alexander Hamilton
pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume statedebts), pushed creation of the National Bank (mostcontroversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party
274
James Madison
strong central government, separation of powers,“extended republic”
275
Shays’s Rebellion
mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy, forced people to think about central government
276
Connecticut Compromise
advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state andrepresentation in the House based on population
277
Virginia Plan
bicameral congressional representation based on population
278
New Jersey Plan
equal representation in unicameral congress
279
Commerce Compromise
congress could tax imports but not exports
280
Federalism
strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances,amendable constitution
281
Changes in the Constitution from the Articles
stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simple majority
vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federalcourts, easier amendment process
282
Articles’ achievement
system for orderly settlement of West
283
Elastic Clause (“necessary and proper”)
gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution
284
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists wanted states’ rights, bill of rights,unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strongcentral government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights
285
The Federalist Papers
written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, andMadison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over large territory Post-Independence and Critical Period (1789-1800)
286
Judiciary Act of 1789
established federal district courts thatfollowed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction;compromise between nationalists and advocates for states’ rights
287
Bill of Rights
protected rights of individual from the power of the central government
288
Bank of the United States
Hamilton’s plan to solveRevolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution
289
Report on Public Credit
proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of statedebts, set up the first National Bank
290
Report on Manufactures (tariffs
Hamilton praised efficientfactories with few managers over many workers, promoteemigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology
291
Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution
looseinterpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress
292
Whiskey Rebellion
Western Pennsylvanian farmers’ violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent
293
Impressment
British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain
294
Jay’s Treaty
provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes
295
Nullification
states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional
296
Federalists and Republicans
the two political parties that formedfollowing Washington’s presidency; Federalists for stronger centralgovernment, Republicans for stronger state governments
297
Washington’s Farewell Address
warned against permanentforeign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country,established precedent of two-term presidency
298
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
response to French attemptsfor alliance with US
299
XYZ Affair
French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribein order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people
300
Alien and Sedition Acts
meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists
301
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
argued that states had theright to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional
302
12th Amendment
required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates Citizen Genet – Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation bycreating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which wasdirected to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St.Augustine
303
Second Great Awakening
emphasis on personal salvation,emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks;nationalism (Manifest Destiny) Jefferson’s Administration and Growth of Nationalism(1800-1820)
304
Election of 1800
Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost,Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists tovote for Jefferson to break the tie
305
Barbary Pirates
North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtainedfees from most European powers
306
Midnight judges
judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams inthe last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson,Marshall among those appointed
307
Marbury v. Madison
John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional
308
Lewis and Clark expedition
Meriwether Lewis and WilliamClark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on“Voyage of Discovery”
309
Non-Intercourse Act
sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing
310
Macon’s Bill No. 2
president has power to cease trade with anyforeign country that violated American neutrality
311
Embargo Act (1807)
prohibited exports (and imports) based inAmerican ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation
312
War hawks
Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812)
313
Henry Clay and the American System
Henry Clay aimed tomake the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., supportinternal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)
314
John C. Calhoun
opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avidSouthern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property
315
William Henry Harrison
military hero from War of 1812;elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler
316
Battle of Tippecanoe
decisive victory in the War of 1812 byHarrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison’s campaign for presidency
317
Hartford Convention
December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered nextto those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party• Essex case – Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention
318
Era of Good Feelings
Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap Britishimports, tightened credit, affected West the most)
319
James Monroe
provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine
320
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Maine as free state, Missouri asslave state, slavery prohibited north of 36°30’Tallmadge Amendment – no further introduction of slaves intoMissouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25
321
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
agreement between US and Britain toremove armed fleets from the Great Lakes
