Midterm Topic 1 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Bleeding time diagnose what?
A
vWD
2
Q
The result is directly affected by plt count and the plt’s ability to form a hemostatic plug
A
Bleeding time
3
Q
Factors that affect bleeding time
A
Elasticity of cut tissue
Ability of the blood vessels to constrict and retract
Mechanical and chemical action of plts in the formation of hemostatic plug
4
Q
Screening for plt functions
A
Ivy’s method
5
Q
Modification of Ivy method. Cut is exactly 9mm long and puncture is 1 mm
A
Template Method
6
Q
Considered best screening test
A
Template method
7
Q
Incision is 5 mm long and deep is 1 mm. Similar to template method. Difference is the use of an instrument to produce a standardized incision.
A
Simplate method
8
Q
Both methods involve immersions of the warmed wounded finger in a sterile NSS at 37 until bleeding stops
A
Copy Lalitch Method
Adelson-Crosby method
9
Q
Normal value for Coply Lalitch Method and Adelson-Crosby Method
A
179-340 seconds
10
Q
Similar with Adelson Crosby, only it uses the ear lobe as the site of puncture.
A
Aspirin Tolerance Test
11
Q
Def. of Vit. C
A
Scurvy
12
Q
Abnormally low plt count
A
Less than 100,000/ uL
13
Q
Severe spontaneous bleeding plt count
A
Less than 5000/uL
14
Q
Bleeding possible with trauma plt count
A
30,000/uL - 50,000 /uL
15
Q
Spontaneous bleeding possible plt count
A
Less than 30,000/uL
16
Q
Measures the adhesion of platelets to the wound surface.
A
Borchgrevink
17
Q
Borchgrevink uses?
A
Capillary blood and Venous blood
18
Q
Retention of plts within glass bead columns.
A
Salzman method
19
Q
In Salzman method in does not interfere with adhesion.
A
Heparin
20
Q
Normal Value of Salzman method
A
26-60%
21
Q
PRP containing EDTA is assessed for adhesion collagen in the absence of aggregation.
A
Test for adhesion of plts to collagen fibers
22
Q
Estimated qualitatively by microscopic techniques.
A
Plt aggregation test
23
Q
A machine that uses a light beam is passed off through the suspension. Monitored by changes in light transmission
A
Platelet aggregometer
24
Q
Discoid to spheroid shape
A
Decrease in transmittance
25
Formation of plt clumps
Increase light transmittance
26
Facilitates the ability of plasma to clot by providing a surface to clot. A functional concept rather than a discrete molecular substance.
PF3 Availability Test
27
Activates the plt.
Kaolin and Epinephrine
28
Normal Value for PF3 Availability test
37-51 seconds
29
Depends on normal number if contratile platelets, the presence of calcium and ATP, and a normal conc. of fibrinogen. A normal plt and fibrinogen or fibrin
Determination of Clot retraction
30
Universal test for platelet function
Bleeding time
31
Serial dilutions of plasma are clotted with thrombin
Fibrinogen test
32
Rapid slide test based on agglutination of fibrinogen-coated red blood cells by the latex anti-human fibrinogen regent
Fi-test (immunologic test)
33
NV of fibrindex test
| Normal plasma
begins to clot after 5-10 seconds
34
NV of fibrindex test
| Firm clot
Formed without serum after 30-60 sec
35
Thrombin is available commercially as
Fibrindex
36
When added to plasma containing fibrinogen, thrombin produces clotting
Fibrindex test
37
Fi test
| Normally, presence of fibrinogen is indicated by
Agglutination
38
Fibrinogen is usually converted into fibrin which id quantitated by
```
Gravimetric
Nephelometric
Chemical
Immunologic
Precipitation methods
```
39
Methods for assay o plasma fibrinogen
```
Ellis and stransky method
Stirland's method
Turbidimetric method of Parfantev et.al
Tatniff and menzie method
Fibrin clot method
```
40
1 drop of blood and caster oil then observe for 30 sec. for clotting.
Hirschboek kr Caster Oil Method
41
Qualitative test that uses blood in a test tube for clotting time determination is saved and left at room temp in order to note retraction, red cell fall-out and clot lysis.
Single Tube Method
42
Normal value for the quantitative tests for determination of clot retraction
30-69 min. and complete in 18-24 hrs.
43
Thrombocyte Deficiencies
Thrombocytopenia
| Thrombosthenia or Glanzmann's dse
44
Clot characteristics:
| Clot nonretractile or retracts poorly. Clot edematous/friable, but coagulates normally.
Thrombocytopenia, Thrombosthenia or Glanzmann's dse
45
Fibrinogen dse
Afibrinogemia
Hypofibrinogemia
Fibrinolysis
Dysfibrinogemia
46
Clot characteristics:
| Small clots; increased red cell expressed from the clot
Dysfibrinogemia
47
Clot characteristics:
| Blood does not clot
Afibrinogemia
48
Clot characteristics:
| Clot is normal; increased red cell fall-out
Hypofibrinogemia
49
Clot characteristics:
| Clot is absent or moth eaten and frayed; increased red cell fall-out; serum will lyse normal clots
Fibrinolysis
50
Increased in blood constituents
Thrombocythemia or Polycythemia
| Hyperproteinemia
51
Clot characteristics:
| Rapid sedimentation of red cells; layered clot; clot may not retract or may retract poorly
Hyperproteinemia
52
Clot characteristics:
| Defectivd retraction; clot flabby/fragile; increased red cell fall-out
Thrombocythemia or Polycythemia
53
Delayed Clotting
Severe "hemaphiloid" state: hemophilia
| Increase in anticoagulants
54
Clot characteristics:
| Slow clotting time with sedimentation of red cells; clot retraction is normal
Hemophilia
55
Clot characteristics:
| Increase in red cells and in fluid fall-out; clot may reform after initial partial clot removed
Increase in anticoagulants
56
Similar with single tube method but it does not use graduated
Stefanini Method
57
Blood is allowed to clot in a test tube containing a glass rod and retraction is observed.
MacFarlane Method
58
It tests the stability of the small blood vessels to retain the red cell in their lumen under conditions of stress and trauma.
Capillary Fragility or Capillary Resistance Test
59
In capillary fragility test they are important in the maintenance of normal capillary integrity or resistance.
Plts and Vit. C
60
According to Brown other name for Tourniquet or Hess Tesr
Rumpel-Leede
61
Normal Value for Quick's Method:
| 0-5 petechiae
+
62
Normal Value for Quick's Method:
| ++++
51 and above petechiae
63
Normal Value for Quick's Method:
| 21-50 petechiae
+++
64
Normal Value for Quick's Method:
| ++
6-10 petechiae
65
Normal value for Gothlin's Method
0-8 petechiae
66
Present it scarlet fever
Vascular purpura
67
Collagen def.
Senile purpura
68
Tests the composite action of all plasma factors acting simultaneously.
Coagulation test
69
Micro methods of the coagulation tests
Slide or Drop Method
| Capillary or Dale and Laidlaw's method
70
Normal Value for Capillary or Dale and Laidlaw's method
2-6 minutes
71
These methods are superior for there is less contamination of the plasma with tissue fluids when blood is drawn from a vein
Macro method
72
The whole blood clotting time is the time required for freshly collected blood to form a firm clot in standardized glass tubes at 37C
Lee-White or Whole blood clotting time
73
Normal value for Lee-White or Whole Blood Clotting Time
5-10 mins
74
Normal Value for Howell's Method
10-30 mins
75
This method is similar to Lee-White Method
Howell's Method
76
The whole blood clotting time is a measure of the integrity if the intrinsic system.
Lee-White or Whole Blood Clotting Time
77
This method is the same as the whole blood clotting time except the test is performed in Silicone-coated tubes
Silicone Tube Method - Tocantin's and Kazal Method
78
Normal Value for Silicone Tube Method - Tocantin's and Kazal Method
1-2 mins
79
In Plasma recalcification time the plasma contains all intrinsic coagulation factors except what?
Calcium and plts.
80
It is more sensitive method than the coagulation time of whole blood.
Plasma Recalcification Time
81
Normal Value for Activated Recalcification Time
Less than 50 seconds
82
Simple test of the intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation.
Partial Thromboplastin Time
83
In PTT it measures all factor deficiency of intrinsic and common pathway except
Factors 7, 13, and plts.
84
Normal value for PTT
40-100 seconds
85
It used to monitor IV anticoagulant therapy
PTT
86
Prolonged in PTT deficiencies
Factors 12, 11, 9, 8, 10, 7 and 1 Prekalikrein and HMWK
87
Shortened in PTT
Patients with activated coagulation system
88
Similar to PTT except that a standardized foreign surface is introduced to the plasma w/c allows activation of Factors 12, 11.
Activated Partial Thromboplastin (APTT)
89
APTT allows the activation of Factors?
12, 11
90
Example of activators of APTT
Celite, Kaolin, Ellagic Acid and tannic acid
91
They are useful for screening procedures of coagulation deficiencies/disorders in the intrinsic and common systems except for plt and factor 13.
PTT and APTT
92
APTT and PTT are useful in screening procedures of intrinsic and common system except what?
Platelets and factor 13
93
APTT and PTT detects the deficiencies of what factors?
1,2,5,8,9,10,11, and 12 as well as prekalikrein and HMWK
94
Abnormally shortened APTT caused what?
Cause by partial clotting of the blood.
95
Abnormally shortened APTT results in?
Traumatic venipuncture, high levels of factor 3, an activated coagulation system as in DIC or the presence of plts
96
NV for APTT
25-35 seconds
97
Used to differentiate factor deficiency and disorder of circulating anticoagulanta
Differential Tests of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (DAPTT)
98
If prolonged APTT corrected by addition of normal control plasma then the patient has?
Factor Deficiency
99
If not corrected then the patient's defect is due to what?
