MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
(27 cards)
3 Vs and a B (attending skills)
- Visual/eye contact. Look at people when you speak to them.
- Vocal qualities. Communicate warmth and interest with your voice.
- Verbal tracking. Track the client’s story. Don’t change the subject; stay with the client’s topic.
- Body language/facial expression. Be yourself: authenticity is essential to building trust.
RESPECTFUL model
Religion/Spirituality ▲ Economic/Class Background ▲ Sexual Identity ▲ Personal Style and Education ▲ Ethnic/Racial Identity ▲ Chronological/Lifespan Status ▲ Trauma/Crisis ▲ Family Background/History ▲ Unique Physical Characteristics ▲ Location of Residence/Language Models
Interviewing vs psychotherapy
Interviewing-basic process used for gathering data, providing information and advice to clients, and suggesting workable alternatives for resolving concerns.
Psychotherapy-focuses on more deep-seated difficulties, which often require more time for resolution.
Open and closed questions
Open:
- can’t be answered in few words
- Facilitate deeper exploration of client issues.
- Typically begin with what, how, why, or could/would.
Closed:
- Enable you to obtain specifics and can be answered in a few words.
- Often begin with is, are, or do.
Observation Skills: Non-verbal
- first clue as to what the client is feeling underneath they use
- facial expressions
- body language: people who communicate often mirror each other movement synchronicity
Observational Skill: Verbal
- Key words-help them explore the facts, feelings, and meanings underlying those words
- Concreteness versus abstractions-Match client’s style and join client where he or she is.
- “I” statements versus “other” statements-Clients’ ownership of and responsibility for issues will often be shown in their “I” and “other” statements.
▲ May be predominately positive or negative.
▲ Need to achieve a balance between internal and external responsibility for life issues.
Observation Skills: discrepancies and conflict
Examples of Conflict Internal to the Client
Discrepancies in Verbal Statements
-In a single sentence, a client may express two contradictory ideas. Aid the client in understanding his or her ambivalence.
Discrepancies Between Statements and Nonverbal Behavior.
-Discrepancies between what one says and what one does are very important.
Examples of Conflicts Between the Client and the External World
- Discrepancies and Conflict Between People. “I cannot tolerate my neighbors.” Noting interpersonal conflict is a key task of the counselor or psychotherapist.
- Discrepancies Between a Client and a Situation. In such situations, the client’s ideal world is often incongruent with reality. Discrimination, heterosexism, sexism, and ableism represent situational discrepancies
Discrepancies in Goals
-Goal setting is an important part of the empathic relationship-story and strengths-goals-restory-action model.
-You will often find that a client seeks incompatible goals.
Discrepancies Between You and the Client
➢ Be aware when your perspective conflicts with that of your client.
Multicultural Competence Guidelines
Awareness of our clients’ multicultural backgrounds enables us to understand their uniqueness more fully.
Ethics in confidentiality
- Confidentiality is designed to protect clients (not counselors), and only the courts, in the final analysis, can provide a guarantee of confidentiality.
- Not allowing clients to view case notes about them
- Understanding and managing the nature of confidentiality
- Guaranteeing confidentiality for groups, couples, and families
- Withholding information about a minor despite a parent’s request for information
- Sharing confidential client information with a colleague who is not your clinical supervisor
Informed Consent
Clients have the freedom to choose whether to enter into or remain in a counseling relationship and need adequate information about the counseling process and the counselor. Counselors have an obligation to review in writing and verbally with clients the rights and responsibilities of both counselors and clients. Informed consent is an ongoing part of the counseling process, and counselors appropriately document discussions of informed consent throughout the counseling relationship.
The Only Ethical Question is on Dual Relationships
The answer is power
Open Questions
- Can’t be answered in a few words.
- Facilitate deeper exploration of client issues.
- Typically begin with what, how, why, or could/would.
Closed Questions
- Enable you to obtain specifics and can be answered in a few words.
- Often begin with is, are, or do.
Organizing Skills: Non-verbal
-Nonverbal behavior is often the first clue to what clients are feeling underneath the language they use.
-allows ability to anticipate and understand
Facial Expressions
Body Language: movement synchrony,
Observation Skills: Verbal
- Key words:
- help explore the facts, feelings, and meanings underlying those words.
- constructs by which a client organizes the world
- Concreteness versus abstractions:
- match client style
- abstract more concrete “give me an example”
- concrete more abstract “listen to the details of their story”
- “I” statements versus “other” statements:
- ownership/responsibility for issues will be shown in “I” and “other”
- maybe positive and negative
Observation Skills: Discrepancies & Conflict
Conflict Internal to the Client
- Discrepancies in Verbal Statements,
- single sentence 2 conflicting ideas - Discrepancies Between Statements and Nonverbal Behavior
- Discrepancies between what one says and what one does
Conflicts Between the Client and External World
- Discrepancies and Conflict Between People
- “cant tolerate neighbor”
- Discrepancies Between a Client and a Situation.
- ideal world is often incongruent with reality.
Discrepancies in goals
-often find that a client seeks incompatible goals
Active listening: Encouragers
verbal and nonverbal expressions the therapist can use to prompt clients to continue talking.
question mark question
➢ Head nods and positive facial expressions
➢ Open gestures
➢ Minimal verbals – “Ummm” or “Uh-huh”
➢ Repetition of key words from last statement
➢ Silence with appropriate nonverbal behavior
Active listening: paraphrasing
most important cognitive empathic listening skill
putting our spin on it (usually positive) expand your interpretation
-A sentence stem that may include the client’s name.
- The key words used by a client to describe the situation or person.
- The essence of what the client has said in briefer and clearer form.
- A checkout for accuracy
Active listening: Summarizing
-today we talked about 1,2 ,3 ,4
-pulls together and organizes client conversation, supporting the brain’s executive functioning.
➢ Summarizing is key to Theory of Mind (ToM) and your ability to “mentalize” the world of the client.
▲ Attend to client’s verbal and nonverbal comments.
▲ Selectively attend to key concepts.
▲ Restate key concepts to the client accurately.
▲ Check for accuracy at the end.
Active listening: Restatement
extended encourager in which the counselor or interviewer repeats short statements, two or more words exactly as used by the client
- encouragers one or two words restatement 2 or more
- can be with questioning tone
Common Factors
The mean percentages for the common factors among the therapists are: 22% for client extra-therapeutic factors; 16% for models/techniques; 35% for therapeutic relationship; and 27% for client’s hope/expectancy.
it is the similarities among the many counseling approaches, not
specific technical differences that explain counseling effectiveness
a) extratherapeutic change, 22%
which includes both client qualities (e.g., ego strength) and environmental variables (i.e.,
occurrences outside of the counseling room, such as obtaining a new job);
b) expectancy or placebo effects (i.e., the belief that treatment will be efficacious); 27%
c) techniques (i.e., schools 16%
of counseling and specific interventions); and
d) common factors (i.e., similarities among 37%
major approaches, such as empathy, the therapeutic relationship, support).
Sentence stem
Using the clients name
Concrete
- concrete/situational style are skilled at providing specifics and examples of their concerns and problems
- These clients may have difficulty reflecting on themselves and their situations and seeing patterns in their lives.
- provide you with plenty of specifics
- The strength and value of these details is that you know relatively precisely what happened, at least from their point of view
- often have difficulties in seeing the point of view of others.
Abstract
- strengths in self-analysis and are often skilled at reflecting
- getting specific concrete details from them as to what is actually going on may be difficult.
