Migration 1 Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Reasons for vikings invading
A
Weather/Climate, Fertile land, Overcrowding and Opportunity
2
Q
Where did the Vikings invade initially and when
A
Lindisfarne 793
3
Q
When did Alfred become king and what were his impacts
A
871 AD and he made Wessex more secure and just
4
Q
What year did Vikings start to settle
A
850 (conquered Northumbria, East Anglia and Mercia by 870)
5
Q
What battle did Alfred defeat the Vikings in
A
Battle of Edington (878 AD)
6
Q
What year was the Danelaw created
A
886AD (north- eastern region)
7
Q
In 927AD what did King Athelstan do
A
Reconquered Northumbria to become the first King of England
8
Q
In 991AD what did the Battle of Maldon lead to
A
Danegeld (
9
Q
What was Alfred’s Significance
A
The rule of law (established a code of national laws including use of juries)
10
Q
How did King Aethelred combat the Danegeld
A
Married Emma of Normandy (stopped Vikings from using port)
11
Q
Who was mistakenly killed in 1002
A
Forkbeards sister at the St Brice’s Day Massacre
12
Q
What year did Forkbeard conquer England
A
1013 (Aethelred in exile)
13
Q
Why did the Vikings return to England
A
Gunhilda’s death
Danegeld encouraged invasions
Aethelred was young and in experienced
In 980AD viking raiders met no oppositions
14
Q
Who replaced Cnut after he was crowned in 1914
A
Aethelred
15
Q
Who replaced Edmund “Ironside” (Athelred’s son)
A
King Cnut
16
Q
What was Cnut’s significance as king
A
Introduced coins of equal weight to the Scandinavians (encouraging international trade)
Married Emma of Normandy bringing greater stability to England
Ancestor of Harald Hardrada
Built churches and donated to churches
17
Q
What did the North Sea Empire consist of
A
Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden
18
Q
Who succeeded Cnut
A
Harold I (1035), Harthacanute (1040) and Edward the Confessor (1042)
19
Q
What year did Edward the Confessor marry and die
A
1054 (Edith, Godwin of Wessex), 1066
20
Q
4 ways to become King
A
Son or male relative of previous king
Post-obitum
Witan ( powerful nobles) could suggest you as an heir
Force
21
Q
Four candidates for King in 1066
A
Harold Godwinson (Earl of Wessex) William (Duke of Normandy) Harald Hardrada (King of Norway) Edgar Atheling (Great-nephew of King)
22
Q
Who won the Battle of Fulford (20th September 1066)
A
Harald Hardrada defeated Edwin & Morcar
23
Q
Who won the Battle of Stamford Bridge (26th September 1066)
A
Harold Godwinson defeated Harald Hardrada
24
Q
Who won the Battle of Hastings (14th October 1066)
A
William defeated Harold Godwinson (crowned on Christmas Day)
25
Actions of William the Conqueror
Crushed rebellions due to political unrest
Domesday Book monitored all land ownership
Feudal System is a type of social and political system in which landholders provide land to tenants in exchange for their loyalty and service (King, Nobles, Knights and Peasants)
French Language
Norman Customs
500 castles built
26
Who suceeded William the Conqueror and then who suceeded him
William II then Henry I who united Normandy and England again by defeating Robert
27
Who became the monarch after William Adelin was killed on the 25th November 1120 in the White Ship Disaster
Matilda I (Henry's only other child)
28
Who does Matilda have a civil war with (1139-1154)
Stephen and then Henry II succeeded him
29
What does the Angevin Empire consist of
Normandy, Anjou (from Geoffrey), Maine, Brittany, Aquitaine (Eleanor) and Ireland in 1171
30
In 1189 who succeeds Henry
Richard and then John
31
Why did King Phillip II start to take back territory in France (1204 conquers Anjou and Normandy)
Richard was off fighting in the crusades and John (Lackland/Softsword) wasn't a good ruler
32
What is John forced to sign in 1215
Magna Carta (This agreed to respect rights of barons and Church, to stop unfair taxes and introduce fair trials.)
33
How long did the Hundred Years War last and why did Edward III start it
116 years (1337-1453)
Ancestry
France threatened to take Flanders (wool)
France and Scotland were allies
34
What were the three phases of the Hundred Years War
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Edwardian Phase (1337-1360) England won the Battle of Crecy and the Battle of Poitiers
Carolingian Phase (1369-1389) French took back some land
Lancastrian Phase (1415-1453) Battle of Agincourt
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35
Details for the Battle of Agincourt
1415, 11,000 English defeat 30,000 French due to muddy conditions and archer accuracy.
English felt God was on their side, English identity born
36
Long-Term Impact of the Hundred Years War
Used English as official language
Birth of English identity and began to see themselves as apart from Europe
Began to look at land outside of Europe
Different battle tactics
37
Short Term impacts of the Hundred Years War
Huge casualties
Higher taxes
Knights out, archers and gunpowder in
United France develops
38
In 1492 what did Christopher Columbus discover and what did John Cabot discover in 4 years later
America and Canada/Newfoundland
39
Who were Elizabeth's most trusted sailor's
Walter Raleigh, Francis Drake and John Hawkins (father of slave trade)
40
Why were plantations important
Cotton plantations supplied raw materials for British fabric industry, finished goods could be sold back to colonies.
Meant they didn't have to steal
41
When did the Slave Trade begin and why was it good for England
1619 Cheaper than indentured servants
42
What did the Slave Triangle consist of
UK would trade slaves from West African nations such as Senegal and Gambia for guns and alcohol.
Slaves traded with West Indies and America for cotton, sugar and tobacco.
43
Economic Impact of the slave trade
Supported by investors
Queen Elizabeth partners with John Hawkins
Charles II partners with Royal African Company
Many workers linked indirectly to slavery
Britain made £60m 1761-1808
44
Social Impacts of the slave trade
Towns such as Liverpool prospered, buildings built from profits
Many MP's were slave traders
Europeans felt they were above Africans
45
When did the Slave Trade end
1807: Trade abolished in British Empire
1833: Slave ownership banned
46
What was the first and second colonies in America
Roanoke: 1583
Jamestown: 1607 by John Smith
47
What were the problems with colonies in America
Conflict with Native Americans, massacres on both sides
| Natives contracted diseases such as measles and smallpox
48
Who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 and what colony did they establish
Strict Puritans (Pilgrim Fathers) New Plymouth
49
Who did Britain compete with for America
France and Nederlands
50
By 1732 the British had 13 colonies but why did America begin to rely on itself
English Civil War (1642-49) soon the economy didn't rely on British Trade
Colonies saw monarchy as outdated
Many believed in equality and didn't like being governed by a far away country as well as being part of the British Empire
51
What Acts led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773
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Navigation Acts (1651-73) - Colonies could only buy products sold from British ports
Stamp Act (1765) - Raised tax on paper and colonists forced to pay taxes to fund British wars with France
No taxation without representation (London Government)
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52
Boston Party details
Tax on tea
£11,000 worth dumped in Boston Harbour
Britain closed ports and banned protest meetings
53
What was decided at the First Congress 1774
56 reps from 13 colonies met in Philly
| AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
54
What years were the British defeated at Yorktown and was the Treaty of Paris signed
1781 & 1783
55
Impact of AWI on USA
Now a republic
Lost 25,000 men
Strong links with France
Cost of helping Americans contributed to outbreak of french revolution in 1789
56
Impact of AWI on Britain
30,000 servicemen dead
£80 million
Allies with USA
57
What year was St Bartholomew's Massacre
1572 and 1000's die
| Many fled as refugees to Protestant England
58
In 1685, what did the Edict of Fointbleau revoke
Edict of Nantes which gave Protestants freedom
| 50,000 fled to England
59
Impact of Huguenot Migration
Skilled Craftsmen, weavers, watchmakers
Set up British paper industry - bank notes
Huguenot racism
60
Why did resentment grow between Irish Catholics and settlers from England and Scotland
Saw them as invaders and the newcomers brought many changes
61
Why did King George I clear the Highlands
Stuart-led Jacobite rebellions (1715-46)
| Defeated the Jacobites at Culloder in 1746
62
What forced the Highlanders to leave
1780-1820 - 1000s of evictions
| Many starved and refusal to leave punishable by death
63
What were the impacts of the Highland Clearances
1000s migrated to Canada, America and England
| Scottish Diaspora made huge contributions around the world e.g. engineers, builders and explorers
64
Who was the first European to reach India by sea and when
Vasco de Gama in 1497
65
East India Company (established in 1600) carried what goods back from China and Japan
Silk, spices, china and tea
66
Where were the EIC's trading posts set up
Surat Madras and Bombay
67
What did Robert Clive do
Defeated Indian army at Plassey and took over Bengal in 1757
| He also made alliances with local princes in exchange for land and trade
68
Why did the EIC become less profitable from 1773 onwards
Government of India act - EIC and British government now had joint control of India with Warren Hastings becoming Governor General.
