Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
The process by which cultural traditions are passed from one generation to the next is known as?
A
Enculturation
2
Q
A characteristic that discredits a person making him or her be seen as abnormal undesirable
A
Stigma
3
Q
Practical, Everyday Needs
A
Instrumental Needs
4
Q
Five Needs Served by Communication
A
Physical, Relational, Identity, Spiritual, Instrumental
5
Q
A formal description of a process
A
Model
6
Q
The originator of a thought or an idea
A
Source
7
Q
To put an idea into language or gesture
A
Encode
8
Q
Verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning
A
Message
9
Q
A pathway through which messages are conveyed
A
Channel
10
Q
The party who interprets a message
A
Receiver
11
Q
To interpret or give meaning to a message
A
Decode
12
Q
Anything that interferes with encoding or decoding of a message
A
Noise
13
Q
Types of noise
A
Physical (kids/tv), Psychological (stress/anxiety), Physiological (hunger/fatigue)
14
Q
Verbal and Nonverbal responses to a message
A
Feedback
15
Q
The physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs
A
Context
16
Q
A communication context involving many channels at once
A
channel-rich context
17
Q
A communication context involving few channels at once
A
channel-lean context
18
Q
A representation of an idea
A
Symbol
19
Q
Literal information that is communicated by a message
A
Content dimension
20
Q
Signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated
A
Relational Dimension
21
Q
Communication about communication
A
Metacommunication
22
Q
A rule about behavior that has been clearly articulated
A
Explicit Rule
23
Q
A rule about behavior that has not been clearly articulated but is nonetheless understood
A
Implicit Rule
24
Q
Communication that occurs between two people within the context of their relationship and that, as it evolves, helps them to negotiate and define their relationship
A
Interpersonal Communication
25
Communication with oneself
Intrapersonal Communication
26
Communication from one source to a large audience
Mass Communication
27
Communication occurring within small groups of three or more people
Small group communication
28
A pair of people
Dyad
29
Communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate for a given situation
Communication Competence
30
Awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others
Self-monitoring
31
The ability to think and feel as others do
Empathy
32
A code of morality or a set of ideas about what is right
Ethics
33
The system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another
Culture
34
A group of people who share symbols, language, values, and norms
Society
35
A group of people with whom one identifies
In-group
36
A group of people with whom one does not identify
Out-group
37
Systematic preference for characteristics of one's own culture
Ethnocentrism
38
An individual's perception of his or her ancestry or heritage
Ethnicity
39
An individual's status as a citizen of a particular country
Nationality
40
Standards for judging how good, desirable, or beautiful something is. Cultural ideas about what ought to be.
Values
41
Rules or expectations that guide people's behavior in a culture
Norms
42
Groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics beyond their national citizenship
Co-Cultures
43
One's tendency to presume that others think the same way he or she does
Similarity Assumption
44
A culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself
Individualistic Culture
45
A culture that places greater emphasis on loyalty to the family, workplace, or community than on the needs of the individual
Collectivistic Culture
46
A culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally
Low-context Culture
47
A culture in which verbal communication is often ambiguous and meaning is drawn from contextual cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice
High-context Culture
48
A culture in which power is not highly concentrated in specific groups of people
Low-power distance culture
49
A culture in which much or most of the power is concentrated in a few people, such as royalty or a ruling political party
High-power distance culture
50
A concept that treats time as a finite commodity that can be earned, saved, spent, and wasted.
Monochronic
51
A concept that treats time as an infinite resource rather than a finite commodity
Polychronic
52
The degree to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.
Uncertainty Avoidance
53
Verbal and nonverbal behaviors, such as idioms and gestures, that characterize a culture and distinguish it from other cultures.
Communication Codes
54
A phrase whose meaning is purely figurative, can't be understood by interpreting the words literally
Idiom
| Example:break a leg. Kick the bucket.
55
Language whose technical meaning is understood within a co-culture but not necessarily by those outside of it
Jargon
| Example: Medical terminology
56
Movements, usually of the hand or the arm, that express ideas.
