MIDTERMS: Endocrine Disorders

Question 1

What is hypopituitarism?

Answer 1

A deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones.

Question 2

What are common causes of hypopituitarism?

Answer 2

Pituitary tumors, trauma, surgery, radiation, infections.

Question 2

What are symptoms of gonadotropin (LH & FSH) deficiency?

Answer 2

Infertility, amenorrhea, loss of libido, decreased secondary sex characteristics.

Question 2

What is the treatment for hypopituitarism?

Answer 2

Hormone replacement therapy (e.g., levothyroxine, corticosteroids, sex hormones).

Question 2

What is panhypopituitarism?

Answer 2

Deficiency of multiple anterior pituitary hormones.

Question 2

What is the most common cause of acromegaly and gigantism?

Answer 2

Pituitary adenoma secreting excess growth hormone.

Question 2

What are the types of DI?

Answer 2

Central DI: Lack of ADH production.

Nephrogenic DI: Kidneys fail to respond to ADH

Question 3

What is the difference between acromegaly and gigantism?

Answer 3

Acromegaly occurs after puberty, gigantism occurs before puberty.

Question 3

How is nephrogenic DI treated?

Answer 3

Thiazide diuretics, amiloride, NSAIDs (indomethacin).

Question 3

What is diabetes insipidus (DI)?

Answer 3

A disorder causing excessive urination due to vasopressin (ADH) deficiency or resistance.

Question 3

What is the gold standard test for diagnosing DI?

Answer 3

Water deprivation test.

Question 3

What is the treatment of choice for acromegaly?

Answer 3

Transsphenoidal pituitary microsurgery.

Question 3

What is the treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 3

Parathyroidectomy (surgical removal).

Question 3

What are common symptoms of DI?

Answer 3

Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, craving for ice-cold water.

Question 3

What is the first-line treatment for central DI?

Answer 3

Desmopressin (DDAVP).

Question 3

What is the primary function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Answer 3

Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, increasing intestinal absorption, and reducing renal excretion.

Question 4

What is the main cause of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 4

Surgical removal (e.g., after thyroidectomy).

Question 4

What are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 4

“Bones, stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans” (osteoporosis, kidney stones, GI distress, mental fog).

Question 4

What is the hallmark sign of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 4

Hypercalcemia (serum Ca > 10.5 mg/dL).

Question 4

What is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 4

Calcium and vitamin D supplementation (calcitriol).

Question 4

What are signs of hypocalcemia in hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 4

Trousseau’s sign (carpal spasm after BP cuff inflation).

Chvostek’s sign (facial twitching when tapping facial nerve).

Question 4

What is Addison’s disease?

Answer 4

Chronic adrenal insufficiency due to cortisol and aldosterone deficiency.

Question 4

What are symptoms of Addison’s disease?

Answer 4

Fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hypotension, salt craving.

Question 4

What is the treatment for Addison’s disease?

Answer 4

Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone replacement.

Question 4

What are hallmark features of Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 4

Moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity, purple striae, hypertension.

Question 4

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 4

Excess cortisol due to pituitary adenoma (Cushing’s disease) or adrenal tumors.

Question 4

What test confirms Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 4

Dexamethasone suppression test.

Question 5

What is the treatment for Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 5

Transsphenoidal surgery (if pituitary adenoma), adrenalectomy, medications (ketoconazole, metyrapone).

Question 5

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 5

Underactive thyroid with low T3/T4 and high TSH (in primary cases).

Question 5

What are common symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 5

Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, depression.

Question 5

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

Answer 5

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune destruction).

Question 5

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 5

Overactive thyroid with high T3/T4 and low TSH.

Question 5

What is myxedema coma?

Answer 5

Severe hypothyroidism causing hypothermia, hypotension, bradycardia, altered mental status.

Question 5

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

Question 5

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 5

Graves’ disease (autoimmune stimulation of thyroid).

Question 5

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 5

Weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, tremors, exophthalmos.

Question 5

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 5

Methimazole or propylthiouracil (PTU), radioactive iodine, thyroidectomy.

Question 5

What is thyroid storm?

Answer 5

Life-threatening hyperthyroidism with high fever, tachycardia, delirium.

Question 5

What is the treatment for thyroid storm?

Answer 5

Beta-blockers, PTU, steroids, iodine.

Question 5

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 5

Chronic disease with high blood glucose due to insulin dysfunction.

Question 5

What are the types of diabetes?

Answer 5

Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells → no insulin. Type 2: Insulin resistance.

Question 6

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 6

Fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or A1C ≥ 6.5%.

Question 6

What are symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 6

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss.

Question 7

What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Answer 7

Life-threatening complication of Type 1 diabetes with ketosis and acidosis.

Question 8

What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?

Answer 8

Severe hyperglycemia without ketosis, seen in Type 2 diabetes.

Question 8

What is the treatment for DKA?

Answer 8

IV fluids, insulin, potassium replacement.

Question 8

What is the first-line medication for Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 8

Metformin.

Question 9

What are long-term complications of diabetes?

Answer 9

Neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease.