MIDTERM TOP Flashcards
1
Q
a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.
A
personality
2
Q
associated BLANK with unreliability, whereas the word BLANK meant reliable—but powerless
A
“woman”“father”
3
Q
BLANK rests on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone. Jung believed that each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors.
A
analytical psychology,
4
Q
These inherited images make up what Jung called the BLANK, it includes those elements that we have never experienced individually but which have come down to us from our ancestors.
A
collective unconscious.
5
Q
images are those that are sensed by the ego, whereas unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego.
A
Conscious
6
Q
as the center of consciousness, but not the core of personality but must be completed by the more comprehensive self
A
ego
7
Q
Healthy individuals are in contact with their conscious world, but they also allow themselves to experience their unconscious self and thus to achieve blnk a
A
individuation,
8
Q
blnk embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual. It contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, forgotten events, and experiences originally perceived below the threshold of our consciousness.
A
personal unconscious
9
Q
. Contents of the personal unconscious are blnk , it is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas
A
complexes
10
Q
blnk has roots in the ancestral past of the entire . Distant ancestors’ experiences with universal concepts such as God, mother, water, earth, and so forth have been transmitted through the generations species
A
collective unconscious
11
Q
blnk are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious. They are similar to complexes in that they are emotionally toned collections of associated images. it is generalized and derive from the contents of the collective unconscious.
A
archetypes
12
Q
as an unconscious physical impulse toward action
A
instinct
13
Q
The side of personality that people show to the world is designated as the blnk
A
persona
14
Q
blnk the archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others. it consists of morally objectionable tendencies as well as a number of constructive and creative qualities that we, nevertheless, are reluctant to face
A
shadow
15
Q
Jung contended that, to be whole, we must continually strive to know our shadow and that this quest is our
A
first test of courage
16
Q
To master the projections of the blnk men must overcome intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses of their unconscious, and realize the feminine side of their personality.
A
anima,
17
Q
The masculine archetype in women is called the blnk
is symbolic of thinking and reasoning. It is capable of influencing the thinking of a woman, yet it does not actually belong to her. It belongs to the collective unconscious and originates from the encounters of prehistoric women with men
A
animus
18
Q
believed that the blnk is responsible for thinking and opinion in blnk just as the produces feelings and blnk moods in.
A
animus:women
anima : men
19
Q
Everyone, man or woman, possesses a blnk
,it therefore, represents two opposing forces—fertility and nourishment on the one hand and power and destruction on the other. She is capable of producing and sustaining life (fertility and nourishment), but she may also devour or neglect her offspring (destruction).
A
great mother archetype
20
Q
blnk is represented by such processes as reincarnation, baptism, resurrection, and individuation or self-realization.
A
Rebirth
21
Q
archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life. This archetypal meaning, however, is unconscious and cannot be directly experienced by a single individual.
A
wise old man,
22
Q
archetype is represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god, who fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or demons.
A
hero
23
Q
Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion, and he called this innate disposition the blnk
A
self
24
Q
most comprehensive of all archetypes, the self is the archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of blnk
A
self-realization.
25
As an archetype, the self is symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the blnk
mandala,
26
holds that present events have their origin in previous experiences. Freud relied heavily on a causal viewpoint in his explanations of adult behavior in terms of early childhood experiences. Jung criticized Freud for being one-sided in his emphasis on causality and insisted that a causal view could not explain all motivation.
causality
27
holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny. Adler held this position, insisting that people are motivated by conscious and unconscious perceptions of fictional final goals.
teleology
28
To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not only to their outside environment but to their inner world as well. Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy and is called blnk
progression,
29
adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called
regression.
30
two basic attitudes——and four separate functions—
introversion and extraversion
| thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting.