Gestures
57
A set of expectations for appropriate behavior that a culture typically assigns to an individual based on his or her biological sex
Gender Roles
58
A gender role, typically assigned to men, that emphasizes strength, dominance, competition, and logical thinking
Masculinity
59
A gender role, typically assigned to women, that emphasizes expressive nurturing behavior
Femininity
60
A gender role distinguished by a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics
Adrogyny
61
A characteristic determining the sex or sexes to which someone is sexually attracted
Sexual Orientation
62
A sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in members of the opposite sex
Heterosexuality
63
A sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in members of the same sex
Homosexuality
64
A sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in both men and women
Bisexuality
65
A sexual orientation characterized by a general lack of interest in sex
Asexuality
66
Verbal communication whose purpose is to express emotions and build relationships
Expressive Talk
67
Verbal communication whose purpose is to solve problems and accomplish tasks
Instrumental Talk
68
The set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is
Self-concept or Identity
69
A visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others
Johari Window
70
Four components of the Johari Window
Open, Blind, Hidden, Unknown
71
What you know and choose to reveal about yourself to others
Open Area of the Johari Window
72
What others know about you, but you don't recognize in yourself
Blind Area of the Johari Window
73
What you know about yourself but choose not to reveal
Hidden Area of the Johari Window
74
The dimensions of yourself that no one knows
Unknown Area of the Johari Window
75
Objective
Factually True
76
Subjective
Based on our Impressions
77
The pattern of behaviors and ways of thinking that characterize a person
Personality
78
The process whereby a person's self-concept is influenced by his or her beliefs concerning what other people think of them
Reflected Appraisal
79
The process of comparing oneself with others
Social Comparison
80
The groups of people with whom one compares oneself in the process of social comparison
Reference Groups
81
An expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true
Self-fulfilling prophecy
82
One's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person
Self-esteem
83
Schultz's Interpersonal Needs
Need for control, need for inclusion, need for affection
84
One's need to maintain a degree of influence in one's relationships
Need for control
85
One's need to belong to a social group and to be included in the activities of others
Need for inclusion
86
One's need to give and receive expressions of love and appreciation
Need for affection
87
The way one wishes to be seen or perceived by others
Image
88
The process of projecting one's desired public image
Image Management
89
A person's desired public image
Face
90
The behaviors one uses to project one's desired public image to others
Facework
91
Components of one's desired public needs
Face Needs
92
Three types of face needs
Fellowship Face, Autonomy Face, Competence Face
93
The need to have others accept and like us
Fellowship Face
94
The need not to be imposed upon by others
Autonomy Face
95
The need to be respected for our intelligence and abilities
Competence Face
96
Any behavior that threatens one or more face needs
Face threatening act
97
The act of giving others information about oneself that one believes they do not already have
Self-disclosure
98
A theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth.
Social Penetration Theory
99
The range of topics about which one person self-discloses to another
Breadth
100
The intimacy of the topics about which one's person self discloses to another
Depth
101
A social expectation that resources and favors provided to one person in a relationship should be reciprocated by that person
Norm of Reciprocity
102
Some benefits of self disclosure
Enhancement of relationships and trust, Reciprocity, Emotional Release, Helping Others.
103
Risks of self-disclosure
Rejection, Chance of obligating others, Hurt to others, Violation of other people's privacy
104
The sharing of an individual's personal information with a third party without the individual's consent
Gossip
105
The process of making meaning from the things we experience in the environment
Perception
106
The process of making meaning from the people in our environment and our relationships with them
Interpersonal Perception
107
The process of attending to a stimulus, selecting certain sensory information for attention.
Selection
108
The process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention
Organization
109
The process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized
Interpretation
110
The study of the mechanical and biochemical ways in which our bodies work
Physiology
111
Generalizations about groups of people that are applied to individual members of those groups
Stereotypes
112
The tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions when forming a perception
Primacy Effect
113
The tendency to emphasize the most recent impression over earlier impressions when forming a perception
Recency Effect
114
A predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive
Perceptual Set
115
Unable to take another person's perspective
Egocentric
116
The tendency to focus heavily on a person's positive attributes when forming a perception
Positivity Bias
117
The tendency to focus heavily on a person's negative attributes when forming a perception
Negativity Bias
118
An explanation for an observed behavior
Attribution
119
The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes
Self-Serving Bias
120
The tendency to attribute other's behaviors to internal rather than external causes
Fundamental Attribution
121
The tendency to attribute a range of behaviors to a single characteristic of a person
Overattribution
122
A structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning
Language
123
Onomatopoeia
A word formed by imitating the sound associated with its meaning.