By the mid 1850s most of India was controlled by the British
69
Why did the Sepoys rebel
Unhappy at their treatment
Deployed in most risky places
Pressured into converting into Christianity
The Enfield Rifle (ammunition cartridge covered in pork/beef fat) - 58 sepoys refused to use them
70
What events are due to the Indian Rebellion
Sepoys rebel in Meerut, freeing imprisoned comrades and killing british officers
Battles fought at Delhi, Lucknow and Cawnpore
July 1857 - 200 British women/children massacred at Cawnpore
71
What was the British reaction to Cawnpore
Outrage
70,000 troops sent to India
Revenge was brutal and a year later (1858) rebellion ends
72
Why would the British remember the Indian rebellion as a rebellion rather than a munity
Mutiny; an open rebellion against the proper authorities, especially by soldiers or sailors against their officers
Rebellion; an act of armed resistance to an established government or leader.
73
Impact of the British Empire on India
Jobs (coal mining, farming due to irrigation, factories)
30,000 km of railways
130,000 bridges, mines, factories etc
£400 million invested by 1914
Vaccine programme (malaria & smallpox)
Improved sewage and water systems - life expectancy increased
Famines blamed on British because they forced farmers to grow cotton and tea
Education improved, ideas about democracy (British legal systems) and english language more widespread.
74
Impact of India on Britain (Jewel in the British crown)
Boost to industry (UK factories used Indian resources) - quarter of all exports went to India
Jobs created in Britain
Indian army fought in both world wars
Queen Victoria was a fan of tea
Indian style pavilions such as Brighton Pavilion
Words such as pyjamas, shampoo and cash
75
Opinions on the British Raj (Good)
80,000 km roads, railways schools and hospitals
12,000 km of dams and canals
New legal systems helped settle feuds between regions and religions
76
Opinions on the British Raj (Bad)
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British customs forced onto people
Local customs, language and religion ignored
Exploitation of indian workers
British seized land and resources
Resistance brutally punished
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77
Why was there a Scramble for Africa in 1870
UK dominance being challenged by USA, France and Germany
Gold, ivory and timber reported by explorers (Livingston)
Manufactured goods could be sold back to colonies
Dark continent to be englightened by spreading Christian values and setting up schools and hospitals
The invention of Quinine (1850) and the development of transport with steamships (1802) and railways (1811) encouraged colonisation
78
What was the results of the Indian rebellion
British Raj introduced (EIC no more)
Queen Victoria became empress of India
Indians however had more say in running of India
Universities set up in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta
79
Who was involved in the Scramble for Africa and the Berlin Conference 1884
France, Belgium - West Africa
UK, Germany - South and East
Portugal, Spain and Italy also involved
(African concerns were ignored)
80
How many colonies did Britain have
16 colonies - Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria and Rhodesia etc
| 32% of Africa
81
Was African resistance successful
Africans often fought to defend land but spears no match for Maxim machine gun
African success in Zulu wars (1879) was a rarity
82
Cecil Rhodes significance (1853-1902)
Established De Beers Mining Company (1888) made a fortune of gold and diamond mining in S Africa
Controlled 90% of the world diamond trade and brought wealth to the UK
1890: Became PM of Cape Colony
Believed in Social Darwinism and was imperialistic
Attempted to asassinate Boer leader, Paul Kruger, triggering Second Boer War
Introduced taxes for black people and displaced Black Africans from their land
Brought wealth to the UK and set up scholarship for 83 poor students each year to go to Oxford
83
