PSYCHOANALYCTIC THEORY Flashcards by Bethannie Ice

Contains all drives,
urges, or instincts that
are beyond awareness,
yet they motivate many
of our behaviors

UNCONSCIOUS

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the forcing of unwanted,
anxiety-ridden
experiences into the
unconscious as a defense

Is the blocking out of
anxiety-filled experiences

repression

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inherited
experiences that lie
beyond an individual’s
personal experience

phylogenetic

endowment

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Contains all elements
that are not conscious,
but can become
conscious either quite
readily or with some
difficulty

Contains experiences
that are forgotten

PRECONSCIOUS

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one of the two sources of preconscious that is largely free from anxiety

Conscious perception

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one of the two sources of preconscious: ideas can
slip past the vigilant
censor and enter into the
preconscious  in a
disguised form – dreams,
slips of the tongue, etc.

Unconscious

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Mental elements in
awareness at any given
point in time
The only level of
mental life directly
available to us, but
plays a minor role in
Freudian theory

CONSCIOUS

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At the core of
personality and
completely unconscious

Has no contact with
reality yet strives
constantly to reduce
tension by satisfying
basic desires Serves the Pleasure
Principle

ID (das Es)

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Only region of the mind
in contact with reality
Grows out of the id
during infancy and
becomes a person’s sole
source of
communication with the
external world
Governed by the
Reality Principle

EGO (das Ich)

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Guided by the
Moralistic and Idealistic
Principle
Grows out of the ego;
has no energy of its
own
Has no contact with
the outside world

SUPEREGO (Uber Ich)

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the subsystem of the superego: results
from experiences with
punishments for
improper behavior; tells
us what we should not
do

Conscience

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the subsystem of the superego: develops
from experiences with
rewards for proper
behavior; tells us what
we should do
Inferiority feelings

Ego-ideal:

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to explain the
driving forces behind
people’s actions
Seek pleasure and reduce
tension and anxiety
Motivation is derived
from psychical and
physical energy from
basic drives

Dynamic, or motivational

principle,

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German word,
refers to a drive or a
stimulus within the
person

Trieb

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dynamics of personality

drives
sex
aggression
anxiety

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Originate in the id, but
come under the control
of the ego

drive

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characteristic of drive region of the
body in the state of
tension or excitation

source

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characteristic of the drive means through
which the aim is
satisfied

object

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characteristic of drive to seek pleasure
by removing or
reducing the tension

aim

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characteristic of drive the amount of

force it exerts

Impetus

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Can take the form of
narcissism, love, sadism,
and masochism
All infants possess
primary narcissism, or
self-centeredness, but the
secondary narcissism
(moderate degree of self-love) of adolescence and
adulthood is not
universal.

sex

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any person or
the thing that brings sexual
pleasure

Object (sex)

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to seek pleasure
through the erogenous
zones

Aim (sex)

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need for sexual
pleasure by inflicting
pain or humiliation on
another person

Sadism

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``` experiences sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted by themselves of others ```

Masochism

``` Flexible and can take many forms (e.g. teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, enjoyment of other’s suffering. ```

AGGRESSION

to return the organism to an inorganic state

Aim ( aggression)

: self-destruction

Final aim

``` commandment and the drive to inflict injury on others repression of strong hostile impulses and the overt and obvious expression of the opposite tendency ```

Reaction Formation

``` It is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger ```

ANXIETY

apprehension about an unknown danger; ego’s dependence on the id

Neurotic Anxiety

closely related to fear; ego’s dependence on the outer world

Realistic Anxiety

``` Whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself by repressing those impulses; that is, it forces threatening feelings into the unconscious. ```

REPRESSION

``` A young girl may permanently repress her hostility for a younger sister because her hateful feelings create too much anxiety ```

REPRESSION

``` One of the ways in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form. Reactive behavior can be identified by its exaggerated character and by its obsessive and compulsive form ```

REACTION | FORMATION

``` A young woman deeply resents and hates her mother. But because society expects her to show affection towards her parents, she concentrates on the opposite impulse – love. ```

REACTION | FORMATION

``` People redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed ``` ```  may also refer to the replacement of one neurotic symptom for another. It is also involved in dream formation. ```

DISPLACEMENT

``` A woman who is angry at her roommate may displace her anger onto her employees, her pet cat, or a stuffed animal. She remains friendly to her roommate but she does not exaggerate or overdo her friendliness. ```

DISPLACEMENT

``` When the prospect of taking the next step becomes to anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological state. ```

FIXATION

``` A completely weaned child may regress to demanding a bottle or nipple when a baby sibling is born. ```

REGRESSION

``` Is the permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more primitive stage of development Are universal ```

FIXATION

``` Reversion back to an earlier stage during times of stress and anxiety Quite common and are readily visible in children Is rigid and infantile is – similar to fixated behavior ```

REGRESSION

``` When an internal impulse provokes too much anxiety, the ego may reduce that anxiety by attributing the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person. ``` ``` Defined as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside within ```

PROJECTION

A man may consistently interpret the actions of older women as attempted seductions.

