migration

Question 1

describe the first viking invasion

Answer 1

The Vikings made a surprise attack against King Alfred and his Anglo-Saxon army at Chippenham in January 878. Alfred retreated into the Somerset marshes at Athelney. Most of Wiltshire and Hampshire surrendered to Guthrum, leader of the
Viking army.
Four months after the initial attack, Alfred rallied local leaders and won a great victory over the Vikings at the Battle of Edington.
After the Saxon victory at Edington, both sides agreed to sign the Treaty of Wedmore. This settled the boundary between Wessex and the Viking lands (i.e. the border of the Danelaw)
Having made a treaty with the Saxons, Guthrum was baptised a Christian and took his army into East Anglia to settle there.
Wessex remained independent: it was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom to be left after the Viking campaigns.

Question 2

what is the history of viking invasions and what would they invade for

Answer 2

it started with three ships from norway and escalated into a wave of viking invaders for 70 years
They came for treasures like jewels and precious metals, which they would find in undefended monasteries. They then put them on their ships and carried them back to Scandinavia
They attacked and invaded lands overseas to get riches and slaves which they brought back to their home countries.

Question 3

why did the invading stop in 865

Answer 3

In 865 the raiding stopped, and the Vikings shifted to a full on invasion of England.

Question 4

why did the vikings invade england ??

Answer 4

AGRICULTURE

Land in the east of England was fertile. Families could settle and farm the land

TRADE

Many English towns were important European trading centres. Taking over the towns would make the Vikings rich

RELIGION

The Viking God of war and military victory, Odin, was the Vikings’ most important god. If the Vikings fought and won England, they would be rewarded in their death

Question 5

what was the problem with wessex

Answer 5

In 865, the Viking “Great Army” had landed in East Anglia. In 866 they had captured the city of York and used this as their base to launch attacks that eventually saw them controlling nearly all of the East Coast of England. However, there was one Saxon jewel that the Vikings wanted but never managed to get; Wessex

Question 6

what happened in 871

Answer 6

In 871, the Vikings had invaded Wessex but Alfred the Great, the King of Wessex, paid them to leave
In 878, the Vikings had another go at taking Wessex

Question 7

wessex invasions order

Answer 7

The Vikings made a surprise attack against King Alfred and his Anglo-Saxon army at Chippenham in January 878. Alfred retreated into the Somerset marshes at Athelney. Most of Wiltshire and Hampshire surrendered to Guthrum, leader of the Viking army.
Four months after the initial attack, Alfred rallied local leaders and won a great victory over the Vikings at the Battle of Edington.
After the Saxon victory at Edington, both sides agreed to sign the Treaty of Wedmore. This settled the boundary between Wessex and the Viking lands (i.e. the border of the Danelaw)
Having made a treaty with the Saxons, Guthrum was baptised a Christian and took his army into East Anglia to settle there.
Wessex remained independent: it was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom to be left after the Viking campaigns.

Question 8

what was the viking experience like

Answer 8

CRAFTS / TRADES
THERE WERE WORKSHOPS IN THE VILLAGES FOR DIFFERENT CRAFTS E.G WEAVERS, WOOD WORKERS SILVER SMITHS
ENTERTAINMENT <3
TOLD STORIES (SAGAS) A MIX OF HISTORY WITH IMAGINATION PLAYED CHESS AND DRAUGHTS + AND CREATED MUSIC PIPES , FLUTES FIDDLES ETC

TRADE- PEOPLE BOUGHT AND SOLD GOODS LOCALLY NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY

HOUSES- PEOPLE LIVED IN LONG HOUSE’S WITH THATCHED ROOVES MADE FROM WOOD/ STONE THERE WAS A FIRE IN THE MIDDLE !!

LAW AND ORDER!!
THINGS WERE HELD WHICH LOCAL REGONIAL MEETINGS HERE LAWS WERE MADE AND PEOPLE ACCUSED OF CRIMES AND PUNISHED IF THEY WERE FOUND GUILTY

Question 9

Due to very little evidence being found what archelogical evidence have historians discovered

Answer 9

Historians have discovered that 5 Danish armies settled with their families in Mercia, Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford. Each of these areas was run as a small kingdom…

Question 10

impacts vikings had !!

