WATER AND SODIUM

Question 1

Total body volume________which is _____ of our body weight

Answer 1

40L , 60%

Question 2

_____comes from the intracellular fluid volume, or _____ of our body weight

Answer 2

25 L, or 40%

Question 3

______comes from extracellular fluid volume, or ____ of our body weight

Answer 3

15 L, 20%

Question 4

Give me two extracellular fluid volume

Answer 4

Interstitial fluid volume
Plasma volume

Question 5

The interstitial fluid volume which comprises ____ or ___ of the ECF volume

Answer 5

12 L, 80%

Question 6

The plasma volume holds little weight comprising _______ or _____ of ECF

Answer 6

3L, 20%

Question 7

Refers to the water or fluid that is outside the cells but within the tissues

Answer 7

Interstitial fluid volume

Question 8

Remaining 3L present in blood vessels

Answer 8

Plasma volume

Question 9

_____ is the major extracellular cation - among the electrolytes found outside the cells

Answer 9

Sodium

Question 10

Is the major extracellular anion

Answer 10

Chloride

Question 11

______ is the major intracellular cation - it has the largest concentration in the cells

Answer 11

Potassium

Question 12

______ is the major intracellular anion

Answer 12

Phosphate

Question 13

_____is outside of the cell and ______ is inside the cell

Answer 13

Sodium and Potassium

Question 14

Concentration of ions is maintained by:

Answer 14

Active transport and diffusion

Question 15

Requires energy to move ions across the cellular membranes

Molecules move against the concentration gradient

Answer 15

Active transport

Question 16

Example of active transport

Answer 16

ATPase-dependent Na K ion pumps

Question 17

In active transport the ions will bind to carrier proteins and carrier proteins will use of _____ in order to allow substance inside and outside the cell

Answer 17

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 18

In the case of sodium, if it needs to go outside of the cell, the ______ is a good example of active transport

Answer 18

Sodium-potassium pump

Question 19

For every 3 ions of sodium needed to go outside of the cell there is corresponding entry of ______

Answer 19

2 potassium ions from plasma

Question 20

If sodium is inside the cell the body will _______if we cannot have _____

Answer 20

The body cannot monitor if we don’t have sodium

Question 21

_______ is the major contributor of osmolality in the body

Answer 21

Sodium

Question 22

_______ will be the major indicator if blood volume, plasma volume blood pressure

Answer 22

Sodium

Question 23

There has to be greater volume of sodium outside the cell because this is where our __________ and ______ depend too

Answer 23

Thirst mechanism will depend and our antidiuretic hormone

Question 24

If sodium is found outside it will be easily detected by the _________ inside the body

Answer 24

Osmoreceptor

Question 25

If cells only depend on diffusion it will also lead to ________ and ________ we will have immediate _______ since sodium is equally distributed inside and outside of the cell which should not be allowed This is regulated by the _______ which needs energy utilization

Answer 25

Poor blood volume and blood pressure regulation Will have immediate - high blood Sodium-potassium pump

Question 26

Passive movement of ions across a membrane

Answer 26

Diffusion

Question 27

Depends on size and charge of ion; Molecules move along the concentration gradient

Answer 27

Diffusion

Question 28

Whichever side has many molecules this will give up the excess molecules to the side which has lesser molecules in order to reach a _____

Answer 28

BALANCE

Question 29

For example the if the sodium content inside the cell is 70 and outside is 30 _____ of the sodium will go out of the cell so both of them are _____ This satisfies the target of diffusion

Answer 29

20 and 50 Diffusion

Question 30

What is the target of diffusion?

Answer 30

In the case of diffusion its target is to balance the concentration of a substance inside and outside the cell

Question 31

What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Answer 31

Simple diffusion Molecules goes eaily to cell membranes Facilitated diffusion The molecules will make use of a protein to be eliminated outside of the cell/to enter the cell

Question 32

Molecules goes easily through the cell membrane Molecule is transported with the use of a channel protein

Answer 32

Simple diffusion

Question 33

The molecule will make use of a protein to be eliminated outside of the cell/ enter the cell No energy will be used

Answer 33

Facilitated diffusion

Question 34

Both active transport and facilitated diffusion make use of a _______

Answer 34

Carrier proteins

Question 35

Give me the comparison between osmolality and osmolarity

Answer 35

Osmolality is the physical properties of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes Per kilogram of solvent While osmolarity refers to the concentration of solutes per liter of solvent

Question 36

Physical property of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes (expressed as millimoles) per kilogram of solvent w/w

Answer 36

Osmolality

Question 37

Concentration of solutes per liter of solvent w/v

Answer 37

Osmolarity

Question 38

Osmolality and osmolarity terms are similar because they are based on the concentration is solutes but the difference is the _________

Answer 38

Way of measuring the solvent where solutes are present

Question 39

In the healthcare setting, we use materials with L/ml measurements compared to g/kg What should we used?