(Example: Buzz, Meow, Splash, Moo, Baa)
124
Phonological Rules
Deal with correct pronunciation
125
Syntactic Rules
Govern or dictate the way we put together words and phrases to create well formed sentences, give proper order for the intended meaning
126
Semantic Rules
Govern the meanings of individual words
127
Pragmatic Rules
Apply social and cultural information to the interpretations of statements
128
A word's literal meaning or dictionary definition
Denotative Meaning
129
A word's implied or secondary meaning, in addition to its literal meaning
Connotative Meaning
130
Elements of the Semantic Triangle
Symbol-the word being communicated
Referent-the word's denotative meaning
Reference-the word's connotative meaning
131
Terms that carry strongly positive or strongly negative connotations
Loaded Language
132
Language having more than one possible meaning
Ambiguous Language
133
Concrete Word
Refers to a specific object in the physical world
134
Abstract Word
Refers to the concept of objects
135
The idea that language influences the ways that members of a culture see and think about the world
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
136
A speaker's respectability, trustworthiness, and moral character, credibility
Ethos
137
Listeners' emotions
Pathos
138
Listeners' ability to reason, appeal to logic
Logos
139
To make judgements about the world based on evidence rather than emotion or intuition
Reason
140
The extent to which others find someone's words and actions to be trustworthy
Credibility
141
A vague mild expression that symbolizes something more blunt or harsh
Euphemism
| Example: instead of "he died" use "he passed away"
142
Informal, unconventional words that are often understood only by others in a particular group
Slang
143
Language that harms a person's reputation or image
Defamation
144
A defamatory statement made in print or in some other fixed medium
Libel
145
A defamatory statement made aloud
Slander
146
A form of language considered vulgar, rude, or obscene in the context in which it is used. Very context specific.
Profanity
147
A form of profanity meant to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize groups of people
Hate Speech
148
The emotional tone of a relationship, how you feel about the relationships you're in.
Communication Climate
149
Behaviors that indicate how much we value another person
Confirming Messages
150
Behaviors that imply a lack of regard for another person
Disconfirming Messages
151
Excessive Concern with guarding oneself against the threat of criticism
Defensiveness
152
A person's feeling of assurance that others care about and will protect him or her
Supportiveness
153
A reply that withholds assessment of what the speaker has said or done
Non-evaluative feedback
154
Asking questions to gain more information
Probing
155
Repeating what someone has said in your own words
Paraphrasing
156
Sharing your perceptions of the situation and confirming the validity of the problem
Offering Support
157
A reply that offers an assessment of what the speaker has said or done
Evaluative Feedback
158
A statement that claims ownership of one's thoughts or feelings
I-Statement
159
A statement that shifts responsibility for one's own thoughts or feelings to the listener
You-Statement
160
Textual representations of facial expressions
Emoticons
161
Cartoon Depictions of faces and other objects
Emoji
162
Behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words
Nonverbal Communication
163
The various behavioral forms that nonverbal communication takes
Nonverbal Channels
164
Nonverbal behavior that indicates when a person's speaking turn begins and ends
Turn-taking signal
165
Nonverbal behavior that conveys attraction or affiliation
Immediacy Behavior
166
Objects or visual features in an environment with communicative value
Artifacts
167
An increase in energy
Arousal
168
Potential to affect another person's behavior
Power
169
The use of facial expression for communication
Facial Display
170
The similarity between the left and right sides of the face or body
Symmetry
171
The size of facial features relative to one another
Proportionality
172
The study of eye behavior
Oculesics
173
The study of movement
Kinesics
174
The use of arm and hand movements to communicate
Gesticulation
175
A gesture with a direct verbal translation
Emblem
176
A gesture that enhances or clarifies a verbal message
Illustrator
177
A gesture that communicates emotion
Affect display
178
A gesture that controls the flow of conversation
Regulator
179
A gesture used to satisfy a personal need
Adaptor
180
The study of how people use touch to communicate
Haptics
181
Characteristics of the voice that convey meaning in communication; also referred to as paralanguage
Vocalics
182
An index of how high or deep a voice sounds
Pitch
183
The variation of pitch
Inflection
184
An index of how loud or how quiet a voice is
Volume
185
How fast or slow a person speaks
Rate
186
nonword sounds that a person uses to fil silence during pauses while they're speaking like um or err
Filler words
187
How correctly a person says a word
Pronunciation
188
How clearly one speaks
Articulation or enunciation
189
absence of sound
Silence
190
The study of the sense of smell
Olfactics
191
The study of spatial use
Proxemics
192
The distance most people maintain with intimate partners ranges from 0-1.5 ft
Intimate Distance
193
The distance most people maintain with friends and relatives ranges from 1.5-4 ft
Personal Distance
194
The distance most people maintain with casual acquaintances ranges from 4-12 ft
Social Distance
195
The distance most people maintain with public figures during a performance ranges from 12-25 ft
Public distance
196
The tendency to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people
Halo Effect
197
The use of time
Chronemics
198
A culture in which people touch frequently and maintain little personal distance with one another
High-contact culture
199
A culture in which people touch infrequently and maintain relatively high levels of personal distance with one another
Low-Contact Culture