Answer 10

Vikings spoke a language we now call Old Norse. The English language we speak today is similar in grammar and word structure to Old Norse. Modern English also contains a lot of Old Norse Words
goverment and law!!

Government and law
Viking Assemblies called ‘Things’ were public meetings of free men where laws were decided by voting. These were courts were alleged criminals were tried by Thing members. Vikings divided the area of the Danelaw (now Yorkshire) into 3 administrative areas. These areas stayed the same until 1974.
Woman had almost equal rights with men. They could own, inherit land and could speak at Things.

Question 11

did vikings settle in lands they raided?

Answer 11

Some Vikings settled in the lands that they raided. They came to England after 793, and then to Northern France, where they established Normandy (the land of the Northman) in the early 10th century.

Question 12

what did this lead to

Answer 12

This led to Scandinavian, mainly Danish, migrants travelling to Britain from the 9th century onwards. They often settled in eastern half of England. The Anglo-Saxons, who formed the majority of the people of England at that time, fought back, and Alfred, the King of Wessex, defeated the Vikings’ Great Heathen Army in 878 at the Battle of Edington.

Question 13

how did it start??

Answer 13

The first phase began in January 1066 when the childless King Edward the Confessor of England died. His brother-in-law Harold was elected king, an election contested by Edward’s Norman cousin William, Duke of Normandy, better known as ‘the Conqueror’, who laid claim to the English throne.

Question 14

williams claims !!

Answer 14

he stated within 1064 harold godwinson made him a solemn promise that he would be king when edward died
edwards mother was he’s great aunt
in 1051 the arch bishop of cantenbury told him edward made him he’s heir
support of the pope as harold broke his promise thus meaning he had god upon he’s side

Question 15

differences and similarties between norman and viking attacks !

Answer 15

viking invasions (differences)
started off as small scale raids
invaded the east coast

similarties !!
ended up with viking and norman kings
had to cross water to arrive by ship

norman (diffrences)
established a long lasting rule
william argued he was invited to rule

Question 16

the experiences of normans!!

Answer 16

unlike the vikings the normans did not invade to live alongside the anglo saxons they came inorder to control

Question 17

what did they do in 1067 - 1071

Answer 17

the normans had to find a way to subjugate the english population (bring under control) and get complete control of new kingdom

Question 18

how did the normans maintain control

Answer 18

William set up a Feudal System in England (you might
have heard of this before). It was a simple, but effective
system, where all land was owned by the King. One
quarter was kept by the King as his personal property,
some was given to the Church and the rest leased out
under strict controls.
king
nobels
knights
peasents

castles
William built castles to protect his barons from attacks from unhappy Englishmen. The first castles were
called motte and bailey castles. Each castle took 7-14 days to build and by 1086, William’s barons had
built over 100 castles
he barons and their soldiers used the castle as a base to control the local area, trade and collect taxes.
Wooden motte and bailey castles helped William to quickly control the English BUT they burned easily
and they rotted. Later castles were built from stone. These stone castles were impressive and showed
everyone the baron was in charge and it was also a safe place from which to rule the local area.

domesday book !
Domesday is Britain’s earliest public record. It contains the results of a huge survey of land and landholding commissioned by William I in 1085.

harrying of the north

Many Anglo-Saxons opposed the Norman Conquest and William faced a series of rebellions. The biggest rebellion was in York in 1069. It was led by Edgar the Atheling, and he was joined by Danish and Scottish armies. They were posing a real challenge to William’s control of the north of England.

William defeated the rebellion, but he still didn’t trust the rebels. He came to an agreement with the Danes, paying them to leave the country if they left without a fight. He was significantly less lenient with the English. In the north-east of England, from 1069 to 1070, William ordered villages to be burned to the ground, farm animals to be slaughtered, and crops to be destroyed. This is called the Harrying of the North. Thousands of people were killed and many more died of starvation over the next few years. Edgar survived the slaughter and fled to Scotland.

Answer 19

The landscape changed. Huge castles dominated the countryside & the centre of some cities. Stone-built cathedrals and churches, monasteries and abbeys could be seen. In large areas of northern England villages had been destroyed and nothing grew in the areas burnt and devastated by the Harrying of the North

Land ownership changed when William introduced the feudal system. Everyone owed an obligation or duty to the person above them in the system and were given protection in return. By 1087, only two of the great landowners were English; all the rest were Norman. The new landowners created deer parks & planted vineyards. Slavery was abolished after the Domesday book revealed that 10% of those working on the land were slaves.