322
Adams-Onis Treaty
remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined
323
Monroe Doctrine
Europeans should not interfere with affairs inWestern Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs;supported Washington’s goal for US neutrality in Americas
324
Age of Jackson (1820-1850)
Jackson Presidency
325
Panic of 1819
Bank tightened loan policies, depression rosethroughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly
326
Election of 1824
“corrupt bargain” and backroom deal for JQAdams to win over Jackson
327
Tariff of Abominations
under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff,South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jacksonappear to advocate free trade
328
.Jackson’s Presidency
focused on the “Common Man;” removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto
329
Transportation Revolution
river traffic, roadbuilding, canals(esp. Erie), rise of NYC• Erie Canal – goods able to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways• National Road – part of transportation revolution, fromCumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network;stimulated Western expansion
330
Indian Removal Act
Jackson was allowed to relocate Indiantribes in the Louisiana Territory• Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles;“civilized” due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion
331
Trail of Tears”
Cherokee tribe forced to move fromsouthern Appalachians to reservations in current-day Oklahoma, high death toll
332
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
first attempt of Cherokees togain complete sovereign rule over their nation
333
Worcester v. Georgia
Georgia cannot enforce American lawson Indian tribes
334
Spoils System
“rotation in office;” Jackson felt that one should spend a single termin office and return to private citizenship, thosewho held power too long would become corrupt and politicalappointments made by new officials was essential for democracy• Kitchen Cabinet – Jackson used personal friends as unofficialadvisors over his official cabinet
335
Lowell mill/system
young women employed by Lowell’s textile company, housed in dormitories
336
Cotton Gin
allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by Eli Whitney, more need for slaves
337
Nullification Controversy
southern states (especially SouthCarolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal lawsunconstitutional and therefore not enforce them• South Carolina Exposition and Protest – written by Calhoun,regarding tariff nullification
338
Bank of the United States
destroyed by Jackson on the groundsthat it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal institution
339
wild cat banks
mall state banks set up by Jackson to keep federalfunds out of the National Bank, used until funds were consolidated into a single treasury
340
Liberty Party
supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society
341
Whig Party
believed in expanding federal power on economy,encouraged industrial development; could only gain power on thelocal level, led by Henry Clay (anti-Jackson)
342
John C. Calhoun
opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner
343
Marshall Court (all cases
Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v.Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, statescannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstatecommerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contractcannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v.Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties’ consent)
344
Second Great Awakening
religious movements, traveling“meetings,” rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G.Finney
345
Horace Mann
worked to reform the American education system,abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix
346
William Lloyd Garrison
editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery),fought for feminist movement (“Am I not awoman and a sister”picture of slave woman
347
Frederick Douglass
runaway slave, well-known speaker on thecondition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips,founder of The North Star
348
.Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
for women’s rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requestsafter the Declaration of Independence
349
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
organized Seneca Falls Convention,founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization
350
Angelina and Sarah Grimké
fought for women’s rights and abolition, “Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!”
351
Dorothea Dix
worked towards asylums for the mentally insane,worked alongside Mann
352
John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community
John Noyes, NewYork; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage New Harmony – first Utopian society, by Robert Owen
353
Hudson River School
American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects
354
Transcendentalism
founded by Emerson, strong emphasis onspiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strongreferences to nature• Ralph Waldo Emerson – in Brook Farm Community, literarynationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God andfreedom), wrote “The American Scholar”• Henry David Thoreau(Wa l d e n and On Civil Disobedience)– in Brook FarmCommunity, lived in seclusion for two years writingWalden, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants Slavery and Sectionalism (1845-1860
355
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Nat Turner led a slave rebellion inVirginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholdingVirginians to consider emancipation
356
Yeoman Farmers
family farmers who hired out slaves for theharvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local marketsalongside slave owners
357
Underground Railroad
network of safe houses of whiteabolitionists used to bring slaves to freedomHarriet Tubman – worked alongside Josiah Henson to makerepeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom
358
“Wage slaves”
northern factory workers who were discardedwhen too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)
359
Nativism
anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics
360
The Alamo
Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio),Texans lost great number of people, “Remember the Alamo”• Stephen Austin – American who settled in Texas, one of theleaders for Texan independence from Mexico
361
James K. Polk
“dark horse” Democratic candidate; acquiredmajority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation,Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury
362
Oregon and “Fifty-four Forty or Fight