Circulating AC
100
Identification of factor deficiency:
| Patient's plasma + absorbed plasma
Factors 5 and 8
101
Identification of factor deficiency:
| Patient's plasma + serum
Factors 11 and 12
102
Another modification of APTT which is done by mixing the pxn's plasma with commercially available correcting rgts.
Differential Partial Thromboplastin time (DPTT)
103
If prolongrd APTT is corrected in DPTT:
| Factor 8 patient has
Hemophilia A
104
If prolongrd APTT is corrected in DPTT:
| Factor 9 rgt patient has
Hemophilia B
105
If prolongrd APTT is corrected in DPTT:
| Partially corrected with either rgt patient has
Hemophilia C
106
Serum prothrombin time/ prothrombin consumption time
| Normal value
26-37
107
Best considered as a test of platelet phospholipids activity
Serum prothrombin time/ prothrombin consumption time
108
If the PT and PTT are normal, a short PCT indicates a deficiency of ____ due to _______
PF3
thrombocytopenia
Thrombopathia
109
Principle of this test lies in the knowledge that for normal thromboplastin activity to develop in blood, HF, Platelets, PTC, PTA, factor V and stuart factor are ionized calcium are all necessary
Thromboplastin Generation Time
110
Reagents for TGT
Al(OH)3 adsorbed plasma
Normal plasma
Normal platelets
Calcium (M/40 CaCl2)
111
Methods of TGT
Biggs and macfarlane method
| Hick's-pitney kaolin modification TGT
112
Reagents for biggs and macfarlane method
Al(OH)3 adsorbed plasma
Normal plasma
Normal platelets
Calcium (M/40 CaCl2)
113
Reagent for hick's-pitney kaolin modification TGT
Al(OH)3 adsorbed plasma
Normal plasma
Calcium (M/40 CaCl2)
114
Test for deficiency or inhibition of fibrinogen
Thrombin time
115
Good screening test for thrombi-fibrinogen/fibrin interaction
Thrombin time
116
Thrombin time
| NV
10-20 seconds
117
Prolonged TT occur in patients with
Receiving therapeutic heparin
Patients wt increase antithrombin or FSP
Patients with any disorder of hypofibrinogenemia
118
Alternative to thrombin time except reptilase reagent is added to plasma
Reptilase R test
119
Not inhibited by heparin
| Inhibited minimally by FSP
Reptilase-R test
120
Rapid slide test based on agglutination of fibrinogen-coated RBC by latex anti-human fibrinogen reagent
Fi-test (immunilogic test)
121
Serial dilutions of plasma ate clotted with thrombin
Fibrinogen titer method
122
When added to plasma containing fibrinogen, thrombin produces clotting
Fibrindex test
123
Thrombin is commercially availabe as
Fibrindex
124
Fibrindex time
| NV normal plasma
5-10 seconds
125
Fibrindex time
| NV firm clot
Within 30-60 seconds
126
Accurate methods available for the quantitative assay o plasma fibrinogen
Assay of plasma fibrinogen
127
A clot is dissolved as a result of plasmin activity
Whole blood clot lysis time
128
Whole blood clot lysis time
| NV
Lysis clot after 24 hrs
129
More sensitive test than the whole blood clot lysis time
Euglobulin test
130
Screening procedure for
| Measurement of fibrinolytic activity
Euglobulin clot lysis time
131
Euglobulin clot lysis time
| NV
Lysis about 300 minutes or longer-N
132
Euglobulin clot lysis time
| Lysis in 60 mins or less
Strong lysis
133
Euglobulin clot lysis time
| Lysis in 120 mins or less
Increased lytic activity
134
Plasmin inhibitors lose activity on dilution
Diluted blood clot lysis time
135
Diluted blood clot lysis time
| Nv
Blood clot should not lyse in less than 6-10hrs
136
Serial dilutions of patient's plasma and normal plasma are prepared
Diluted plasma clot lysis time
137
Methods for assay of these fragments are based on red cell hemagglutination inhibitors
Quantitative assay of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products
138
Protamine sulfate turbidity test
| Method
Kidder's
139
When a dilute solution of protamine sulfate is added o citrated plasma incubated at 37C, a precipitate in the presence of fibrin monomer or early fibrin degradation products is formed to produce turbidity.
Effects of heparin is antagonized
Protamine sulfate turbidity test
140
Fibrinogen degradation products present in the serum reacts with latex coated with anti-fibrinogen showing an agglutination reaction
Latex bead agglutination
141
Rapid semiquantitative method. If the antibody used in this assay recognizes only neoantigens created by the proteolytic action if thrombin on fibrinogen then, patient's plasma may be substituted for patient's serum in the assay
Latex bead agglutination
142
Test is superior in sensitivity and specificity as compared with the conventional FDP assay
D-dimer test
143
Test positive in early DIC.
| Specific for cross-linked d/dimer fragment fibrin
D-dimer test
144
New assay that is sensitive biologic marker of thrombin generation and Xa activity because generation of F-1.2 precedes thrombus formation
Prothrombin fragment 1.2 test (F-1.2)
