Midterms Flashcards
(293 cards)
1
Q
Inferior is to feet as ____ is to head.
A
Superior
2
Q
The heart is _____ to the lungs but it is ______ to the sternum.
A
Medial, deep
3
Q
The ankle is ____ to the toes while the wrist is ______ to the elbow.
A
Proximal, distal
4
Q
This plane divides the body into upper and lower halves?
A
Horizontal/Transverse
5
Q
A _____ plane divides the body into right and left halves while ____ planes divides the body into equal right and left halves.
A
Sagittal, Mid-Sagittal
6
Q
The _____ plane divides the body into front and back halves.
A
Coronal/Frontal
7
Q
The heart and lungs are located in the _____ cavity while the small and large intestines are located in the _____ cavity
A
Thoracic, Abdominal
8
Q
The spinal and cranial cavities together form the ______ cavity
A
Dorsal
9
Q
Posterior is to spine as ____ is to sternum.
A
Anterior
10
Q
Supine is the opposite of ______.
A
Prone
11
Q
Name three types of connective tissue
A
Loose, Fibrous, Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
12
Q
This type of tissue lines arteries and veins
A
Epithelium
13
Q
This type of tissue insulates and cushions vital organs
A
Adipose Tissue
14
Q
This type of tissue makes up the embryonic skelton
A
Hyaline Cartilage
15
Q
Cells lining the upper respiratory tract will have small, hair-like projections called _____.
A
Cilia
16
Q
The _____ membrane is superficial to the basement or ______ membrane
A
Spiral, Basal
17
Q
Cartilage is composed of _____ and these cells are located in spaces called ______.
A
Chondrocytes, lacunae
18
Q
Cells join together to make _____ which join together to make _____
A
Tissue, organ
19
Q
This type of cartilage gives the outer ear its firm but elastic properties
A
Elastic
20
Q
A neuron has extensions off the cell body called ______ alone with another extensions referred to as a(n) ______
A
Dendrites, axon
21
Q
The mesoderm (embryonic germ layer) gives rise to _______
A
Muscle, bone, and connective tissue
22
Q
These types of muscle tissue are considered involuntary
A
Cardiac and Smooth
23
Q
Muscle attachment to the stationary bone is called the _____ while attachment to the moving bone is called _______
A
Origin, insertion
24
Q
This structure in the muscle cell stores calcium ions.
A
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
25
Actin and myosin filaments make up light and dark bands (striations) in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue called ______
Sacomere
26
The middle that contains only myosin filaments
H-Zone
27
This line separates individual sacromere
Z-Line
28
Which type of muscle doesn't contain striations
Smooth
29
Which type of muscle contains intercalated disks
Cardiac
30
Calcium binds to ______, a regulatory protein, which moves _______ exposing the myosin binding sites
Troponin, Tropomyosin
31
Nuclei and multiple mitochondria are located in the ______ of a muscle cell
Sarcoplasm
32
Skeletal muscles are made up of hundreds of thousands of bundles of muscle fibers called ______
Muscle fascicles
33
Connective tissue that surrounds muscle tissue is called _____. Connective that surrounds a muscle fascicle is called ______ and connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fiber is called _______.
Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium
34
Oblique refers to muscles that run ______ to the midine while rectus refers to muscles that run _____ to the midline.
Diagonally, straight
35
Biceps refers to ___ points of origin while quadriceps refers to ___ points or origin.
2, 4
36
Nerves and blood vessels are found in this type of tissue in a muscle
Connective
37
Nerves and blood vessels will travel through openings in bones called
Foramen
38
_____ break down bone while _____ builds up bone.
Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts
39
A axial skeleton is make up of
Skull, cranium, vertebral column, ribs
40
The appendicular skeleton is make up of
Bones of appendages, shoulder girdle, and pelvic bones
41
Give an example of a hinge joint
Knee and elbow
42
Give an example of ball and socket joint
Hip and shoulder
43
Flat bones make up the skill or ____ which protects the _____.