31
as a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. He insisted that each person has both an introverted and an extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious.
attitude
32
is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective, are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions. These people perceive the external world, of course, but they do so selectively and with their own subjective view (Jung, 1921/1971)
introversion , introverts
33
is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective, blnk are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world. They tend to focus on the objective attitude while suppressing the subjective. Like Jung’s childhood No. 1 personality, they are pragmatic and well rooted in the realities of everyday life. At the same time, they are overly suspicious of the subjective attitude, whether their own or that of someone else.
extraversion, extraverts
34
function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness is tells people that something exists;
sensing
35
Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas is called blnk. it enables them to recognize its meaning; type can be either extraverted or introverted, depending on a person’s basic attitude.
thinking
36
to describe the process of evaluating an idea or event. Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing tells them its value or worth
feeling
37
involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness it allows them to know about it without knowing how they know. Like sensing, it is based on the perception of absolute elementary facts, ones that provide the raw material for thinking and feeling. but differs from sensing in that it is more creative, often adding or subtracting elements from conscious sensation.
Intuiting
38
are oriented toward facts in the external world.
Extraverted intuitive
39
people are guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality.
Introverted intuitive
40
childhood
is characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness. “Islands of consciousness” may exist, but there is little or no connection among these islands. Experiences of the anarchic phase sometimes enter consciousness as primitive images, incapable of being accurately verbalized.
The anarchic phase
41
childhood
of childhood is characterized by the development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking. During this time children see themselves objectively and often refer to themselves in the third person. The islands of consciousness become larger, more numerous, and inhabited by a primitive ego. Although the ego is perceived as an object, it is not yet aware of itself as perceiver.
monarchic phase
42
childhood
The ego as perceiver arises during the blnk of childhood when the ego is divided into the objective and subjective. Children now refer to themselves in the first person and are aware of their existence as separate individuals. During the dualistic period, the islands of consciousness become continuous land, inhabited by an ego-complex that recognizes itself as both object and subject (Jung, 1931/1960a).
dualistic phase
43
oung people strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their parents, find a mate, raise a family, and make a place in the world. According to Jung (1931/1960a), youth is, or should be, a period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era of childhood is gone forever.
Youth
44
Jung believed that blnk begins at approximately age 35 or 40, by which time the sun has passed its zenith and begins its downward descent. Although this decline can present middle-aged people with increasing anxieties, middle life is also a period of tremendous potential.
middle life
45
As the evening of life approaches, people experience a diminution of consciousness just as the light and warmth of the sun diminish at dusk. If people fear life during the early years, then they will almost certainly fear death during the later ones. Fear of death is often taken as normal, but Jung believed that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light.
Old Age
46
Psychological rebirth, also called blnk is the process of becoming an individual or whole person (Jung, 1939/1959, 1945/1953). Analytical psychology is essentially a psychology of opposites, and self-realization is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a single homogeneous individual. This process of “coming to selfhood” means that a person has all psychological components functioning in unity, with no psychic process atrophying. P
self-realization or individuation,
47
The basic purpose of the test in Jungian psychology today is to uncover feeling-toned complexes. As noted in the section of levels of the psyche, a complex is an individualized, emotionally toned conglomeration of images grouped around a central core. The word association test is based on the principle that complexes create measurable emotional responses.
Word Association Test
48
is to uncover elements from the personal and collective unconscious and to integrate them into consciousness in order to facilitate the process of self-realization. The Jungian therapist must realize that dreams are often compensatory; that is, feelings and attitudes not expressed during waking life will find an outlet through the dream process. Jung believed that the natural condition of humans is to move toward completion or self-realization.
Dream Analysis
49
A technique Jung used during his own self-analysis as well as with many of his patients was blnk . This method requires a person to begin with any impression— a dream image, vision, picture, or fantasy—and to concentrate until the impression begins to “move.” The person must follow these images to wherever they lead and then courageously face these autonomous images and freely communicate with them.
active imagination
50
identified four basic approaches to therapy, representing four developmental stages in the history of psychotherapy. The first is confession of a pathogenic secret. This is the cathartic method practiced by Josef Breuer and his patient Anna O. For patients who merely have a need to share their secrets, catharsis is effective.
