Midtermn Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
When did Luther Live? Who was Martin Luther?
A
Martin Luther, (born November 10, 1483, Eisleben, Saxony [Germany]— died February 18, 1546, Eisleben), German theologian and religious reformer who was the catalyst of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation.
2
Q
When was the Ninety Five Thesis nailed to the church door?
A
October 31, 1517
3
Q
What was the Tower Experience?
A
In 1519. “I began to understand that the righteousness of God is that by which the righteous lives by a gift of God, namely by faith. And this is the meaning: the righteousness of God is revealed by the gospel, namely, the passive righteousness with which the merciful God justifies us by faith, as it is written, “He who through faith is righteous shall live.” Here I felt that I was altogether born again and had entered paradise itself through open gates.”
4
Q
When was the Diet of Worms?
A
April 17–18, 1521
Roman emperor wanted to bring Luther to trial after being excommunicated by the pope.
“I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me, Amen.”
5
Q
When was the Heidelberg Disputation?
A
The Heidelberg Disputation was held at the lecture hall of the Augustinian order on April 26, 1518. It was here that Martin Luther, as a delegate for his order, began to have occasion to articulate his views.
6
Q
When was The Bondage of the Will published?
A
December 1525.
7
Q
How many thesis were in the Hiedleberg Disputation?
A
40 thesis. The Hiedelberg disputation was in 1518.
8
Q
When was the Leipzig Disputation?
A
1519 - Johann Eck (theologian from universty of Ingolstadt) published thirteen theses against Luthuer.
9
Q
What did Luther write to the Christian nobility of the German nation.
A
Luther argued that the church is corrupt and cannot reform itself. It was up to the German nobility to start the reformation. Luther sought to break down the famous Roman Catholic Church three walls: 1) Pope , Priests, etc. above laymen. 2) Scripture can only be interpreted by the Pope. 3) That only the pope can summon church councils.
10
Q
When was the Babylonian captivity of the church published?
A
It was published in 1520.
11
Q
On the Babylonian captivity of the church.
A
Luther attacked the heart of the Roman church namely its sacramental system. The Roman church abused the sacraments to hold the church captive. His main challenge was against the sacrament of the Eucharist. Three errors: 1. Witholding the cup from laity. 2. Luther rejected transubstantiation. 3. The error of the resacrafice of Christ.
12
Q
On the freedom of the Christian.
A
“The freedom of the Christian Man” was published in October 1520. “The Christian is the lord of all and subject to none; because of faith, he is a servant to all, and subject to everyone, because of love”. Faith and love are the two governing principals of the Christian life. Where there is faith, there will most surely be love.
13
Q
When was Luther’s first letter to the Pope Leo X?
A
In 1518. Humbly submitting to the authority of the pope.
14
Q
When was Luther’s second letter to the Pope Leo X?
A
In 1519. Luther portrayed himself as the pope’s humble servant but refused to recant.
15
Q
When was Luther’s third letter to the Pope Leo X?
A
In 1520. He addressed the pope as an equal and pitied him as a “lamb in midst of wolves”. Luther characterized the Roman church as “lawless den of thieves, the most shameless of all brothels, the very kingdom of sin, death, and hell.”
16
Q
When was the papal bull burned?
A
December 10, 1520. Luther burned the bull on the banks of the Elbe river.
17
Q
When was the papal bull issued?
A
In June 15, 1520. Exsurge Domine. Opening line from Psalm 74:22. “Rise up o Lord, and judge Thy cause. A wild boar has invaded Thy vineyard”. The boar of course was Luther.
18
Q
When was the excommunication bull issued for Luther (Decet Romanum Pontificem).
A
It was issued on January, 3, 1521.
19
Q
When was the Diet of Augsburg?
A
1555, held in Augsburg Germany and mandated by Charles V.
20
Q
When did Zurich reject Roman Catholic Authority?