Cranium, brain
44
Vertebrae located in the neck region are called ____ while vertebrae located in the upper back that are attached to the ribs are called _____. Lower vertebrae are referred to as _____.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar
45
Projections found on the surface of bones are called
Processes
46
Cancellous bones is found at the ____ of long bones and are involved in making ________.
End, blood vessels
47
Large projections used for muscle attachment are called _____.
Trochanter
48
The kneecap is considered a ____ bone.
Patella
49
The shoulder girdle consists of ______ and ______.
Scapula, clavicle
50
A knuckle-like process found where bones articulate is called _____
Condyle
51
Articular surfaces are covered with this type of connective tissue
Hyaline Cartilage
52
What organs make up the central nervous system
Brain, spinal card
53
A neuron is depolarized, due to this molecule rushing into the cell
Sodium
54
A nerve impulse travels from _____ to _____ when moving through a neuron
Dendrites, axon
55
A nerve impulse gets converted from an _____ signal into a _____ signal before passing through the _____.
Electrical, chemical, synapse
56
Information taken in by the eye will travel to this part of the brain for integration
Occipital Lobe
57
Rounded surfaces on the cerebral cortex are called _____ while indentations are called _____
Gyrus, Sulcus
58
This part of the brain is involved in controlling automatic functions, such as breathing, heart rate
Medulla Oblongata
59
This fatty material that surrounds the axon is called ____
Myelin Sheath
60
The slow release of sodium ions across a neuron will cause an ________ once a certain threshold is reached
Actin potential
61
This structure allows for communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain
Corpus Callosum
62
This structure within the brain is involved in muscle movement and muscle memroy
Cerebellum
63
This Lobe of the brain is involved in higher level cognition including reasoning, expressive language, etc.
Frontal Lobe
64
These molecules enable communication between neurons
Neurotransmitters
65
Rods and cones found in the eye are an example of
Sensory organ
66
Rods the body of nitrogen-containing wastes
Urinary
67
Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland
Endocrine
68
Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act
Skeletal
69
Includes the heart
Cardiovascular
70
Protests underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage
Integumentary
71
Protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells
Immune
72
Breaks down food stuff into small particles that can be absorbed
Digestive
73
Removes carbon dioxide from the blood
Respiratory
74
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
Cardiovascular
75
Moves the limbs; allows facial expression
Musclar
76
Conserves body water or eliminates excesses
Urinary
77
Provides for conception and childbearing
Reproductive
78
Controls the body with chemicals called hormones
Endocrine
79
Is damaged when you cut your finger or get a severe sunburn
Integumentary
80
Blood, vessels, heart
Cardiovascular
81
Pancreas, pituitary, adrenal glands
Endocrine
82
Kidneys, bladder, urethra
Urinary
83
Testis, vas deferens, urethra
Reproductive
84
Esophagus, large intestine, rectum
Digestive
85
Breastbone, vertebral column, skull
Skeletal
86
Brain, nerves, sensory receptors
Nervous
87
The heart is _____ to the lungs
Medial or deep
88
The knee is ____ to the hip
Distal
89
The wrist is _____ to the fingers
Proximal
90
The mouth is _____ to the nose
Inferior
91
The thumb is _____ to the ring finger
Medial
92
The sternum is _____ to the heart
Superficial
93
The scalp is ____ to the skull
Superficial
94
The ears are _____ to the nose
Lateral
95
This body cavity contains the heart, lungs, bronchi, and trachea
Thoracic
96
This body system makes us aware and allows us to react to changes in the internal and external enviroment
Nervous
97
This body cavity contains all of the organs of the digestive system along with the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas
Abdominal
98
This body system protects the brain and organs in the thoracic cavity, supports the body, stores minerals, and allows for muscle attachment
Skeletal
99
The cranial and spinal cavities are part of this larger cavity
Dorsal
100
This organ system allows for communication between organ systems and maintains homeostasis by secreting hormones