Causes of the Boer War (1880-1881)
Boers descended from Dutch Settlers
1806: Britain invaded
1867: Diamonds discovered in Boer states and Britain ask them to unite with Cape town and Boers refuse
84
First Boer War (1880-81)
Battle of Majuba Hill
Boers wore no uniform (blended in with population)
Armed with latest German weapons
Horseback and used guerilla tactics taking the British by surprise
85
Causes of Second Boer War (1899-1902)
1886: Gold discovered in Boer states
Cecil Rhodes opens mines in Boer territory but Paul Kruger refuses rights
Failed assassination
86
Second Boer War (1899-1902)
Early Boer victories due to underestimation
Jan 1900: half a million troops against 50,000 Boers (armed with latest technology)
1902: Boers surrender and in 1910 Boer states merge with Cape Colony to become South Africa
87
What was the Scorched Earth tactic that Kitchener adopted
Farms burnt down, wells poisoned, crops destroyed
| 116,000 Boers put in concentration camps where 28,000 Boers die mainly due to disease.
88
Consequences of the Second Boer War
6,000 British troops die, 35,000 Boer troops die
Demonstrated the lengths Britain would go through to defend its empire
Attracted criticism around the world
Third of British volunteers unfit for duty - worry for future
1906: Govt acts - free school meals, free health checks for children, unemployment benefit, old age pensions (Early form of welfare state
Series of reports about extent of poverty in cities
89
How long was the Suez canal and where did it connect (1869)
164 miles and Indian Ocean with the Mediterranean
90
Why was the Suez Canal important for Britain
Vital for British trade with India
91
What was Disraeli's significance concerning the Suez Canal
Bought a controlling share after a £4million loan from Rothschild
92
What did the UK and France receive for bailing Egypt out of financial trouble
Control of Egypts ports, trade and railways
93
Why did 31,000 British troops occupy Egyptian cities including Cairo and secure the Suez Canal
Egypt rebelled against British/French interference and Britons killed in Alexandria
94
What was the brutal response led by Kitchener for
Uprising in 1884 led by Mahdi and British commander (Gordon) was killed
95
When did the British gain control over Sudan
1889
96
Why did the Irish migrate to Britain
Escape poverty
1846 - Potato Blight (1 million people dead)
Find better paid work
97
What did the Irish tend to work as when they migrated to Britain in the 1840-50s
Navvies - building canals, railways etc
98
What was the reaction to Irish migration
Blamed for diseases - Irish fever
Accused of taking jobs and at the same time considered lazy
Catholicism
Reputation for drinking and fighting
99
Impact of Irish Migration
Liverpool, Birmingham and London have high Irish populations
6 million British people have Irish ancestors
Contribution to armed forces, culture and landscape (Navvies)
100
Why did Jews migrate to Britain
17th century Jews allowed back after being expelled in 1290 by Edward I
Anti-semitic laws
Accused of Tsar Alexander I assassination
1870-80s fleeing pogroms
101
Jewish Migration Reaction
Accused of taking jobs
| 1905: Aliens Act limited Jewish migration
102
Jewish Migration Impact
Worked in sweatshops
Hard-working
Still face prejudice
103
Where were millions of South Indians sent to work
Tea or rubber plantations
104
Who and when discovered Australia
Captain James Cook in 1770
105
What and when was the first colony in Australia set up
Arthur Phillip (New South Wales) in 1787
106
What was New South Wales used for
Transportation of criminals from Britains overcrowded prisons (20,000 plus)
107
How many people left Britain between 1815-1914
22 million people (govt created schemes to encourage poorer people to emigrate)
108
Why did the population rise from 10m to 37m between 1801-1901
Better medical treatment, sanitations and food production
109
Why did people move from rural areas to urban areas
Fewer farming jobs (development of farm machinery)