A
1525
21
Q
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
A
Ulrich Zwingly was a 16th century Swiss protestant reformer. He was born on new years day 1484 and died in 1531. He was heavily influenced by Erasmus. Zwingli was first to introduce an expositional style of preaching.
22
Q
When did Zwingli and Luther meet?
A
Met in Marburg castle, October 1529.
23
Q
Who was Guillam Farel?
A
He was a Pastor and Theologian sent by Bern to Geneva to win Geneva to the reformation. He was born in 1489 and died in 1565.
24
Q
When and where was John Calvin born?
A
John Calvin was born in Noyon France in 1509.
25
Who was John Calvin?
John Calvin was a French Theologian and later turned pastor. He is mostly known for having a big influence in winning Geneva over to the reformation. Calvin also, had a strong influence on Genevan political climate as the Church and state were not separate in during the 16th century.
Born: July 10, 1509, Noyon, France
Died: May 27, 1564, Geneva, Switzerland
26
What college did John Calvin study in at the age of 14?
Calvin studied general studies at College de La Marche and then theological studies at College de Montaigu.
27
When did John Calvin obtain his MA?
In 1528, intending a career in the Church.
28
When was Gerard, John's Calvin's father excommunicated?
He was excommunicated in 1528.
29
Where and when did John Calvin pursue legal studies?
John Calvin pursued legal studies at the universities of Orleans (1528 - 29) and Bourges (1529 -31), and gained his law degree in 1532.
30
When did John Calvin's father die?
He died on May of 1531.
31
What years did John Calvin spend in Paris?
John was in Paris between 1531 - 33. During that time he published "De Clementia", on clemency.
32
When did John Calvin publish the Psalms commentary?
“Preface” to Commentary on the Psalms (1557)
33
Who was Melchior Wolmar?
He was a German Hellenist in Orleans and was the person who introduced John Calvin to Lutheranism. In 1546, John Calvin dedicated his commentary on 2 Corinthians to Wolmar.
34
Who was Pierre Robert?
He was Calvin's kinsmen and translated the French bible in 1535.
35
When did John Calvin embrace the Protestant cause?
During 1533 and 1534.
36
When was the first edition of the Christian Institutes published?
It was written by John Calvin and published in May 1536. This was only six chapters, it was to expand to eighty chapters by 1559.
37
What did the preface say In John Calvin's commentary of the Psalms?
"What happend first was that by an unexpected conversion, God tamed and made teachable a mind too stubborn for its years. For I was obstinately addicted to the superstitions of the papacy and nothing less could draw me out of so deep a quagmire. And so this mere taste of true godliness that I received set me on fire ...
38
When were John Calvin and Farel banished from Geneva?
They were banished in 1538 by the Genevan syndics for not administering the Last Super as prescribed by the Bernese.
39
When was the Colloquy of Regensburg?
It was in 1541. This is where Protestants and moderate Catholics, under Cardinal Contarini actually reached agreement on the doctrine of Justifiaction.
40
How did John Calvin adress Martin Bucer?
As "my much honored father in the Lord". Calvin's theology matured under Bucer's influence.
41
When did John Calvin get married and to who?
Calvin married Idelette de Bure (August 1540) in Strasbourg. She was a widow of a prominent Anabaptist.
42
When was Calvin's reply to Sadoleto?
In 1539. He replied " We protestants abound indeed in numerous faults; too often do we sin and fall. Still modesty will not permit me to boast ho far we exceed you Catholics in every respect. Rome, that famous abode of sanctity has so overflowed with all kinds of iniquity, that scarcely anything so abominable has been seen before."
43
When did John Calvin return to Geneva?
He returned on September 13, 1541.
44
When was Michael Servetus burned to death and why?
John Calvin and the Genevan council sentenced Servetus to death and he was burned on October 27, 1553. Servetus denied the diety of Christ and denied the Holy Trinity.
45
When did John Calvin die?