The Church changed when William replaced all but one of the 16 Saxon bishops with Norman ones. A hierarchy was constructed much like the feudal system, with Archbishop Lanfranc at the top & parish priests at the bottom. By 1200, all the wooden Saxon churches had been replaced by stone ones. Links with Christendom grew as members of religious orders migrated to England to found monasteries and abbeys.

Language changed. The Norman rulers spoke a language, now called Old French, which only they understood. For some time, the rulers and the ruled spoke in separate languages. Gradually the languages came together. New words like ‘pork’ and ‘beef’ were used to describe meat from pigs and cows. Norman first names such as Robert, Richard and William began to be used for children.
Laws changed what people could do.

(i) Forest Laws protected William’s hunting. Many English forests were made ‘royal forests’. William created the ‘New Forest’ in Hampshire, destroying several villages to do so. Only the King and his friends could hunt in these new forests. Ordinary people could not and there were severe punishments for poaching.

(ii) Murdrum was a fine enforced by law. It was imposed on any hundred where a Norman was killed and the murderer had not been caught.

Question 20

what happened prior to the norman invasions in 1066 and what did king william want to do

Answer 20

Prior to the Norman invasion of 1066, there were very few, if any Jewish people living in England. After about 1070, they arrived in very small groups (ones and twos) and then as whole families.

As we well know, King William wanted to stamp his authority over the country by building castles and cathedrals. To build these things though, he needed to borrow huge sums of money. The only people he could borrow from was from Jewish communities.

Question 21

why would william have to borrow from the jewish communities ?

Answer 21

england was a catholic country , in medival times the pope forbade christians from charging interests in any loans , this was called usury and the pope claimed it was a sin
jewish people did not recognise the authority of the pope so they didnt have to follow the rules

Many Jewish people became moneylenders. They could lend people money while making money themselves from charging interest on the loans. This made Jewish people incredible useful members of society.

William realised Jewish moneylenders could help him with his castle/cathedral building plans in England if they lent him money.

So William invited a group of Jewish merchants from Rouen (Normandy) to come to England. William would benefit by getting loans and the Jewish merchants would benefit by charging interest & becoming rich.

This led to many other Jewish people following and settling in London then in towns across England as moneylenders (bankers)

Question 22

the jewish experience !!

Answer 22

Jewish communities were established in towns and cities across england , those involved in money lending became extremely rich which made a reasonable living in other trades (such as cheese makers and fishmongers) however others were extremely poor like saxons and normans who had migrated before

naturally jewish communities often migrated together within seperate parts of towns and villages these areas became known as jewries and communities set up their own keihlas kosher buchers

However, after a period of time, Jewish communities began to experience prejudice behaviour towards them. As they were the only non-Christian group of people living in England, this caused tension between Jewish and Christians which sometimes boiled over into open hostility. Also, the Church of the time taught that Jesus was killed by a Jewish group and this did not make the situation any better.

Finally, this was a period where religious warfare was accepted and actually promoted. The Catholic church was waging a series of Crusades (religious wars) against Muslims because they didn’t believe in the word of God. In theory, Jewish people also were ‘unbelievers so many believed the Catholic church would welcome violence against the Jewish communities. On 3rd September 1189, mobs attacked the Jewish quarter in London murdering 30. Violence continued and hundreds were killed over the next few years.

In 1265, the Pope allowed Italian bankers to charge interest meaning English Kings didn’t have to rely on Jewish bankers or to protect them. Jewish bankers were increasingly persecuted. In 1275, Edward I made a law (the Statute of Jewry) that banned Jews from collecting interest. This made many virtually penniless overnight. In 1290 though, Edward I ordered all Jewish people in England to convert to Christianity or leave England for ever. Some converted but perhaps as many as 3,000 were forced to walk to the south coast where they were shipped to Europe. It was another 400 Years before Jewish people were allowed back in England.

