Midterms Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

What Greek Philosophers chose to seek, instead of seeking for supernatural explanations

Natural explanations

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The first teachers of the west

Sophist

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A great sophist emerges in this era, a stonemason with a sharp mind, he was a brilliant debater and was idolized by many Athenians

Socrates

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This method involves the search for the correct/proper definition of a thing.

In this method, Socrates did not lecture, he instead would ask questions and engage the person in a discussion.

The goal of this method is to bring the person closer to the final understanding.

Socratic method or Dialectic method

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Socrates View of Human Nature
The [Blank] is not the body but the soul.

True self

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His real name was** Aristocles**, he was nicknamed Plato because of his physical built which means “wide/broad.

Plato

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Plato established a school called?

The academy

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Plato wrote a book entitled, [Blank], which contains the many dialogues he had with his teacher Socrates.

The Dialogues

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Plato also believed that knowledge lies within the person’s soul. He describes the soul as having three components:

The reason
The spirited
The appetites

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It is a force that paves the way for all beings to ascends to the higher stages of self-realization and perfection.

Love

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A great sinner who became a great saint.

According to him, GOD is the source of all good, without GOD man could never understand eternal truths.

St. Augustine of Hippo

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St. Augustine of Hippo quote

My soul is restless until it rest in thee

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Generally regarded as one of the most important philosophers to write in English, was also well known in his own time as a historian and essayist.

David Hume

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The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience.

Empericism

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He is a rationalist, believed that reasoning could produce absolute truths about nature, existence, morality and God. The truth that can be discovered are a “priori”, these do not rely on experiences but rather are innate in the human mind.

He is known as the father of modern philosophy

Rene Descartes

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Rene Descartes quote

I think, therefore I am

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He is also an empiricist, believes that knowledge results from ideas produced a “posteriori” or by objects that were experienced.

John Locke

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It is the process wherein conscious awareness follows immediately upon the stimulation of a sense organ.

Sensation

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A process which is the interpretation of the stimulus giving it order and meaning.

Perception

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Blank slate means

Tabula rasa

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He is the founder of German Idealism. He argued that the mind is not just a passive receiver of sense experiences but rather actively participates in knowing the objects it experiences.

He defined knowledge as a result of human understanding applied to sense experience.

Immanuel Kant

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What is the theory Immanuel Kant formulated where the unity of all impressions that are organized by the mind through perceptions.

Transcendental Apperception

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It is premised on knowledge are held in some way dependent on the activity of the mind.

Idealism

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He was an Austrian neurologist and the
founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst

Consideredthe father of modern psychology, his theories and ideas on the connections that exist between the conscious mind, the subconscious mind, the body, and the world around us are still as widely known as they were when he first espoused them at the turn of the 20th century.

Sigmund Freud

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He was **a 20th Century British philosopher**, mainly associated with the Ordinary Language Philosophy movement. He had an enormous Influence on the development of 20th Century AnalyticPhilosophy, particularly in the areas of Philosophy of Mind and Philosophy of Language. According to him, there are two types of knowledge, **knowing-that** and **knowing-how**. According to him, just knowing that is considered to be empty intellectualism. What is more important is how to make use of tis facts.

Gilbert Ryle

Husband and wife team who coined the term **Neurophilosophy**, the combination of neurology the study of the nervous system, its structures and physiology and Philosophy- thelove of wisdom in search for the truth. They believe that the man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as the self, because the biochemical properties of the brain is responsible for man’s thoughts, feelings and behavior.

Patricia and Paul Churchland

It aims to explore the relevance of neuroscientific experiments/studies to the philosophy of the mind. The issue of the brain-mind is central to this study.

Neurophilosophy

He was **a French Philosopher** who wrote books on perception, art and political thought He was the proponent of **Phenomenology of Perception**, it described the nature of man’s perceptual contact with the world. The world is a field of perception, and human consciousness assigns meaning to the world. Thus man cannot separate himself from his perception of the world.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

It is one of the disciplines in the social sciences which aims to discover ways by which the social sorrounding/environment influences people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Sociology

He was **born on February 1863 in Massachusetts, USA**. He taught grade school at the Oberlin College in 1887. At the age of 24, he enrolled at Harvard Univesity where his main interest were philosophy and psychology. During the span of his career, he wrote and published many articles and book reviews. He died of** heart failulre** at the age of **68**. According to him, the self cannot be separated from society.

George Herbert Mead

Is an approach Mead used to describe the power of the environment in shaping human behavior.

Social behaviorism

Stages of development according to Mead

* The preparatory stage * The play stage * The game stage

At this stage, children's behavior are primarly based on **imitation**.

The preparatory stage

At this stage, skills at knowing and understanding the symbols of communications are important. Through communications, social relationships are formed. The children begin to **role play** and pretend to be other people.