May 27th, 1564.
46
When was St. Bartholomews day massacre?
August 24, 1572. Perhaps as many as 10,000 Huguenots were killed over all in the days that followed.
47
When was the Heidelberg Catechism?
It was written in 1562 primarily by Caspar Olevianus, the superintendent of the Palatinate church, and Zacharias Ursinus, a professor of the theological faculty of the University of Heidelberg. It was accepted at the annual synod of the Palatinate church in 1563.
48
When did King Edward die?
In 1553.
49
Who was Peter Viret?
Viret was considered one of the most popular French-speaking preachers in the 16th century. Above all he was the reformer of the city of Lausanne, where he converted the local population to the Reformed faith. In his time, Lausanne also became, with Geneva, a training ground for Reformation preachers.
50
Who was Theodore Beza?
Theodore Beza, French Théodore de Bèze, (born June 24, 1519, Vézelay, France—died October 13, 1605, Geneva, Switzerland), author, translator, educator, and theologian who assisted and later succeeded John Calvin as a leader of the Protestant Reformation centred at Geneva.
51
Who invented the printing press and when?
Johannes Gutenberg around 1440.
52
When was the list of prohibited books issued by the Catholic church?
In 1559. "Index Librorum Prohibitorum"
53
When was the Roman Inquisition inagurated?
On July 1542. "Licet ab initio"
54
Who was Ignatius Loyola?
He was the founder of the counter reformation and was born around 1491 in Basque Spain. Well known for creating "The Society of Jesus" or soldiers of God.
55
Where and when did Ignatius of Loyoyla get his MA?
Loyola attended the University of Paris between 1528 - and 1535.
56
When was the "Society of Jesus" approved by Pope Paul III?
On September 27, 1540.
57
When did Ignatius Loyola die?
He died in Rome on July 31, 1556.
58
When was the papal bull "Exsurge Domine" issued?
It was issued by pope Leo the X in 1520, demanding that Luther repent of his sins.
59
When was the "Great Schism"?
1378 - 1417.
60
When was the council of Trent?
The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.
61
How long did the council of Trent extended for?
For over twenty years.
62
Sessions 1 - 8 of the council of Trent were under which pope?
Pope Paul III between 1545 - 1547.
63
Sessions 9 - 14 of the council of Trent were under which pope?
Pope Julius III between 1551 - 1552.
64
Sessions 15 - 25 of the council of Trent were under which pope?
Pope Pius IV between 1561 - 1563.
65
What two Catholic monarchs were there bad blood between?
Francis I of France and Charles V of Spain.
66
When did the religious wars finally end?
They came to a resolution form the Peace of Westphelia in 1648.
67
When was the Tudor dynasty (English History) created?
It was created in August 1485 as a result of the war of the roses between the York's and Lancasters.
68
Who was Thomas Wolsey?
He was the son of a Suffolk butcher and lived between 1474 - 1530. He obtained an Oxford education and aligned himself with King Henry VIII. King Henry made him a privy counselor in 1509, archbishop of York in 1514, and lord chancellor in 1515. Pope Leo the X made Thomas a cardinal in 1515. In 1518 Thomas was made a papal legate.
69
Who was John Colet?
John Colet, (born 1467, London—died Sept. 16, 1519, Sheen, Surrey, Eng.), theologian and founder of St. Paul's School, London, who, as one of the chief Tudor Humanists, promoted Renaissance culture in England. He also called for the reformation of the church.
70
When did Thomas Cranmer live?
1489 -1556.
71
When did William Tyndale live?
1495 - 1536
72
Who was William Tyndale?
William Tyndale (c. 1494 – c. 6 October 1536) was an English scholar who became a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known as a translator of the Bible into English, influenced by the works of Erasmus of Rotterdam and Martin Luther. He was best known for the Tyndale bible.
73
When was the "Assertion of the seven sacraments" published and by whom?