Question 23

how did the jewish migration contribute to england

Answer 23

The Jewish community lent a lot of money to monks to build Fountains Abbey

The city of Oxford benefitted from Jewish money. E.g. Merton College was founded by a wealthy Jew called Jacob of Oxford

Many new businesses were started because Jewish people loaned money to local businessmen

Many English monarchs continued to borrow money from Jewish moneylenders. This would also help them keep tax low for their Barons

Many new businesses were started because Jewish people loaned money to local businessmen

Question 24

why did people from lombardy and low countries migrate to england

Answer 24

Many migrants came to England from the Low Countries, several small states in what is now Belgium and the Netherlands. Many came as refugees from war as it was only a short sea journey to England, where conditions were more peaceful and wages were better.

Question 25

what were skilled workers like within the low countries

Answer 25

Most migrants from the Low Countries worked in the south-east of England
It was easy for them to find all sorts of trade in England as the Black Death of 1348-51 had killed many workers

Weaving was one of the jobs that workers from the Low Countries did. Historically, English sheep produced excellent wool which was exported to the Low Countries were it was woven into cloth. Rather than pay to export the wool, it made more sense to move the weavers to England where more money could be made by selling the high-quality cloth that they made

King Henry III actually invited weavers from the Low Countries to move to England

Question 26

experiences of these migrants in england !! <3

Answer 26

Most migrants from the Low Countries found work
in south-east England, although many established
themselves and their families further afield.
* Labouring work, whether in industries such as brickmaking or in farming, was easy to find, especially
after the Black Death* of 1348–51.
* Many migrants were skilled craftsmen. Many saddlers,
tailors, brewers and shoemakers either found work
with established companies or set up on their own.
Weavers were a special group of migrants. English
sheep produced excellent wool. This was exported
to the Low Countries where it was woven into
high-quality cloth.
Although English kings taxed every woolsack (literally a
sack of wool) exported, they realised they would make
more money if the weavers from the Low Countries
were invited to weave cloth in England. There was more
money to be made exporting high-quality cloth!
In 1270, King Henry III was the first monarch to invite

many craft guilds beleived migrants were stealing their jobs and selling goods like cloth at lower prices than them which led to hostility

merchants belonging to the

Question 27

why people from lombardy migrated??

Answer 27

’ve been to England many
times. The sea crossing is
quick and easy; much better
than making a difficult and
dangerous overland journey to
somewhere I don’t know.

The Black Death wiped out
over half of the population of
England. There will be plenty
of work.

Wages in England are high
because there werent enough
people to do the work.
These riots and rebellions
mean I can’t be sure of regular
work. I would do better setting
up somewhere else.

In the 1330s large numbers of weavers emigrated to England from the
Low Countries. This was for two main reasons: Edward III allowed them
to set up their own guild* if the English weavers proved difficult; and he
temporarily banned the export of English wool so that weavers from the
Low Countries would have to come to England if they wanted to carry on
weaving high-quality cloth.

Question 28

what did bankers from lombardy do???

Answer 28

Rich banking families from Lombardy began arriving in England in the
1220s, settling with their families.

They had heard that there were problems with the Jewish moneylenders.

So they planned to take over from them, lending money to kings and
businesses. In doing so, they intended to make huge profits because of the
interest they would charge

Question 29

The Lombardy
bankers were Christians and medieval popes banned
usury. How had they got round this in Italy and what
were they going to do in England?

Answer 29

The bankers simply used a loophole in the ruling
that allowed them to pay a fine for charging interest
on loans. The fine was far less than the interest they
charged. Finally, in 1265, the Pope allowed Christians to
charge interest. Lombardy bankers and their families
looked forward to living very prosperous lives in
England.

Question 30

why did protestants and hugenots migrate

Answer 30

he 1560s Walloons from what is now Belgium were suffering under the Spanish Catholic rule of the Duke of Alba.
After the Massacre of St Bartholomew’s Day in Paris in 1572, when over 10,000 Huguenot Protestants were murdered, many fled to England.

A second, larger, wave of Huguenots fled from France in the 1680s when King Louis XIV revoked a previous royal edict protecting Protestants and they were again attacked. Many Huguenots had difficult and dangerous journeys, escaping France and crossing to England by sea.

The final wave of Protestant refugees were the Palatines from the Middle Rhine, part of which is now Germany. They were suffering under French Catholic landlords and very poor harvests. They came because of a 1708 law, the Foreign Protestants Naturalisation Act, which invited European Protestants to come and settle in Britain.

Some Palatines also migrated because they hoped to travel from England to a new life in North America.