| Farm work seasonal
110
Why did the British Empire end (1945-97)
UK in debt to USA - less money to maintain colonies
Colonies were less reliant on Britain
Trade with Europe and USA more important than with colonies
World wars resulted in high numbers of casualties leading to consideration of ethics
UK accused of racism (Canada independence)
Rise of nationalism
British style education informed people of democracy
111
When was the Indian National Congress founded
1885
112
How did Britain reward India's contribution to WW1
Giving 5 million rich people rights to vote
113
When and what was the Government of India Act
1935 and gave India control of everything but the army
114
When did Pakistan and India come into being
1947
115
When did Nasser of Egypt take control of the Suez Canal
1956
116
Why did UK/France withdraw their troops from the Suez Canal and Eden resign
Condemned by USA and UN and he resigned from humiliation
117
When did the UK take over Gold Coast in West Africa
1874
118
When was the National Congress of British West Africa set up
1920s and they demanded for control of own affairs
119
Who was the Independence leader in Gold Coast
Kwame Nkrumah
120
When did Gold Coast become independent and change to Ghana
1957
121
When was the Kenya African Union led by Jomo Kenyatta formed
1940s
122
Why was Kenyatta arrested
Thought to be associated with Mau Mau
123
Why was Kenyatta arrested
Thought to be associated with Mau Mau
124
When did Kenya become independent
1963
125
Why did Britain relinquish control of Palestine
Didn't want to deal with the problems between Jews and Arabs
126
When did Cyprus become independent and what was a consequence
1960 and in 1970 Turkey invaded without British protection
127
What was the last place left in the Empire before it was handed over to China in 1997
Hong Kong
128
What nations emigrated to Britain after WW2
Irish, West Indies, Cypriots, Eastern Europeans (e.g. from Russia and Germany), Far East Asians, West Africans, Kenyan Asians
129
When did the Empire Windrush arrive and how many people did it carry
1948 and 492
130
When and why was the British Nationality Act passed
1948 and shortage of key workers
131
What was the reaction to the Empire Windrush
Media referred to it as the "coloured problem"
Low paid work and racism
No Irish, no blacks, no dogs
132
What were the impacts of the Empire Windrush
By 1960, 40,000 West Indian immigrants arriving each year
Most settled in industrial cities but never in London
1962 Immigration Act limited black & asian immigrants
133
When and what was the Commonwealth Immigration Act
1968 and said Kenyan Asians with UK passports no longer allowed to enter the country
134
Why was Enoch Powell a dirty racist
Rivers of Blood speech influenced Immigration Act in 1968
135
When did Britain seize the Falkland Islands from Argentina
1833
136
Why did General Galtieri invade the Falkland Islands with 12,000 untrained men
He thought the economic problems in Argentina could be masked by a successful invasion and that faith would be restored in his leadership
137
Why did Argentina surrender
Port Stanley was recaptured
138
Impact of the Falkland War on Argentina
750 killed
| Galtieri replaced by democratic government
139
Falklands war impact on Britain
255 dead, 6 ships sunk, 34 aircraft lost
£2.5 billion
Boost in Thatcher's popularity
Reversal of humiliation of Suez in 1956
140
What was set up in 1951
European Coal and Steel Community
141
What did the ECSC develop into in 1957
European Economic Community
142
When did Britain (and Ireland, Denmark) join the EEC
1973
143
When did the EEC become the European Union
1993
144
When did Eastern European nations such as Poland and Hungary join the EU
2004
145
How many people now live in a different EU country
11 million
146
How many Eastern Europeans migrated to the UK between 2004-06
600,000
147
Impact of Polish immigrants on Poland
Ageing population
Less tax paid to government
Fewer skilled workers
Money sent home and less Polish unemployment