By King Henry the VIII in 1521 as a rebuttal to Luther's "On the Babylonian captivity of the church".
74
Why did king Henry VIII break from Rome?
To secure a male heir.
75
When was Thomas More beheaded?
Thomas was beheaded in 1535. Sir Thomas More, venerated in the Catholic Church as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. He also served Henry VIII as Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to May 1532.
76
Who was Thomas More?
He was Henry's Lord Chancellor and succeeded Wolsley.
77
When was Thomas Cromwell appointed as vice gerent in Spirituals?
In 1535.
78
When did Luther transfer to monastery in Wittenberg?
In 1508.
79
When did Luther earn his masters in theology?
In 1509.
80
When did Luther earn his Dr. in theology?
In 1512.
81
Who was Luther's main mentor?
Johann Staupitz
82
Who was Johann Staupitz?
He was Luther's supervisor and mentor in the Augustinian order.
83
Who was Fredrick the wise?
He was a magistrate over Wittenberg and supporter of Luther throughout the reformation.
84
Who was Johann Tetzel?
(c. 1465 – 11 August 1519) He was a German Dominican Friar and Preacher and a member of the Roman Catholic Church's clergy and was famously known for selling indulgences.
85
When was the thirty years wars?
1618 - 1648.
86
Who were the Huguenots?
They were French Protestants.
87
Since the Tudor (Henry's III) dynasty did not have an heir, who became king?
It was King James VI of Scotland. He became King James I of England.
88
What was the main goal of post-reformation?
It was to codify reformed faith confessions and creeds. Primarily, Germany followed Luther's theology, Netherlands and Scotland followed Calvin's theology. England also followed Calvin. Confessions were written to establish ecclesiastical norms.
89
What were the eras of Protestant Orthodoxy?
They were the early era (1565 - 1618), High (1640 - 1685), and Late (1685 until now).
90
What were the characteristics of the late era?
It is the unraveling of the Church and de-confession. Confessions are not important. This is highly due to the enlightenment and philosophical thinking from Locke, Humes, Descartes.
91
Who was Robert Bellarmine?
Robert Bellarmine (Italian: Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino; 4 October 1542 – 17 September 1621) was an Italian Jesuit and a cardinal of the Catholic Church.
92
When did Bellarmine publish this books against Protestants?
Between 1586 and 1593.
93
What is open theism?
Open Theism is the thesis that, because God loves us and desires that we freely choose to reciprocate His love, He has made His knowledge of, and plans for, the future conditional upon our actions.
94
What is Amyraldism?
Amyraldism is a Calvinist doctrine. It is also known as the School of Saumur, post redemptionism, moderate Calvinism, four-point Calvinism, or hypothetical universalism. It is one of several hypothetical universalist systems.
95
Who was Francis Turretin?
(17 October 1623 – 28 September 1687; also known as Francis Turretin) was a Genevan-Italian Reformed scholastic theologian.
Turrettini is especially known as a zealous opponent of the theology of the Academy of Saumur[2] (embodied by Moise Amyraut and called Amyraldianism), as an earnest defender of the Calvinistic orthodoxy represented by the Synod of Dort, and as one of the authors of the Helvetic Consensus, which defended the formulation of predestination from the Synod of Dort and the verbal inspiration of the Bible.
96
Amyraldism main theology?
Amyraldism is the belief that God decreed Christ's atonement, prior to his decree of election, for all alike if they believe, but he then elected those whom he will bring to faith in Christ, seeing that none would believe on their own, and thereby preserving the Calvinist doctrine of unconditional election. The efficacy of the atonement remains limited to those who believe.
97
What were the four Puritan myths?
1.) The kill joy. 2) The navel gazer, self analysis. 3) Mr. Daily Grind, "All work and no play". 4) Mr. Can't do no wrong.
98
What is Puritinism?