Question 31

why did the hugenots and protestants experiences

Answer 31

Although some were rich, with relatives already living here, many refugees were poor and dependent on handouts. The Anglican Church organised collections of money to help to support them.

Walloons and Huguenots settled mainly in London and the south-east of England, often setting up communities in distinct areas such as Soho in London. In addition to their religion, Walloons and Huguenots were also welcomed because they brought much-needed skills and wealth that helped boost England’s economy. One particular skill was wool and silk weaving. In places like Canterbury and Spitalfields in East London, Huguenot entrepreneurs employed large numbers of poorer Huguenots as their weavers.

Question 32

what did hugenots and protestamts , walloons bring to england

Answer 32

They also introduced many other skills to England, such as feather and fan work, high-quality clockmaking, woodcarving, papermaking, clothing design and cutlery manufacture

Not all Protestant refugees received the same welcome as the majority of Huguenots and Walloons. When 13,000 Palatine Germans arrived in the Thames estuary in 1709, £20,000 was raised by church congregations to support them because they were seen as fellow Protestants. However, their initial welcome did not last.

They arrived at a time of rising poverty in England with high food prices and rising taxes. Local authorities in London feared that Palatines would be classed as ‘vagrants’ that by law they would have to support under the Poor Laws. When it was discovered that a third of the immigrants were in fact Catholics and arriving because of poverty and not persecution, sympathy for them drained away.

In the short-term, the Government set up refugee camps in Blackheath and Clerkenwell. The long-term plan was to ship the Palatine Germans to America but, when that proved too expensive, they decided to send them to Ireland instead. A few refused and managed to find their way to America. Most returned to their homeland, leaving a very few to try to survive in England. For those 3000 that did go to Ireland, it was a disaster.

hugenots were allowed their own churches this helped society to become more open to religoud differences

Question 33

why did jewish people migrate to england again

Answer 33

Oliver Cromwell’s rule: In the mid-17th century, during the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell and the Parliamentarians emerged victorious. Cromwell’s government allowed Jews to return to England in 1656, officially ending the nearly 400-year expulsion.

Economic opportunities: Many Jewish individuals were drawn to England because of the economic opportunities available there. England was experiencing rapid economic growth during the Industrial Revolution, and Jewish immigrants saw potential for success in various sectors, including finance, trade, and manufacturing.

Religious tolerance: The atmosphere in England became more tolerant towards religious diversity compared to previous centuries. Although anti-Semitism still persisted, Jewish people found relatively more acceptance and freedom to practice their faith in England than in other parts of Europe.

Intellectual and cultural contributions: Jewish migrants brought with them their unique intellectual and cultural contributions, enriching the English society in various fields, including academia, arts, sciences, and literature.

Question 34

what impacts did migrants have

Answer 34

Economic contributions: Jewish migrants played a significant role in England’s economic development. Many Jewish individuals were involved in finance, trade, and industry, contributing to the growth of the economy. They established businesses, engaged in international trade networks, and made significant investments, helping to stimulate economic activity.

Cultural and intellectual enrichment: Jewish migrants brought with them their unique cultural traditions, intellectual pursuits, and educational backgrounds. They made notable contributions to the arts, sciences, literature, and academia, enriching English culture. Jewish individuals have made important contributions to fields such as literature (e.g., Harold Pinter), music (e.g., Gustav Holst), and science (e.g., James Goldsmith).

Religious diversity and tolerance: The presence of Jewish migrants helped foster a more diverse and tolerant society in England. Their settlement and practice of Judaism demonstrated a broader acceptance of religious diversity and contributed to the gradual erosion of anti-Semitic attitudes. This, in turn, influenced the development of a more inclusive and multicultural society.

Social and philanthropic endeavors: Jewish migrants actively participated in philanthropic efforts, establishing charities and organizations to support various causes. They contributed to social welfare initiatives, healthcare, education, and poverty alleviation. Many Jewish individuals became influential in philanthropy and actively worked towards improving society.

Political participation: Jewish migrants also played a role in political life. They became involved in politics, advocating for their rights, promoting social justice, and fighting against discrimination. Jewish individuals held positions in government, and their presence helped shape public discourse on important issues.

Holocaust awareness and education: The migration of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust to England had a profound impact on raising awareness about the atrocities committed during World War II. Their experiences and testimonies contributed to Holocaust education and remembrance efforts, ensuring that future generations learned from the past and worked towards preventing such atrocities.