PROJECTION

``` an extreme type of projection; a mental disorder characterized by powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution; not an inevitable projection but simply a severe variety of it ```

Paranoia

``` People incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego People introject characteristics that they see as valuable and that will permit them to feel better about themselves ```

INTROJECTION

``` An adolescent may introject or adopt the mannerisms, values, or lifestyle of a movie star. ```

INTROJECTION

``` Doing things that are socially acceptable, positive and productive Highest form or most mature defense mechanism ```

SUBLIMATION

``` Encompasses the first 4 to 5 years of life and is divided into three subphases: Oral Phase Anal Phase Phallic Phase ```

INFANTILE | PERIOD

``` Pleasure through sucking Weaning is the principal source of frustration during this stage. ```

ORAL PHASE

the emergence of teeth as a defense against environment

Oral Sadistic

``` Satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and excretory function (sadistic-anal) Occurs at about the second year of life, when toilet training is the child’s chief source of frustration ```

ANAL PHASE

If parents use disciplinary training methods, a child may develop

anal triad

``` Boys and girls begin to have differing psychosexual development, which occurs around 3 or 4 ages For both genders, suppression of masturbation is the principle source of frustration. ```

PHALLIC PHASE

``` breaks up the male Oedipus Complex and results in a well-formed male superego. ```

e Male Castration | Complex

``` From about age 5 until puberty – in which the sexual instinct is partially suppressed. It is believed that this may have roots in our phylogenetic endowment. ```

LATENCY | PERIOD

``` Begins with puberty when adolescents experience a reawakening of the genital aim of Eros, and it continues throughout adulthood ```

GENITAL | PERIOD

``` Freud hinted at a stage of psychological maturity in which the ego would be in control of the id and superego and in which consciousness would play a more important role in behavior. ```

MATURITY

``` Very aggressive technique – strongly suggesting to patients that they had been sexually seduced as children ```

Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique

``` Goal: uncover repressed memories through the free association and dream analysis = strengthen the ego Transference Negative transference ```

Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique

``` Manifest and Latent Content Nearly all dreams are wish fulfillment Dreams that are not wish-fulfillments follow the principle of repetition compulsion Dream content – dream symbols + dreamer’s association ```

Dream Analysis

``` Slips of the tongue or pen Misreadings Incorrect hearing Misplacing of objects Temporary forgetting of names or intentions ```

Freudian Slips

TENETS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of

social interest

TENETS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the

striving for success or | superiority

TENETS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY people's blank shape their behavior and personality

subjective | perceptions

TENETS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY | Personality is

unified and selfconsistent

The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s

style of life

Style of life is molded by | people’s

creative power

``` UNITY & SELF-CONSISTENCY OF PERSONALITY All behaviors are not directed toward a single purpose and that the entire personality functions in a self-consistent manner - true or false ```

false - directed

Each person is unique and indivisible – unity of personality, consistent behavior does not exist. t or f

false- inconsistent

The disturbance of one part of the body cannot be viewed in isolation; it affects the entire person.

: ORGAN DIALECT

ORGAN DIALECT The deficient organ expresses the direction of the individual’s goal t or f Body’s organs “speak.” t or f

true | true

UNITY & SELF-CONSISTENCY OF PERSONALITY

ORGAN DIALECT | CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS

``` ORGAN DIALECT Man with rheumatoid arthritis – stiff and deformed joints voice his whole style of life – does not desire for sympathy from others. t or f ```

false- desire

``` ORGAN DIALECT Obedient boy who wets the bed to express that he does not wish to obey parental wishes – bladder speaks instead of his mouth. t , f ```

true

``` CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS Harmony between conscious and unconscious – cooperating parts of the same unified system t , f ```

true

part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood by the individual

Unconscious

understood and regarded as helpful in striving for success

Conscious:

understood and regarded as not helpful in striving for success

Unconscious / adler

The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest t, f

true

``` SOCIAL INTEREST a feeling of oneness with all humanity; implies membership in the social community of all people – “social feeling” or “community feeling” ```

Gemeinschaftsgefühl:

``` an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an empathy for each member of the human community; cooperation with others for social advancement rather than personal gain ```

Social interest:

The natural inferiority of | individuals

society formation

ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST Social interest originates from the environment relationship - early months of infancy t, f

false - mother-child

``` ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST develop a bond that encourages the child’s mature social interests and fosters a sense of cooperation; a love that centers on the child’s well-being ```

Mother

``` ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST The healthy love relationship develops from a true caring for her child, her husband and other people. t, f If the mother has learned to give and receive love from others, she will have a lot of difficulty broadening her child’s social interest. ```

true | false - little difficulty

``` ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST If she favors the child over the father, her child may be social t,f • If she favors her husband or society over the child, the child will feel loved ```

false - pampered and spoiled false- feel neglected and unloved.

``` ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST must demonstrate a caring attitude toward his wife and others; cooperates on equal footing with the mother in caring for the child ```

Father

``` ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST A successful father avoids the dual errors of emotional detachment and paternal authoritarianism t,f ```

true

``` ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST warped sense of social interest, feeling of neglect, parasitic attachment to the mother ```

Emotional detachment:

creates | a goal of personal superiority

Parental detachment:

ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST strive for power and personal superiority

Parental authoritarianism:

``` ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST Adler believed that after age 10, the effects of heredity become blurred by the powerful influence of the child’s social environment t, f ```

false - 5

``` IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL INTEREST Without social interest, societies could not exist, because individuals could not protect themselves from danger. t,f • An infant’s helplessness predisposes it toward a nurturing person ```

true | true

``` IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL INTEREST Social interest is “the sole criterion of human values,” and the “barometer of normality.” t,f • The worthiness of all of one’s actions must not be viewed by these standards ```

true | false- must be viewed

``` IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL INTEREST Unhealthy individuals develop exaggerated feelings of inferiority and attempt to compensate by setting a goal of personal superiority - motivated by personal gain rather than social interest t,f ```

true

``` IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL INTEREST Exaggerated feelings of superiority lead to a neurotic style of life, whereas normal feelings of incompletion result in a healthy style of life. t,f • A useless style of life or a socially useful one would depend on how an individual views feelings of inferiority. ```

false - inferiority | true

``` the flavor of a person’s life; product of interaction of heredity, environment and the person’s creative power; fairly established by age 4 or 5 ```

Style of life

STYLE OF LIFE The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life. t.f

true

``` STYLE OF LIFE Psychologically unhealthy individuals often lead rather inflexible lives that are marked by an inability to choose new ways of reacting to environment. t,f • Healthy individuals are marked by flexible behavior and that they have some limited ability to change their style of life ```

true | true

STYLE OF LIFE People with a healthy, socially useful style of life express their social interest through

action

``` STYLE OF LIFE People with a healthy, socially useful style of life actively struggle to solve what Adler regarded as the three major problems of life ```

neighborly love, sexual love, | and occupation

``` STYLE OF LIFE Adler believed that people with a useful style of life represent the lowest form of humanity in the evolutionary process and are likely to populate the world of the future t,f ```

false highest

CREATIVE POWER t,f Style of life is molded by people’s creative power All people are not responsible for who they are and how they behave. • Creative power makes each person a free individual.

true false - they are responsible true

CREATIVE POWER tf Freedom of choice ``` • Ultimately, style of life is shaped by our creative power; that is, by our ability to freely choose which building materials to use and how to use them. ``` • People have considerable ability to freely choose their actions and their personality.

true true true

``` ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT Creative power is limited to healthy people; unhealthy individuals also create their own personalities. tf ```

false not limted

ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT The most important factor in abnormal development is

underdeveloped social | interest

``` Set their goals too high • Live in their own private world • Have a rigid and inflexible style of life • People become failures in life because they are overconcerned with themselves and care little about others. ```

ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT

``` ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT Maladjusted people do not set extravagant goals as an overcompensation for exaggerated feelings of inferiority. t,f • They approach the problems of friendship, sex, and occupation from a personal angle that precludes successful solutions. ```

false - do set | true

EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT Must be accompanied by accentuated feelings of inferiority

Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies

``` ad: EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT People with exaggerated physical deficiencies sometimes develop exaggerated feelings of inferiority because they overcompensate for their inadequacy- – overly concerned with others t,f ```

false- themselves

``` EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT people have weak social interest but a strong desire to perpetuate the pampered, parasitic relationship they originally had with one or both of their parents. ```

Pampered Style of Life

``` EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT Pampered Style of Life everything except Expect others to look after them, overprotect them, and satisfy their needs • Extremely discouraged •extremely rude Indecisive • Oversensitive • Impatient • Exaggerated emotion – anxiety ```

false- •extremely rude

``` EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT See the world with private vision and believe that they are entitled to be first in everything t,f • Pampered children have received too much love – they feel unloved – parents doing so much for them and treating them as if they are incapable ```

true | false- have not

``` EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT They may also feel neglected – whenever they must fend for themselves, they feel left out, mistreated, and neglected ```

Pampered Style of Life

``` EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT Children who feel unloved and unwanted are likely to burrow heavily from these feelings in creating a neglected style of life.all except • Develop little social interest • Have little confidence • Actively seek out others • Tend to overestimate difficulties ```

• Actively seek out others

``` EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT Distrustful of other people • Unable to cooperate for the common welfare • See society as enemy • Feel alienated • Has a strong sense of envy towards other’s successes More suspicious • More likely to be dangerous to others ```

Neglected Style of Life

``` Patterns of behavior to protect exaggerated sense of selfesteem • Enable people to hide their inflated self-image and maintain their current style of life ```

AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES Freudian defense mechanisms operate unconsciously to protect the ego against anxiety; Adlerian safeguarding tendencies are largely conscious and shield a person’s fragile self-esteem from blank ```

public disgrace.

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES Freud’s defense mechanisms are common to everyone; Adler discussed safeguarding tendencies only with reference to the blank ```

construction of neurotic | symptoms

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES Most common • Typically expressed in the “Yes, but’ or “If only” format • “Yes, but” – people first state what they claim they would like to do then follow with an excuse ```

Excuses

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES protect a weak, but artificially inflated, sense of self-worth and deceive people into believing that they are more superior than they really ar ```

Excuses | • “If only”

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES tendency to undervalue other people’s achievements and to overvalue one’s own; present in criticism and gossip; the intention is to belittle another so that the person will be placed in a favorable light ```

Depreciation:

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES tendency to blame others for one’s failures and to seek revenge, thereby safeguarding one’s own tenuous self-esteem ```

Accusation

AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES self-torture as means of hurting people who are close to them guilt is often aggressive, self-accusatory behavior

Self-accusation:

AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES people who feel inferior devalue others to make themselves look good.

With depreciation

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES With self-accusation, people devalue themselves in order to inflict suffering on others while protecting their own magnified feelings of self-esteem. ```

Aggression

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES Safeguarding through distance • Some people unconsciously escape life’s problems by setting up a distance between themselves and those problems. ```

Withdrawal

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES tendency to safeguard one’s fictional goal of superiority by psychologically reverting to a more secure period of life; designed to elicit sympathy, the deleterious attitude offered generously to pampered children ```

• Moving backward

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES similar to moving backward, but is not as severe; no movement to any direction; avoid all responsibility by ensuring themselves against any threat of failure; never do anything to prove that they cannot accomplish their goals ```

Standing still

``` AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES indecisive when faced with difficult problems; compulsive hand washing, retracing one’s steps, behaving in an obsessive orderly manner, destroying work already begun, leaving work unfinished; preserve inflated sense of self-esteem ```

Hesitating:

AD: SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES least severe ``` • Safeguarding tendencies are found in nearly everyone, but when they become overly rigid, they lead to self-defeating behaviors. ```

Withdrawal | Constructing obstacles

``` AD: MASCULINE PROTEST – influence many men and women to overemphasize the importance of being manly. ```

Cultural and social practices – | not anatomy

AD: MASCULINE PROTEST courageous, strong, dominant

boys

AD: MASCULINE PROTEST passive, accept inferior positions in society

Girls

``` Adler assumed that women – because they have the same physiological and psychological needs as men - want more or less the same things that men want ```

MASCULINE PROTEST- true

APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Birth order, gender of siblings, the age spread between them

Family Constellation

``` likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety, overprotective tendencies, occupy a unique position – being an only child and then dethroned by a younger sibling ```

Firstborns:

``` begin life in a better situation for developing cooperation and social interest; personalities are shaped by their perception of the older child’s attitude toward them; extreme hostility/vengeance – highly competitive or overly discouraged ```

Secondborns

matures toward moderate competitiveness, having a healthy desire to overtake the older rival

Secondborns:

``` often the most pampered and run a high risk of being problem children, likely to have strong feelings of inferiority and to lack a sense of independence, often highly motivated to exceed older siblings ```

Youngest:

``` in a unique position of competing, not against brothers and sisters, but against father and mother, often develop an exaggerated sense of superiority and an inflated self-concept ```

Only children

``` may lack welldeveloped feelings of cooperation and social interest, possess a parasitic attitude, and expect other people to pamper and protect them ```

Only children

APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY ``` are recalled memories that may yield clues for understanding an individual’s style of life, but may not directly cause the style of life. • People reconstruct the events to make them consistent with a theme or pattern that runs throughout their lives. ```

