MIDTERMS

Question 1

➔ Ordered by physicians to diagnose and monitor the
course of

Answer 1

ANEMIA

Question 2

HEMOGLOBIN Can be performed separately or as part of the
routine

Answer 2

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC)

Question 3

Hematologic analyzers to date include
hemoglobin determination as a _________ included in CBC

Answer 3

STANDARD TEST

Question 4

FUNCTIONS OF HEMOGLOBIN

➔ Main component of __________
➔ Transports _____ and __________
● When fully saturated, each gram of
hemoglobin holds ___________.
➔ _______________
➔ Binding, inactivation, and transport of nitric oxide
(NO)

Answer 4

RED BLOOD CELLS
OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE
1.34 mL of oxygen
Acid base balance

Question 5

Hemoglobin molecule is composed of two different
pairs of polypeptide chains called _________ and four
___________, with one heme group embedded in
each of the four polypeptide chains

Answer 5

GLOBIN
HEME GROUPS

Question 6

HEME STRUCTURE (2)

Answer 6

1. Heme
2. Globin

Question 7

Heme consists of a ring of ____, ______, _______ called __________with a
divalent FERROUS IRON (Fe2+)

Answer 7

carbon,
hydrogen, and
nitrogen atoms
PROTOPORPHYRIN IX

Question 8

When _________→ oxidized to ________) = CAN NO LONGER BIND TO
OXYGEN

Answer 8

ferrous iron
ferric state (Fe3+

Question 9

Each heme is precisely located in a pocket or fold of
one of the _________

Answer 9

polypeptide chains

Question 10

Hemoglobin is made up of ___________

Answer 10

4 PROSTHETIC HEME
GROUPS

Question 11

If iron is lacking (decrease dietary intake or increase
loss from the blood) → Hemoglobin is not formed
sufficiently → thus leading to _________

Answer 11

ANEMIA

Question 12

Ferrous (Fe2+) reversibly bound to oxygen

Answer 12

OXYHEMOGLOBIN

Question 13

RELAXED FORM (with 2,3-BPG)

Answer 13

[2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid]
OXYHEMOGLOBIN

Question 14

_____ is taken up at the iron atom until
each iron is bound with one oxygen
molecule → one hemoglobin molecule is
capable of binding with four oxygen
molecules

Answer 14

oxygen

Question 15

Ferrous (Fe2+) NOT bound to oxygen

Answer 15

DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN

Question 16

➔ TENSE FORM (with 2,3-BPG)

Answer 16

DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN

Question 16

In the tissues, (oxygen tensions are LOW → down
to __________

Answer 16

20mmHg

Question 17

Primarily made up of protein
● Made up of two chain combination of a, b, d, e, g, or z.

Answer 17

Globin

Question 18

● A.k.a dysfunction hemoglobins

Answer 18

DYSHEMOGLOBIN

Question 19

Unable to transport oxygen.
● Form and may accumulate to toxic levels, after
exposure to certain triggers.

Answer 19

DYSHEMOGLOBIN

Question 20

DSHEMOGLOBIN
Severe impairment =
○ If not corrected =

Answer 20

can result to hypoxia
or cyanosis

will eventually lead to
death.

Question 21

Most cases are acquired; only a small fraction is
hereditary

Answer 21

DYSHEMOGLOBIN

Question 22

Normally 1-2%
● a.k.a Ferrihemoglobin or Hemiglobin

Answer 22

1. METHEMOGLOBIN (Hi)

Question 23

Formed by the reversible oxidation of Ferrous (Fe
2+

Answer 23

1. METHEMOGLOBIN (Hi)

Question 24

Color of blood (methemoglobinemia): chocolate brown

Answer 24

1. METHEMOGLOBIN (Hi)

Question 25

Most cases of methemoglobinemia is acquired, resulting from exposure to certain drugs and chemicals such as ______, ______, _______, ________

Answer 25

nitrates, nitrites, quinolones, and chlorates

Question 26

CO (carbon monoxide) bound to heme

Answer 26

2. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)

Question 27

Has 210 times greater affinity to hemoglobin than O22.

Answer 27

2. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)

Question 28

Silent killer; a tasteless, colorless, and odorless gas - can make victimes quickly hypoxic

Answer 28

2. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)

Question 28

● Binding is reversible Carbon monoxide poisoning treatment is use of __________ in order to remove carbon monoxide in the blood

Answer 28

hyperbaric oxygen

Question 29

Color of blood and skin in HbCO poisoning: cherry red

Answer 29

2. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)

Question 30

Normally <1% ● Sulfur bound to heme (greenish pigment) ● Mixture of oxidized, partially denatured forms of hemoglobin

Answer 30

3. SULFHEMOGLOBIN (SHb)

Question 31

Color of blood (sulfhemoglobinemia): mauve-lavender

Answer 31

3. SULFHEMOGLOBIN (SHb)

Question 32

HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT IN THE LABORATORY (3)

Answer 32

1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY METHOD (COPPER SULFATE METHOD) 2. ACID HEMATIN METHOD (SAHLI-HELLIGE METHOD) Report results in grams per 100 mL of blood (g/dL) 3. CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD (HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE METHOD)

Question 33

Blood is diluted with Drabkin's reagent. Potassium ferricyanide oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Potassium cyanide provides cyanide ions to form cyanmethemoglobin.

Answer 33

3. CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD (HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE METHOD)

Question 34

The solution is read at 540mm wavelength and is compared with that of a standard HiCN solution

Answer 34

3. CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD (HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE METHOD)

Question 35

Sample: EDTA whole blood

Answer 35

3. CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD (HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE METHOD)

Question 36

Blood + 0.1 N HCI = Hemoglobin → Acid hematin (dark brown colored compound)

Answer 36

2. ACID HEMATIN METHOD (SAHLI-HELLIGE METHOD)

Question 37

SG of blood > solution

Answer 37

= Sink

Question 38

SG of blood < solution

Answer 38

Float

Question 39

. ACID HEMATIN METHOD

Answer 39

(SAHLI-HELLIGE METHOD)