Endocrine
101
This organ system returns tissue fluid to the blood and assists the immune system in destroying pathogens
Lymphatic
102
This body cavity is made up of the thoracic, Abdominal, and pelvic cavities
Ventral
103
These body cavities contain the brain
Cranial, dorsal
104
Simple
One layer
105
Stratified
Multiple layers
106
Cuboidal
All sides equal (cube shaped)
107
Columnar
Like a column (taller than wide)
108
Squamous
Flat
109
What type of muscles are voluntary
Skeletal
110
Forms mucous, serous, and epidermal membrane
Epithelium
111
Allows for organ movement within the body
Muscle
112
Transmits electrochemical impulses
Nervous
113
Supports body organs
Connective
114
Cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances
Epithelium
115
Basis of the major controlling system of the body
Nervous
116
The major function of the cells of this tissue type is to shorten
Muscle
117
Forms hormones
Epithelium
118
Packages and protects body organs
Connective
119
Characterized by having large amounts of nonliving matrix
Connective
120
Allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and shoot an arrow
Muscle
121
Most widely distributed tissue type of the body
Connective
122
Forms the brain and spinal cord
Nervous
123
Lines the esophagus and forms the skin epidermis
Stratified squamos
124
Forms the lining of the stomach and small intestines
Simple columnar
125
Best suited for areas subjected to friction
Stratified Squamous
126
Lines much of the respiratory tract
Pseudo stratified columnar
127
Propels substances across its surface
Pseudo stratified columnar
128
Found in the bladder lining; peculiar cells that slide over one another
Transitional
129
Forms thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells
Simple Squamos
130
This type of tissue lines arteries, veins, and body cavities, such as the lining on the inside of the stomach
Smooth
131
This type of tissue is found in the rib cage and makes up most of the embryonic skeleton
Hyaline Cartilage
132
This type of cartilage gives structures elastic but rigid properties
Elastic Cartilage
133
The free surface of pseudo stratified columnar tissue is lined with tiny hair-like projections that are called
Cilia
134
This embryonic germ layer forms the digestive tract and its auxiliary organs
Endoderm
135
The layer of tissue found below epithelial tissue is called
Basement/Basal
136
This type of cell is involved in bone formation
Osteoblasts
137
This type of fat is found in specific areas, such as the neck and is involved in heat production
Brown
138
Cartilage cells are called _____ and are located in spaces called _____
Chondrocytes, lacunae
139
A nerve cell contains a cell body, axon, and extensions called ____
Dendrites
140
This embryonic germ layer gives rise to muscles, bone, and blood vessels
Mesoderm
141
This type of tissue insulates and protects organs
Connective/Adipose
142
The skin is made up of this type of tissue
Epithelium
143
Different tissues that work together form
Organs
144
The pancreas, a ductless gland, is said to be a(n) ______ gland.
Endocrine
145
This type of substance surrounds the cells that make up connective tissue
Matrix/Extracellular Matrix
146
Epithelial tissue received substances via
Diffusion
147
Types of Bones:
Long, short, sesamoid, flat, and irregular
148
What types of bones are long bones
Arms, legs, hands, feet, clavicle
149
What types of bones are short bones
Wrist, ankles
150
What types of bones are flat bones
Skull, shoulder blade, scapula
151
What types of bones are irregular bones
Vertebrae, facial, pelvis
152
What type of bones are sesamoid bones
Patella
152
Five functions of the skeletal system:
1. Framework - Supports the body
2. Skeletal muscles - Allow for movement
3. Protects organs - Heart, lungs, spinal cord, and brain
4. Bone Marrow - Formation of blood cells
5. Bone tissue - Stores mineral salts that are essential for metabolic functions
153
Describe a sesamoid bone
Develop in tendons
154
Pelvic
Pubic, ischium, illium, sacrum, coccyx
155
Shoulder
Clavicle, scapular spine, aromia & coranoid process
156
Head process
Large round articular surface
157
Neck process
The narrow part of a bone that is between the head & shaft
158
Spine process
A sharp, slender process as seen on the back of the shoulder blade
159
Condyle
A rounded knuckle-like process located where the bone articulates with another bone
160
Trochanter
A large projection for the attachment of muscles