Early Recollections

recall fearful and anxiety-producing childhood experiences

Highly anxious patients:

``` recall memories that include pleasant relations with other people • ERs are simply shaped by present style of lif ```

Self-confident people

``` APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Dreams cannot foretell the future, but can provide clues for solving future problems. • If one interpretation doesn’t feel right, try another. • Most dreams are selfdeceptions and not easily understood by the dreamer. ```

Dreams

APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY ``` Chief purpose is to enhance courage, lessen feelings of inferiority, and encourage social interest • “What would you do if I cured you immediately?” – forced patients to examine their goals and see their responsibility for their current misery ```

Psychotherapy

``` A warm, nurturing attitude by the therapist encourages patients to expand their social interest to each of the three problems of life: sexual love, friendship, and occupation. ```

Psychotherapy

``` Unique method of therapy with problem children – treat them in front of an audience of parents, teachers, and health professionals – to understand that their problems are community problems • Careful not to blame parents for their child’s misbehavior – change attitudes toward the child APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Psychotherapy • Create a relationship between therapist and patient that fosters social interest • The therapist adopts both a maternal and a paternal role. ```

Psychotherapy

``` High in: generate research, organize data, and guide the practitioner • Moderate in: parsimony • Low in: internal consistency & falsification ```

CRITIQUE OF ADLER

``` Adler saw people who move forward, and are social animals motivated by goals they set (both consciously and unconsciously) for the future. • People are ultimately responsible for their own unique style of life ```

CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

free choice, social | influences, and uniqueness

high

APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Early Recollections APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Early Recollections optimism and teleology

Very high

APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Early Recollections unconscious influences

Average

holds that behavior is a function of the past experiences

Causality

``` is the explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes ```

Teleology

``` Are people creatures of biology? Or are they shaped largely by their social relationships? ```

Biological vs Social Influences on Personality

``` • Is the salient feature of people their individuality or is it their common characteristics ```

Uniqueness vs Similarities among People

``` • Are they aware of what and why they are doing it? Or do unconscious forces impinge on them? ```

Conscious vs Unconscious Determinants of Behavio

``` • Are people’s behaviors determined by forces over which they have no control or can people choose to be what they wish to be? ```

Determinism vs Free | Will

``` • Are people doomed to live miserably or can they change and grow into psychologically healthy and fully functioning individual? ```

Pessimism vs | Optimism

``` Generates research Is f O d G a Is i c Is p ```

``` Generates research Is falsifiable Organizes data Guides action Is internally consistent Is parsimonious ```

``` Theories are built on proven facts but on assumptions (assumed to be true) that are subject to individual interpretations. tf Takes in to account the theorists personal background, philosophical orientation, and data they chose to observe ```

false - built not | true

``` must suggest the possibility that scientists in the future might develop the necessary means to test it ```

Testable

: to deduce a | clearly stated hypothesis

Logical deductive | reasoning

not proven facts but accepted as if they were true

Assumptions

``` isolated assumptions can neither generate meaningful hypotheses nor possess internal consistency ```

Related

a single assumption can never fill all the requirements of a good theory

Set:

``` may be unique, common to some group, or shared by the entire species but the pattern is different for each individual ```

Traits

``` A set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis ```

THEORY

``` unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique and intelligence ```

Characteristics:

``` came from the Latin word “blank” = the mask people wear or the role they play in life It is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to human behavior ```

Personality, persona

``` understanding of human personality was based on: his experiences with patients his analysis of his own dreams, and his vast readings ```

freud

``` Freud relied more on inductive reasoning than on rigorous research methods. tf He made observations subjectively and on a relatively small sample of patients ```

false deductive | true

``` A physician who never intended to practice general medicine, Freud was intensely curious about human nature. ``` Entered the University of Vienna Medical School with no intention of practicing medicine He preferred teaching and doing research

true true true

``` Hindrances in his continuous work: As a Jew, he believed his academic advancement would be unlimited. tf His father who finances his studies became less able to provide monetary aid ```

false limited | true

1897: freud abandoned his blank and replaced it with his notion of the blank

seduction theory .Oedipus Complex

``` contains many of Freud’s own dreams. Freud and Jung interpreted each other’s dreams that eventually led to the end of their friendship ```

Interpretation of Dreams

Fell in love with blank and married her in 1886; had 6 children with Anna as the youngest.

Martha | Bernays

``` Mentored by blank (hypnotic technique for treating hysteria) and blank (blank) He then gradually discovered free association technique. tf  Freud and Breuer had a professional disagreement ```

``` Jean-Martin Charcot Josef Breuer- catharsis true Studies of Hysteria: ```