A diverse branch of Protestants. Existed in Ireland, England, Whales, and Scotland. The word Puritan arose during the "Glorious Revolution" around 1558 - 1688). Puritan was a word to mock people in England who wanted church reform.
99
When was the period of non-comfority in the English church?
Between 1688 - 1689.
100
When does Queen Elizabeth dies?
In 1603.
101
When did Queen Elizabeth take the throne and support Protestanism?
In 1558.
102
When does King Henry VIII establish the act of supremacy?
In 1534. In this act, King Henry VIII is now the head of the Church. He legitimizes his divorce to Catherine.
103
Who was Thomas Cranmer
He was the archbishop of Canterbury. Lived during (1489–1556) and created the book of common prayer.
104
Who was King Edward VI?
Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was the King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine.
105
When does bloody Mary become queen?
She became queen in 1553 after King Edward VI dies. She proceeds to launch a massive counter reformation effort and kills hundreds of Protestants.
106
When does Elizabeth issue act of supremacy and authorizes the common prayer book?
In 1559 right after she ascends to the throne in 1558.
107
When was the act against Puritans issued?
In 1593.
108
Who was James I?
James I, (born June 19, 1566, Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland—died March 27, 1625, Theobalds, Hertfordshire, England), king of Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625 and first Stuart king of England from 1603 to 1625, who styled himself “king of Great Britain.” He throws the Puritans a bone by authorizing the King James Bible.
109
What was the Synod of Dort?
The Synod of Dort (also known as the Synod of Dordt or the Synod of Dordrecht) was an international Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618–1619, by the Dutch Reformed Church, to settle a divisive controversy initiated by the rise of Arminianism. As a result the 5 points of Calvinism was drafted to refute the 5 articles of Arminianism.
110
Who was Charles I?
Charles I was the king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1625 to 1649. Like his father, James I, and grandmother Mary, Queen of Scots, Charles I ruled with a heavy hand. His frequent quarrels with Parliament ultimately provoked a civil war that led to his execution on January 30, 1649
111
Who was William Laud?
William Laud (LAWD; 7 October 1573 – 10 January 1645) was a clergyman in the Church of England, appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Charles I in 1633. A key advocate of Charles's religious reforms, he was arrested by Parliament in 1640, and executed towards the end of the First English Civil War in January 1649.
112
When was the English parliament sympathetic to the Puritans?
This was between 1649 - 1658.
113
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
Oliver Cromwell, (born April 25, 1599, Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire, England—died September 3, 1658, London), English soldier and statesman, who led parliamentary forces in the English Civil Wars and was lord protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1653–58) during the republican Commonwealth.
114
Who was Charles II?
Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651, and King of Scotland, England and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685. Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. Puritans are in trouble!
115
What were the 4 acts of the Clarendon Code by Charles II that affected Puritans?
1. The Corporation act (1661) - Excluded on-conformist from political office. 2. Act of conformity, Uniformity (1662) 3. Conventicle Act (1663) - Prohibited gathering in houses and open fields. 4. 5 mile Act - Ministers were forbidden to come within 5 miles of homes and parishes.
116
When was the Clarendon Code lifted?
In 1689 when William secured the throne for his wife Mary II.
117
Who was William Perkins?
William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English cleric and Cambridge theologian, receiving both a B.A. and M.A. from the university in 1581 and 1584 respectively, and also one of the foremost leaders of the Puritan movement in the Church of England during the Elizabethan era.
118
When did William Perkins get his BA and MA?
BA was in 1581 and MA in 1584.
119
What Puritan leader was like and RC Sproul?
William Perkins.
120
When did Willam Perkins Pastor at St. Andrews church in Cambridge?
Between 1584 and 1602. Perkins was also a fellow in Christ College in 1584. He became Dean in 1592.
121
When did William Perkins die?
In 1602.
122
What is Pelagianism?
Pelagianism, also called Pelagian heresy, a 5th-century Christian heresy taught by Pelagius and his followers that stressed the essential goodness of human nature and the freedom of the human will
123
What is Lutheranism?