The play stage

In this stage, the child begins to consider several tasks and various types of realtionship simultaneuosly. Through learnings that were gained in stage two, the child now begins to see not only his own perspective, but at the same time the perspective of other around him. In this stage, the child now has the ability to respond not just to one, but several members of his social environment, **generalized other**.

The game stage

The self is not present at birth. At first, children see themselves as the center of their universe and is having difficulty understanding others around them.

Mead's Theory of the Self

Mead explained that the person's capacity to see the self through others implies that the self is composed of two parts. What is it?

The I and Me

It is a part when the person initiates or performs a social action.

The I self

It is a part when the person takes the role of the other.

The Me self

He was **an American sociologist** who made use of the **sociopsychological approach** to understand how societies work. He believed that there is a possibility that people develop self-identities based on the wrong perception of how others see them. Wrong perceptions however, can still change based on positive social experiences. He earned his doctorate degree at the university of Michigan and taught at the same university as the sociology professor until the end of his life.

Charles Horton Cooley

Cooley written work, where he disussed the formation of the self through interaction.

Human nature and the social order

Cooley stated that people learn who they are through their social interaction with other people, that the view of the self is also significantly influenced by the impression and perception of others.

The Looking-glass self

He was a Canadian-American sociologist know for his role in the development of modern american sociology.

Erving Goffman

Erving popular work, in which he wrote how he observed that people early in their sosial interaction learned how to slant their presentation of themselves in order to create preffered appearances and satisfy particular people. He called this **Impression management**

The presentation of the self in everyday life

In Erving's observation of people in everyday interactions, he sees similarities of real social interaction to a theatrical presentation.

Dramaturgical approach

It is a field of the social sciences that focuses on the study of man. This field looks into man's physical/biological characteristics, his social relationships, and the influences of his culture from the dawn of the civilization up to the present.

Anthropology

Subfields of anthropology

* Archeology * Biological anthropology * Linguistics anthropology * Cultural anthropology

It is the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.

Archeology

Deals with the study of the evolution of humans, their variability, and adaptations to enviromental stresses It focuses primarily on how the human body adapts to the different earth environments.

Biological anthropology

Studies the role of language in the social lives of individuals and communities. It explores how language shapes communications and the huge role in social identity, group membership, and establishing culturan beliefs and ideologies.

Linguistic anthropology

It is the study of how people who share a common cultural system organize and shape the physical and social world aroung them and are in turn shape by those ideas, behaviors, and physical environments.

Cultural anthropology

Ways in which culture manifest on people

* Symbols * Heroes * Rituals * Values

Words, gestures, pictures, or objects that have a recognized meaning in a particular culture. Ex. Rings-commitment; colors-have meaning that are similar in many cultures.

Symbols

Person from the past or present who have characteristics that are important in a culture. Ex. Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Darna, Spiderman.

Heroes

Activities in by a group of people for the fulfillment of desired objectives and are socially essential. Ex. Baptism, weddings, birthdays, graduation.

Rituals

Human tendencies/preferences towards good or bad, right or wrong. Ex. Respect for elders, hospitality, nationalism.

Values

It is derived from two Greek words, **psyche** meaning the *mind*, the sould and **logos** meaning to *study*. Defined as the study of the mind/soul. Defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology

He established the 1st psychological lab in **1879**. He was hailed as the **father of modern psychology** . Gave birth to psychology as **science**.

Wilhelm Wundt

Study of concious experience

Structuralism

Three basic elements of the concious experience are;

* Images * Sensation * Feelings

A psychological technique whereby one looks into and study ones' own concious experience.

Introspection

JOHN B. WATSON It is the study of the observable action and responses of man.

Behaviorism

WILLIAM JAMES It is the study of the adaptability of mans’ behavior to ones changing environment.

Functionalism

It emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts. This word is used to mean the way in which a thing has been “ placed” or “put together.”

Gestalt

It focuses on the study of how biological processes influences and affect mans’ behavior.

Psychobiological approach

It is the study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving and reasoning and the act of using these processes.

Cognitive approach

He is famous cognitive psychologist

Jean Piaget

It analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior as they respond to their environment.

Behavioral approach

Famous behavioral psychologist

Ivan Pavlov

It is a method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating emotional disorders that involves sessions during which the patient is encourage to talk freely about personal experiences. This was developed by Sigmund Freud.

Psychoanalytic approach

It emphasizes the personal worth of the individual, the centrality of human values and the creative active nature of human beings.

Humanistic approach

Famous humanistic psychologists

* Abraham Maslow * Carl Rogers

It is the study of how psychological and behavioral tendencies are rooted and embedded within culture. The mind and culture are inseparable; that people are shaped by their culture and their culture is also shaped by them.

Cultural approach

Modern approaches in psychology

* Psychobiological approach * Cognitive approach * Behavioral approach * Psychoanalytic approach * Humanistic approach * Cultural approach

Three German philosophist who founded gestalt

*Max Wetheimer *Kurt Koffka *Wolfgang

Midterms Flashcards

(75 cards)