161
Large round articular surface
Head process
162
The narrow part of a bone that is between the head & shaft
Neck process
163
A sharp, slender process as seen on the back of the shoulder blade
Spine process
164
A rounded knuckle-like process located where the bone articulates with another bone
Condyle
165
A large projection for the attachment of muscles
Trochanter
166
Formen
A hole in a bone allowing passage of blood vessels and nerves
167
A hole in a bone allowing passage of blood vessels and nerves
Formen
168
What type of joint is a suture joint
A skull
169
What type of joint is a hinge joint
Knee and elbow
170
What type of joint is a ball & socket
Hip and shoulder
171
What type of joint is a pivot joint
Turning of skull on the spine
172
Where do you find the cancellous bone tissue
Interior
173
Where do you find the compact bone tissue
Cortex
174
Which type of tissue is bone marrow found
Epiphysis
175
What is the function of red marrow
Fat and blood cells found here in stages of development
176
Axial skeleton
Encases and protects the brain
177
Examples of axial skeleton
Skull, cranium, vertebrae
178
Appendicular skeleton
Structures attached to the axial skeleton
179
Examples of the appendicular skeleton
Pelvis bone, shoulder girdle, and bones of appendages
180
Projections found on the surface of a bone are called
Process
181
A hole in a bone that allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves is called
Foreman
182
Immovable joints are called _____. An example of where this type of joint is located is _______.
Suture, cranium
183
This type of joint allows for movement in a single plane
Hinge
184
This type of joint allows for the freest moevement
Ball and socket
185
These types of bones cells break down bone for reabsorption
Osteoclasts
186
Cancellous bone is found at the ends of long bones and are involved in the formation of
Blood cells
187
This skeleton is involved in protecting vital organs
Axial
188
This bone is found at the rear most part of the skull
Occipital
189
There are this many true ribs
7
190
The arms, legs, pelvic and shoulder girdles are part of this skeleton
Appendicular
191
This type of bone makes up the bones of the skull
Flat
192
Vertebrae are this type of bone
Irregular
193
A large projection for the attachment of muscles is called
Trochanter
194
This type of bone is embedded within a tendon
Sesamoid
195
The pelvic girdle consists of the following bones:
Illium, sacrum, coccyx
196
Phalanges are these type of bone
Long
197
The scapula and clavicle are part of the
Shoulder girdle
198
The bones in the palm of your hand are referred to as
Metacarpels
199
A round knuckle-like process found where a bone articulates with another bone is called
Condyle
200
Articular surfaces of long bones are covered by this type of connective tissue
Cartilage
201
This type of joint allows for the movement of the skull on the spine
Pivot
202
Oblique
Diagonally
203
Rectus
Straight
204
Maximus
Large
205
Medius
Middle
206
Extensor
To extend a structure
207
Flexor
To flex a structure
208
Deltoid
Triangular
209
Pectoralis
Chest
210
Gluteus
Buttock or rump
211
Brachii
Arm
212
Trapezius
Like a trapezoid, a four-sided figure with two sides parallel
213
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
Perimysium
214
Connective tissue ensheathing the entire muscle
Epimysium
215
Contractile unit of muscle
Sarcomere
216
A muscle cell
Fiber
217
Thin connective tissue investing each muscle cell
Endomysium
218
Plasma membrane of the muscle cell
Sarcolemma
219
Actin or myosin containing structure
Myofibril
220
A long, filamentous organelle found within muscle cells that has a banded appearance
Myofilament
221
Cord like extensions of connective tissue beyond the muscle, serving to attach it to the bone
Tendon
222
A discrete bundle of muscle cells
Fascicle
223
Striated and voluntary
Skeletal
224
Striated, involuntary and branched
Cardiac
225
Involuntary with no striations
Smooth
226
The membrane that surrounds the skeletal muscle
Epimysium
227
The change in concentration of this molecule causes muscle contraction to begin
Calcium
228
The attachment of the molcules in #2 to this regulatory protein allows for muscle contraction to begin
Troponin
229
This is equivalent to the cell membrane
Sarcolemma
230
This is equivalent to the cell's cytoplasm
Sarcoplasm
231
Calcium is released by this structure to begin a muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic Rreticulum