Unconditional election and apposed to pelagianism and semi-pelegianism.
124
What is semi-pelegianism?
Semi-Pelagianism was promulgated in the fifth century AD by John Cassian and some other church leaders in France. It took a middle-of-the-road approach to depravity; we are depraved, but not totally so. Semi-Pelagianism allows that humanity is tainted by sin, but not to the extent that we cannot cooperate with God’s grace on our own.
125
What is the "Ocular Cathecism"?
It was a visual chart created by William Perkins which was used widely in many English homes in the 17th century for instruction in the truths of salvation. The chart points to Jesus as the source of salvation in every way. Outer bubbles represent distance from the Savior, and so the message conveyed is to look to Christ in everything.
126
What is supralapsarianism?
the doctrine that God decreed both election and reprobation prior to creation and then allowed the fall of man as a means of carrying out his divine purposes
127
What is infralapsarian?
the doctrine that God decreed predestination and election after the fall of man.
128
What is hypothetical universalism?
is the belief that Christ died in some sense for every person, but his death effected salvation only for those who were predestined for salvation. In other words, Christ died only for the elect.
129
Who was John Owen?
What Johnathan Edwards was to America, John Owen was to England. John Owen (1616 – 24 August 1683) was an English Nonconformist church leader, theologian, and academic administrator at the University of Oxford. He was briefly a member of parliament for the University's constituency, sitting in the First Protectorate Parliament of 1654 to 1655.
130
What are reformed confessions?
Framework for reformed theology and beliefs.
131
The four perspectives of codification and confession.
T-2: Church tradition co-equal to scripture (Roman Catholic), T-1: Single source of authority, tradition is subordinate to the bible. T-0: No source, only creed is the Bible with private confessions. T-00: Scripture is important but only binding in particular groups
132
What tier is westminster confession of faith?
It's a T-1.
133
What is the Belgic confession?
Originally published in 1561, The Confession of Faith, popularly known as the Belgic Confession, is a doctrinal standard document to which many of the Reformed churches subscribe. The Confession forms part of the Three Forms of Unity of the Reformed Church, which are still the official subordinate standards of the Dutch Reformed Church
134
What is the Hidelberg catechism?
The Heidelberg Catechism, one of the Three Forms of Unity, is a Protestant confessional document taking the form of a series of questions and answers, for use in teaching Reformed Christian doctrine. It was published in 1563 in Heidelberg, present-day Germany.
135
Who was Jacobus Armenius?
(born October 10, 1560, Oudewater, Netherlands—died October 19, 1609, Leiden), theologian and minister of the Dutch Reformed Church who opposed the strict Calvinist teaching on predestination and who developed in reaction a theological system known later as Arminianism.To him predestination seemed too harsh a position, because it did not provide a place for the exercise of human free will in the process of salvation. Hence, Arminius came to assert a conditional election, according to which God elects to eternal life those who will respond in faith to the divine offer of salvation. In so doing, he meant to place greater emphasis on God’s mercy.
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After his death some of his followers gave support to his views by signing the Remonstrance, a theological document written by Johannes Uyttenbogaert, a minister from Utrecht, in 1610. Remonstrant Arminianism was debated in 1618–19 at the Synod of Dort (Dordrecht), an assembly of the Dutch Reformed Church.
136
What was the Westminster assembly?
The Westminster Assembly of Divines was a council of divines (theologians) and members of the English Parliament appointed from 1643 to 1653 to restructure the Church of England. The Confession became influential throughout the English-speaking world, but especially in American Protestant theology.
137
How many meetings did the Westminster assembly hold?
1,385.
138
What were the five main documents of the Westminster assembly?
1) Directory of public worship. 2) 1645 Church Government 3) Confession of faith - summary of reformed thought 4) Short and Long Catechisms 5) Liturgical manual.
