MIDTERMS: Infectious Dse, HIV, and COVID-19

Question 1

What is the cause of leptospirosis?

Answer 1

Leptospira bacteria, transmitted through contaminated water or animal urine.

Question 2

What are early symptoms of leptospirosis?

Answer 2

Fever, myalgia, calf tenderness, conjunctival suffusion, headache.

Question 3

What is Weil’s disease?

Answer 3

Severe leptospirosis with jaundice, renal failure, and lung hemorrhages.

Question 4

What is the gold standard for diagnosing leptospirosis?

Answer 4

Culture and isolation (time-consuming).

Question 5

What rapid tests are used for leptospirosis?

Answer 5

PCR, Microagglutination Test (MAT), IgM rapid tests.

Question 6

What are common lab findings in leptospirosis?

Answer 6

Leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, elevated CPK, proteinuria, hematuria.

Question 7

How is severe leptospirosis treated?

Answer 7

IV Penicillin G or Ceftriaxone.

Question 7

How is mild leptospirosis treated?

Answer 7

Doxycycline or Amoxicillin.

Question 8

What are pulmonary complications of leptospirosis?

Answer 8

Pulmonary hemorrhage and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

Question 9

What is the cause of dengue?

Answer 9

Dengue virus (Flavivirus), transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.

Question 10

Which months have the highest leptospirosis cases in the Philippines?

Answer 10

July to October (rainy season).

Question 11

What are early symptoms of dengue?

Answer 11

Fever, headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia.

Question 12

What are signs of severe dengue?

Answer 12

Persistent vomiting, severe abdominal pain, mucosal bleeding, shock.

Question 13

What is the confirmatory test for dengue?

Answer 13

Dengue NS1 antigen (early), IgM/IgG serology (later).

Question 13

What is the critical phase of dengue?

Answer 13

Days 3-7, when fever subsides but plasma leakage can cause shock.

Question 14

What are the warning signs of severe dengue?

Answer 14

Increased hematocrit, decreased platelets, severe bleeding, organ impairment.

Question 14

What is the recommended fluid therapy for dengue?

Answer 14

Isotonic crystalloids (e.g., Ringer’s lactate, normal saline).

Question 15

What is the classical rash of dengue?

Answer 15

“Isles of white in a sea of red” (blanching rash with petechiae).

Question 15

What medications should be avoided in dengue?

Answer 15

NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen) due to bleeding risk.

Question 16

What is the main cause of death in severe dengue?

Answer 16

Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) due to plasma leakage.

Question 17

Which infections are common in HIV?

Answer 17

Oral candidiasis, tuberculosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP).

Question 18

What are the main modes of HIV transmission?

Answer 18

Sexual contact, blood (needles), perinatal (mother-to-child).

Question 18

What is the primary target of HIV?

Answer 18

CD4+ T cells, leading to immune suppression.

Question 18

What are the early symptoms of acute HIV infection?

Answer 18

Fever, night sweats, weight loss, oral thrush, lymphadenopathy.

Question 19

What is the screening test for HIV?

Answer 19

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).

Question 19

What is the confirmatory test for HIV?

Answer 19

Western Blot or HIV RNA PCR.

Question 19

What is the standard treatment for HIV?

Answer 19

Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART).

Question 20

Which antiretroviral drugs are used as first-line therapy?

Answer 20

Tenofovir, Lamivudine, Efavirenz.

Question 21

What is the major complication of untreated HIV?

Answer 21

Progression to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

Question 22

What virus causes COVID-19?

Answer 22

SARS-CoV-2.

Question 22

What are the WHO clinical stages of HIV?

Answer 22

Stage 1: Asymptomatic Stage 2: Mild symptoms (weight loss, oral ulcers) Stage 3: Severe symptoms (persistent diarrhea, TB) Stage 4: AIDS (severe opportunistic infections)

Question 23

What medications are used in hospitalized COVID-19 cases?

Answer 23

Remdesivir, dexamethasone, anticoagulants.

Question 23

What are the mild symptoms of COVID-19?

Answer 23

Fever, cough, fatigue, loss of taste/smell.

Question 23

How is COVID-19 transmitted?

Answer 23

Respiratory droplets, aerosols, fomites.

Question 23

What are the severe symptoms of COVID-19?

Answer 23

Respiratory failure, ARDS, multi-organ failure.

Question 23

What is the gold standard test for COVID-19?

Answer 23

RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction).

Question 24

What imaging findings are seen in severe COVID-19?

Answer 24

Bilateral ground-glass opacities on CT scan.

Question 24

What are the high-risk groups for severe COVID-19?

Answer 24

Elderly, immunocompromised, chronic disease patients.

Question 25

What are the current COVID-19 variants?

Answer 25

Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron.

Question 25

What are common long COVID symptoms?

Answer 25

Fatigue, brain fog, dyspnea, post-viral dysautonomia.

Question 25

What are the main non-pharmacological preventive measures?

Answer 25

Mask-wearing, social distancing, hand hygiene.

Question 26

What physical therapy interventions help post-COVID patients?

Answer 26

Pulmonary rehab, inspiratory muscle training, graded exercise therapy.