Psychotherapy
51
he meant that the therapist must first be transformed into a healthy human being, preferably by undergoing psychotherapy. Only after transformation and an established philosophy of life is the therapist able to help patients move toward individuation, wholeness, or self-realization. This fourth stage is especially employed with patients who are in the second half of life and who are concerned with realization of the inner self, with moral and religious problems, and with finding a unifying philosophy of life (Jung, 1931/1954b).
transformation,
52
The ultimate purpose of Jungian therapy
is to help neurotic patients become healthy and to encourage healthy people to work independently toward self realization.
53
Importance of the first 4
to 6 months after birth |
emphasis on the first 4 to
6 years of life
OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY
54
First, object relations theory places less
emphasis on ... based drives and more importance on consistent patterns of ....
Second, as opposed to Freud’s rather ...
theory that emphasizes the power and control of the father, object relations theory
tends to be more ..., stressing the intimacy and nurturing of the mother.
Third, object relations theorists generally see—not
—as the prime motive of human behavior
biologically, interpersonal relationships
paternalistic, maternal
human contact and relatedness, sexual pleasure
55
... work was concerned with the infant’s struggle to gain autonomy and a sense of self;
, ...with the formation of the self;
..., with the stages of separation anxiety; and ,
...with styles of attachment
Mahler’s
Kohut’s
Bowlby’s
Ainsworth’s
56
are psychic representations of unconscious
id instincts; they should not be confused with the conscious fantasies of older
children and adults. Very young infants possess
an active, unconscious
phantasy life. Good breast and bad
breast
phantasies
57
```
Drives have an object.
(hunger: good breast; sex:
sexual organ)
Infants introject external
objects. (father’s penis,
mother’s hands and face)
```
Objects
58
```
... are
more than internal
thoughts about external
objects; they are fantasies
of internalizing the object
in concrete and physical
terms.
```
Introjected objects
59
```
Infants are constantly
engaging in conflict
between the life and death
instincts, between good
and bad, love and hate,
creativity and destruction.
or ways of dealing with both internal
and external objects
```
positions,
60
First 3-4 months of life
e paranoid-schizoid
position, a way of organizing experiences that includes both paranoid feelings of
being persecuted and a splitting of internal and external objects into the good and
the bad
Paranoid-Schizoid Position
61
are considered to be paranoid; that is, they are not based on any real
or immediate danger from the outside world
persecutory feelings
62
infant fears
| the persecutory breast
Death instinct:
63
```
First 5 to 6 months
An infant begins to view
external objects as whole
and to see that good and
bad can exist in the same
person. More realistic picture of
the mother
```
Depressive Position
64
The feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object
coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object constitute what
Klein called the
depressive position.
65
to protect their ego against the anxiety aroused by their
| own destructive fantasies.
Psychic Defense Mechanisms
66
```
Begins with an infant’s first
feeding, when there is an
attempt to incorporate the
mother’s breast into the
infant’s body
Fantasizing about taking in
perceptions and experiences
with the external object
```
Introjection
67
```
Phantasy that one’s own
feelings and impulses reside
within another person
Children project both good
and bad images so that they
ease the unbearable anxiety
of being destroyed by the
dangerous internal forces
s infants use introjection to take in both good and bad objects, they use
projection to get rid of them
```
Projection
68
a young boy who desires to castrate his father may
instead project these castration fantasies onto his father, thus turning his castration
wishes around and blaming his father for wanting to castrate him. Similarly, a
young girl might fantasize devouring her mother but projects that fantasy onto her
mother, who she fears will retaliate by persecuting her
Projection
69
```
Thus, infants develop
a picture of both the “good me” and the “bad me” that enables them to deal with
both pleasurable and destructive impulses toward external objects.
Mentally keeping apart
incompatible images to
tolerate good and bad
aspects of themselves and of
external objects
Allows for liking themselves
while still recognizing some
unlikable qualities
```
Splitting
70
a psychic defense
mechanism in which infants split off unacceptable parts of themselves, project them
into another object, and finally introject them back into themselves in a changed or
distorted form
projective identification,
71
a husband with strong but unwanted tendencies to dominate others will project
those feelings into his wife, whom he then sees as domineering. The man subtly
tries to get his wife to become domineering. He behaves with excessive submissiveness in an attempt to force his wife to display the very tendencies that he has
deposited in her.
projective identification,
72
```
early ability to sense
both destructive and loving
forces and to manage them
through splitting, projection,
and introjection
emerges only
after first splitting itself into
two parts – the life instinct
and the death instinct
one’s sense of self
```
Ego’s
73
```
Emerges much earlier in
life
Not an outgrowth of the
Oedipus Complex
Much more harsh and
cruel
```
Superego
74
```
Begins at an earlier stage –
overlaps with oral and anal
stages and reaches its
climax during the genital
stage (phallic)
Partly a child’s fear of
retaliation from their parent
for their fantasy of emptying
their parents’ body
```
Oedipus Complex
75
e—during the first months of
life—a little girl sees her mother’s breast as both “good and bad.” Then around
6 months of age, she begins to view the breast as more positive than negative.
female Oedipal developmentV
76
f , a boy shifts
some of his oral desires from his mother’s breast to his father’s penis. At this time
the little boy is in his feminine position; that is, he adopts a passive homosexual
attitude toward his father. Next, he moves to a heterosexual relationship with his
mother, but because of his previous homosexual feeling for his father, he has no
fear that his father will castrate him. Klein believed that this passive homosexual
position is a prerequisite for the boy’s development of a healthy heterosexual
relationship with his mother. More simply, the boy must have a good feeling about
his father’s penis before he can value his own.
Oedipal development
77
From careful observations
of infants as they bonded
with their mothers during
their first 3 years of life.
Margaret Mahler’s View
78
which spans the period from birth until about age 3 or 4 weeks newborn infant satisfies various needs
within the all-powerful protective orbit of a mother’s care. Neonates have a sense
of omnipotence, because, like unhatched birds, their needs are cared for automatically
and without their having to expend any effort
normal
| autism,
79
t this stage is a
period of absolute primary narcissism in which an infant is unaware of any other
person. Thus, she referred to normal autism as an “objectless” stage, a time when
an infant naturally searches for the mother’s breast. She disagreed with Klein’s
notion that infants incorporate the good breast and other objects into their ego
normal
| autism,
80
.begins around the 4th or 5th week of
age but reaches its zenith during the 4th or 5th month. During this time, “the infant
behaves and functions as though he and his mother were an omnipotent system—a
dual unity within one common boundary”
Normal symbiosis
81
spans the
period from about the 4th or 5th month of age until about the 30th to 36th month.
During this time, children become psychologically separated from their mothers,
achieve a sense of individuation, and begin to develop feelings of personal identity.
separation-individuation,
82
spans the
period from about the 4th or 5th month of age until about the 30th to 36th month.
During this time, children become psychologically separated from their mothers,
achieve a sense of individuation, and begin to develop feelings of personal identity.
separation-individuation,
83
separation-individuation, FIRST STAGE which lasts from about the 5th month until the
7th to 10th month of age and is marked by a bodily breaking away from the
mother-infant symbiotic orbit.
differentiation,
84
substage of separation-individuation, a
period from about the 7th to 10th month of age to about the 15th or 16th month.
During this subphase, children easily distinguish their body from their mother’s,
establish a specific bond with their mother, and begin to develop an autonomous
ego. Y
practicing
85
16 to 25 months of age, children experience a
with their mother; that is, they desire to bring their mother and themselves back
together, both physically and psychologically. Mahler noticed that children of this
age want to share with their mother every new acquisition of skill and every new
experience
rapprochement
86
Their
increased cognitive skills make them more aware of their separateness, causing
them to try various ploys to regain the dual unity they once had with their mother.
Because these attempts are never completely successful, children of this age often
fight dramatically with their mother, a condition called the
rapprochement crisis.
87
constancy, which approximates the 3rd year of life. During this time, children must
develop a constant inner representation of their mother so that they can tolerate
being physically separate from her
libidinal object