Oregon Territoryowned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced tosettle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40’
363
Manifest Destiny
stated the United States was destined to spanthe breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible,advocated by Polk
364
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
acquired Mexican Cession (futureCalifornia, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledgedAmerican annexation of Texas
365
Wilmot Proviso
slavery to be barred in all territory ceded fromMexico; never fully passed Congress
366
California Gold Rush
gold discovery in Sutter’s Mill in 1848resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the WestThe Civil War (1850-1880)
367
William Seward
Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly”
368
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico,(3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federalassumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6)new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A.Douglas
369
Fugitive Slave Act
runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property – running away was as good as stealing)
370
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin
depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South
371
Know-Nothing (American) Party
opposed to all immigration,strongly anti-Catholic
372
Kansas-Nebraska Act
territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed byStephen A. Douglas
373
“Bleeding Kansas”
border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attackedLawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre
374
Lecompton Constitution
proslavery constitution in Kansas,supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious),denied statehood until after secession
375
John Brown
led Pottawatomie Massacre, extremeabolitionist who believed he was doing God’s work
376
Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856
John Brown and his sonsslaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud inLawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress
377
Republican Party
ormed in response to Kansas-NebraskaAct, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate
378
Harpers Ferry (1859
Brown aimed to create an armed slaverebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and becamemartyr in the North
379
Dred Scott v. Sandford
slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be takenfrom masters except by the law, Missouri Compromiseunconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state
380
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858
over Senate seat for Illinois(Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain splitover the issue of slavery
381
Freeport Doctrine
Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be ableto exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property
382
Fort Sumter
first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina
383
Negro Law
exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”
384
Anaconda plan
the Union planned a blockade that would notallow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control theMississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico
385
Ulysses S. Grant
won battles in the West and raised northernmorale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Unioncommanding general
386
William T. Sherman
pushed through northern Georgia, capturedAtlanta, “march to the sea” (total war and destruction), proceeded toSouth Carolina
387
Robert E. Lee
opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyalto Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army
388
Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
Lee’s chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer
389
Battle of Antietam
Lee’s attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from theUnion, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate,McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again
390
Emancipation Proclamation
issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to avictory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did notinclude border states), symbolic gesture to support Union’smoral cause in the war
391
Battle of Gettysburg
Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battleof the war, Confederate Pickett’s Charge (disastrous), Lee forced toretreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, GettysburgAddress given by Lincoln (nation over union)
392
.New York City draft riots (1863
drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned
393
Military Reconstruction Act (1867
South divided into 5military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify14th amendment
394
Compromise of 187
South to gain removal of last troops fromReconstruction; North wins Hayes as president
395
National Labor Union
founded by William Sylvis(1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages,women; excluded blacks
396
Knights of Labo
founded by Uriah Stephens (1869); excluded corrupt and well-off; equal female pay, end to child/convict labor, employer-employee relations, proportional income tax; “bread and butter” unionism (higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions)
397
Tammany Hall
Democratic political machine in NYC,“supported” immigrants and poor people of the city, who wereneeded for Democratic election victories
398
Farmers’ Alliance movement
Southern and Midwestern farmers expressingdiscontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop – farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks
399
Greenback Party
supported expanded money supply,health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers,granger(farmer)-supported
400
Populist Party
emerged from Farmers’ Alliance movement (when subtreasury planwas defeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes;Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry simpson
401
merged from Farmers’ Alliance movement (when subtreasury planwas defeated in Congress), denouncedEastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes;Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry
Supreme Court legalized the “separate but equal” philosophy
402
Jim Crow laws
educational and residential segregation; inferior facilities allotted to African-Americans, predominantly in South
403
Panic of 1893
– 8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads); due to stock marketcrash, overbuilding of railroads, heavy farmer loans, economic disruption by labor efforts, agricultural depression;decrease of gold reserves led to Cleveland’s repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Ac
404
Thomas Nast
political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribesto stop criticism