232
Where muscles attaches itself to on the more stationary of the two bones
Origin/Proximinal attachment
233
The sarcoplasm contains the following structures
Nuclei, Mitochondria
234
This type of tissue allows a path for nerve and blood vessels within muscle tissue
Connective
235
Working in pairs, muscles are said to be
Antagonistic Relationship
236
Light and dark bands on striated muscles are called
Sarcomere
237
Attachment to the bone that moves is called
Insertion/Distal attachment
238
Myofibrils are made up of actin and myosin fibers. Many myofibrils make up the
Muscle cell
239
Indentations found on the cerebrum of the brain
Sulcus
240
Functions, such as, breathing and heart rate are controlled by this part of the brain
Medulla Oblongata
241
This lobe processes information, such as, touch, pressure and pain
Parietal Lobe
242
This cranial nerve controls neck movement
Cranial Accessory
243
This structure allows for communication between the left and right hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
244
This Lobe of the brain interpret sound and language
Temporal Lobe
245
This part of the brain coordinates movement and motor learning
Cerebellum
246
This part of the brain relays sensory and movement information from the body to the cerebrum and vice versa.
Thalamus
247
This part of the brain controls, hunger, thirst and circadian rhythm
Hypothalamus
248
This part of the brain stimulates breathing and controls sleep
Pons
249
This part of the brain secretes hormones that can affect organs and glands
Pituitary Glands
250
This part of the brain controls the flow of messages between the body and brain
Brain Stem
251
What input is considered the tapping of the knee?
Sensory
252
When the information goes to the central nervous system what is the purpose of it?
Integration
253
The response or movement of the knee is considered
Motor output
254
A neuron contains many fiber-like extensions called
Dendrites
255
Site if regulation of water balance and body temperature
Hypothalamus
256
Contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction with lower brain Stem centers
Pons
257
Responsible for the regulation for posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements
Cerebellum
258
Important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation
Medulla Oblongata
259
Large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
260
Shrugging the shoulders
Cranial Accessory
261
Smelling a flower
Olfactory
262
Rising the eyelids and focusing the lens of the eye for accommodation; constriction of the eye pupils
Oculamotor
263
Slows the heart; increases the mobility of the digestive tract
Vagus
264
Involving in smiling
Facial
265
Involved in chewing food
Trigeminal
266
Listening to music, seasickness
Vestibulocochlear
267
Secretion of saliva; tasting well-seasoned food
Glossopharyngeal/Facial
268
Involved in "rolling" the eyes
Trochlear, Abducens, Optic
269
Feeling a toothache
Trigeminal
270
Reading Tennis magazine or this study guide
Optic
271
Purely sensory
Olfactory, Optic, vestibulocochlear
272
Piercing the skin
Stimulus
273
What tissue is the effector?
Muscle or gland tissue. Skeletal muscle
274
How many synapses occur in this reflex arc?
2
275
Releases neurotransmitters
Axon termital
276
Conducts electrical currents toward the cell body
Dendrites
277
Increases the speed of impulse transmission
Myelin sheath
278
Location of the nucleus
Cell body
279
Generally conducts impulses away from the cell body
Axon
280
Rounded surfaces
Gyrus
281
Three parts of the nervous system
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
3. Neurons
282
Includes brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
283
Nerves that communicate motor and sensory signals between the CNS and the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
284
Overlapping Functions:
Sensory input, integration, motor output
285
The transmitting cell
Presynaptic cell
286
The target cell
Postsynaptic
287
A vesicle at the top of presynaptic axon
Synaptic vesicles
288
Chemical messengers that are contained in synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters
289
Inside of the membrane
Negative charge
290
Outside of membrane
Positive charge
291
Causes by the movement of ions across the plasma membrane
Voltage change
292
Voltage-gated ion channels situated in small gaps between Schwann cells in the axon
Nodes of Ranvier
