Migration

Question 1

Why do people migrate?

Answer 1

Job opportunities abroad
To escape war or climate change
Better quality of life
Family reunification

Question 2

What are remittances?

Answer 2

Money made in the country of destination to send back to the family and friends in the country of origin

Question 3

What is made better due to remittances?

Answer 3

Poverty
Birth rate
Education

Question 4

What are some positives to migration?

Answer 4

Remittances contribute to economic stability
Remittances supplement household income
Gaps are filled in the job market
Skills and knowledge acquired by migrants can be shared to country of origin

Question 5

What is the importance of technology in migration?

Answer 5

Can be used for crisis mapping to avoid human trafficking

Question 6

What are some negatives of migration?

Answer 6

Racism and xenophobia 
Limited housing 
Religious clashes
Ageing population in country of origin
Loss of young workers in country of origin
Immigration policies can make it difficult to enter a country
Human rights violations
Human trafficking

Question 7

What is a bilateral migration corridor?

Answer 7

Routes regularly taken by migrants moving from one country to another which allows for an easy migration route
Globalisation has led to both increased use of traditional bilateral corridors and the creation of new ones

Question 8

What are some reasons for south to south migration?

Answer 8

Restrictive migration barriers in the north
Fast growing economies as Lidc/Edc countries have the ability to develop
Improved technology has led to a wider opportunity awareness
Reduced costs
Similarities in culture and religion

Question 9

What are the main causes of refugees?

Answer 9

Loss of homes and services
Political persecution, discrimination, human rights violations
Economic hardship
Natural hazards

Question 10

LAOS CASE STUDY

What is the largest sector of manufacturing employment?

Answer 10

The garment/textile industry

Question 11

LAOS CASE STUDY

What is a major problem the the Laotian government due to its large amount of migration?

Answer 11

Human trafficking

Question 12

LAOS CASE STUDY

How many resident Loas migrants are in Thailand?

Answer 12

930,000

Question 13

What does the Lee Migration Model depict?

Answer 13

Pull, push and neutral factors in the country of origin, intervening obstacles for the journey and pull, push and neutral factors in the country of destination

Question 14

Why has there been an increase in female migration?

Answer 14

Equality has led to girls having access to an education
More women are able to make their own money, not having to rely on their husbands
Led to an increase in high skill female workers

Question 15

LAOS CASE STUDY

Why do Laotians migrate?

Answer 15

22% of their population are farmers which holds little financial gain
Manufacturing opportunities in Thailand offer more money
Droughts in Laos has led to food insecurity

Question 16

LAOS CASE STUDY

What percentage of Laotian migrants are 18-25 years old?

Answer 16

80%

Question 17

LAOS CASE STUDY

What does the National Plan of Action for Human Trafficking aim to do?

Answer 17

Prevention - awareness campaigns, education, alleviation of poverty
Protection - repatriation and reintegration of returning migrants, shelters and counselling for women
Prosecution - investigation, trained border officials, stronger legal framework

Question 18

LAOS CASE STUDY

How has Laotian migration into Thailand strengthened ties between the two countries?

Answer 18

Laos-Thailand corporation committee - strengthened communication and trade, funding for healthcare in Laos
Mekong river commission - work together to manage flooding and hydro power projects
Rail links to not only Thailand but China and Vietnam too

Question 19

LAOS CASE STUDY

What are some positives of Laotian female migration?

Answer 19

Empowerment - make money by themselves
Support - women can now send remittances to help fund family income without having to rely on a man
Equality - women gain control over their own finances

Question 20

LAOS CASE STUDY

How have remittances improved Laos’ agriculture?

Answer 20

Money is invested into machinery - quicker and requires less man power, less likely to become over worked and ill

Question 21

LAOS CASE STUDY

What are some challenges for the people?

Answer 21

Many Laotians are travelling illegally - more vulnerable to forced labour or human trafficking
Loss of young workers in Laos - leading to an ageing population
Garment factory conditions are poor - unsanitary and low wages

Question 22

USA CASE STUDY

What is was the population of migrants in 2013?

Answer 22

41 million

Question 23

USA CASE STUDY

What places are popular for USA emigrants? And why?

Answer 23

Mexico, Canada, Uk, Puerto Rico, Germany, Australia - political, economic and historic ties, returning migrants, job opportunities, better pay

Question 24

USA CASE STUDY

What are the most common countries to immigrate into the USA? And why?

Answer 24

Mexico, India, China, Philippines - possibility of permanent residence, option for high and low skill work, better wages, ability to send back remittances, education opportunities, better services, family reunification

Question 25

USA CASE STUDY | What are some causes and effects of Mexico-USA migration?

Answer 25

Closing of ports and creation of barriers - illegal migrants have to travel through Arizona’s Sonoran desert Illegal migrants in the desert suffer from dehydration, heat stroke and liver/kidney failure Legal and illegal migrants fill the gaps in the job market that aren’t wanted by the natural population Mexico benefits greatly from remittances - currently more than 40% of Mexicans live below the poverty line Estimated there are 12 million illegal migrants in the USA - people smuggling is a large business in Mexico, $1200-$1500 per person

Question 26

USA CASE STUDY | How has the USA been improved through migration economically?

Answer 26

Contributions to the US economy by both legal and illegal migrants - agriculture, construction, low paid services Higher wages in America allow for remittances to be sent back home NAFTA has lead to more trade between Mexico and the Us - makes $1.4 billion per day

Question 27

USA CASE STUDY | How has the USA been improved through migration politically?

Answer 27

Cooperation and coordination with Mexico - border security, drug trade, human trafficking and environmental issues Joint management of the Colorado river basin and Sonoran desert Creation of NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement

Question 28

USA CASE STUDY | How has the USA been improved through migration socially?

Answer 28

Diasporas of both Americans in Mexico and Mexicans in America - growing social and cultural connectivity

Question 29

USA CASE STUDY | How has migration created opportunities?

Answer 29

25% Mexican immigrants work in manufacturing and 22% in transport - jobs Americans don’t want to do USA is able to attract highly skilled workers - 51% employment from China, 73% employment from India for business and science jobs Immigrants are consumers - generating wealth Most immigrants are young - contributing to taxes and lowering the age of a country with an ageing population

Question 30

USA CASE STUDY | How has migration led to challenges?

Answer 30

Unauthorised population has led to integration being difficult due to language barriers and socio-economic attainment 11.5 million unauthorised immigrants live in the USA Supplies of resources and services are difficult to attain in high population areas of immigrants

Question 31

BRAZIL CASE STUDY | Outline Brazil’s history of migration:

Answer 31

Forced migration due to the slave trade - 1550-1850 Europeans migrate over for the owning of coffee plantations and to create a more white and civilised country - 1550-1903 Larger sums of Europeans migrate over and some Japanese - 1904-1930 Japanese migrate over to work cheap labour to fill the gaps in coffee plantations - 1930-1953

Question 32

BRAZIL CASE STUDY | What are some push factors of Brazil?

Answer 32

Little land for housing migrants Harvest can be poor leading to hardship Low quality of life Many don’t own the land they are working on and are unable to improve it Poor healthcare Schools are poor and overcrowded Large families lead to little inheritance of land Machinery puts farmers out of their job Little government investment in poor area Experience of natural disasters - drought

Question 33

BRAZIL CASE STUDY | What are some pull factors for Brazil?

Answer 33

Better hospitals and entertainment Improved housing with electricity and water Better chances of attaining a job Better payed jobs in cities Better schools - education is important to escape poverty

Question 34

BRAZIL CASE STUDY | What is Brazil’s industry structure?

Answer 34

69% services 25% industry 6% agriculture