Answer 39

Osmolarity is better used

Question 40

Our body depends on the ______ as one of its main marker of osmilality

Answer 40

Concentration

Question 41

The number or sodium molecules circulating in the plasma refers to ________

Answer 41

Plasma osmolality

Question 42

One of the triggers for the release of renin and angiotensin is the _______

Answer 42

Low plasma osmolality

Question 43

If there is too little solutes present in the blood, _____ Iis activated to increase the osmolality via the reabsorption of _____

Answer 43

RAAS - sodium

Question 44

RAAS means

Answer 44

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

Question 45

One of the effects of _______ is the release of _________ in the __________ Once _________ is released, one of its functions is to __________ Once______ is reabsorbed; the solute will increase in _____ therefore the _________ will be corrected

Answer 45

Angiotensin 2 Aldosterone Adrenal gland Aldosterone Reabsorbed sodium Sodium Plasma Low plasma osmolality

Question 46

What is the normal plasma odmolality Increased: Decrease:

Answer 46

275-295 mosm/kg of plasma H2O Osmoreceptors respond to small changes Increased adh Shuts off adh production

Question 47

Give me the three functions of ADH

Answer 47

It will reabsorb water If water is reabsorbed we can not urinate that often as there is ADH Our body is oriented not to urinate because it will reabsorb water as there are too many solutes

Question 48

What happens if water is reabsorbed?

Answer 48

Plasma will become diluted Once plasma volume levels are high the dissolved substances will become diluted The increase plasma osmolality will be corrected

Question 49

_________ is one of the major mechanisms in the body to reabsorb water

Answer 49

AVP OR ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

Question 50

Problem: hypersmolality and hypernatremia are related they are connected to high sodium levels

Answer 50

Adh will be released to reabsorb water

Question 51

Problem: If blood volume is low example diarrhea....

Answer 51

Thirst mechanism will be activated RAAS will be activated

Question 52

Problem: If plasma volume is extremely high (hypervolemia)

Answer 52

Reused hormone: ANO (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE) dilate vessels Excrete water and sodium

Question 53

_________is one of the causes of hypervolemia

Answer 53

Vasoconstriction

Question 54

In _______ the blood vessels will expand

Answer 54

Vasodilation

Question 55

Major electrocute concentration found outside the cell

Answer 55

Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

Question 56

______ contains many substances that may affect osmolality therefore it is not counted

Answer 56

Plasma

Question 57

Based on colligative properties of a solution

Answer 57

Freezing point Boiling point Osmotic pressure Vapor pressure

Question 58

_______must be centrifuges to remove extraneous particles

Answer 58

Turbid specimen

Question 59

An equilibrium of liquid and crystals

Answer 59

Slush

Question 60

It is possible to cool water to as low as ____ and still have liquid water provided no crystals or particulate matter is present This referred to as _________

Answer 60

-40C Supercooled solution

Question 61

Freezing can be also be started by _____ a supercooled solution with crystals

Answer 61

Seeding

Question 62

How do we used vapor pressure to measure osmolality

Answer 62

The sample is inoculated onto a solute free paper disc in the sample holder

Question 63

________ is immersed in the sample

Answer 63

Thermistor

Question 64

Monovalent cation

Answer 64

Sodium ion

Question 65

Most abundant cation in the ECF

Answer 65

Sodium ion

Question 66

What are the three regulation is sodium ion

Answer 66

A intake if water in response to thirst B excretion of water (affects ADH in response to changes in either blood volume osmolality) C blood volume status (affects sodium excretion through aldosterone, angiotensin 1l2 and a trial NATRIURETIC peptide)

Question 67

2 primary active transport

Answer 67

Na-kATPase pump Na-k leak channels

Question 68

Deficiency of aldosterone

Answer 68

Hypoadrenalism

Question 69

Low potassium levels in the body means the tubules will prioritize the conservation in potassium

Answer 69

Potassium deficiency

Question 70

______ are medications that will allow patients to lose water

Answer 70

Diuretic use

Question 71

______ are commonly prescribed with patients that have edema

Answer 71

Diuretic use

Question 72

Most commonly thiazide diuretics, the mechanism of action is to prevent the reabsorption if sodium in the tubules

Answer 72

Diuretics

Question 73

No underlying condition

Answer 73

Water imbalance

Question 74

Leads to dilution of plasma sodium that leads to hyponatremia

Answer 74

Increased water retention due to underlying condition

Question 75

The body retained water because of abnormal release of ANTIDIURETIC hormone

Answer 75

SHADE syndrome of inappropriate arginine vasopressi hormone secretiob

Question 76

There is no problem with the body of the patient but there is problem. During testing

Answer 76

Pseudohyponatremia

Question 77

Patients with high glucose or diabetes mellitus

Answer 77

Hyperglycemia

Question 78

Medication that blocks the action of the antidiuretic hormone

Answer 78

Conivaptan

Question 79

The myeline sheath of neuron is lysed

Answer 79

Myelinolysis

Question 80

Excess loss of water relative to sodium loss

Answer 80

Hypernatremia