Question 35

why did afircan migrants come in the early modern period

Answer 35

Transatlantic Slave Trade: The transatlantic slave trade involved the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas, including the British colonies. Africans were captured, sold, and transported across the Atlantic to work on plantations and in other industries, primarily in North and South America and the Caribbean. This brutal and exploitative system resulted in the displacement and forced migration of countless Africans.

Colonialism and Exploration: African migration was also influenced by European colonialism and exploratory ventures. European powers, including Britain, established colonies and trading posts in Africa. African individuals were often brought to European countries as servants, attendants, or companions to colonial administrators or explorers. These individuals sometimes stayed in Europe or were later sent back to Africa.

Economic and Trade Opportunities: Some Africans migrated voluntarily or were coerced into migration due to economic prospects and trade opportunities. They may have worked as sailors, merchants, or laborers in the shipping and trade industries, facilitating the exchange of goods between Europe and Africa.

Cultural Exchange and Diplomacy: African elites and representatives sometimes traveled to European countries during the Early Modern period. These individuals engaged in diplomatic missions, cultural exchanges, or sought to build alliances with European powers. Their travels contributed to the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and cultural practices.

Conversion and Religious Motivations: African individuals, particularly from regions such as West Africa, also migrated to Europe due to religious motivations. Some individuals converted to Christianity and joined European religious institutions or missionary efforts. These conversions often facilitated cultural and intellectual exchanges between Africans and Europeans.

It’s important to note that the experiences of African migrants during this period were marked by extreme disparities, with the majority being forcibly enslaved and subjected to inhumane conditions. African migrants faced racism, exploitation, and the loss of their freedom and cultural identities.

The Early Modern period played a significant role in shaping the historical context and legacy of African migration, particularly regarding the transatlantic slave trade. The forced migration of Africans as slaves had a profound and lasting impact on the demographic, social, and cultural landscapes of both Europe and the Americas.

Question 36

why did slaves come to england

Answer 36

Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: Many black servants in England during the Early Modern period were enslaved individuals who were brought to the country as a result of the transatlantic slave trade. England had significant involvement in the slave trade, and enslaved Africans were often taken to the British colonies in the Americas. Some of these individuals were then brought to England by their enslavers, either as personal servants or as part of the household staff.

Domestic Service and Labor: Black servants were sought after in England for their perceived skills and abilities in domestic service. They were employed as household servants, working in the homes of wealthy individuals, nobility, and members of the gentry. They served in various roles, such as butlers, maids, cooks, footmen, and valets.

Exoticism and Fashionable Status: In some cases, the presence of black servants in households was seen as fashionable and a sign of wealth and social status. The association of black servants with exoticism and novelty made them sought after by the upper classes as a means of displaying their wealth and cosmopolitan connections.

Diplomatic and Colonial Encounters: Black servants also came to England through diplomatic and colonial encounters. African individuals were sometimes brought to England as attendants, companions, or interpreters for diplomats, colonial administrators, or explorers. These individuals played a role in facilitating communication, cultural exchange, and diplomatic relations between England and African regions.

Influence of Colonialism and Empire: England’s colonial activities and expansion during the Early Modern period created opportunities for Africans to be brought to the country. With the establishment of colonies in Africa and the Caribbean, some Africans were taken to England as part of the colonial administration or for specialized tasks related to colonial ventures.

It is important to note that the experiences of black servants in England during the Early Modern period were varied. Some may have faced exploitation, discrimination, and harsh treatment, while others may have had relatively better living and working conditions. The status and treatment of black servants were influenced by social, economic, and cultural factors, as well as the attitudes prevailing in English society at the time.

Question 37

why did morocan migrants come to england

Answer 37

Trade and Commerce: Morocco had a thriving trade network with Europe, and Moroccan merchants played a significant role in international trade during that time. Some Moroccans traveled to London to engage in commercial activities, establishing trade connections and participating in the exchange of goods and commodities.

Diplomatic Relations: Morocco had diplomatic relations with England during the Elizabethan era. Moroccan ambassadors and envoys visited London as part of diplomatic missions, seeking to establish political alliances, negotiate trade agreements, and foster cultural exchanges. Their presence in London added to the cosmopolitan atmosphere of the city and facilitated diplomatic interactions.

Cultural Exchange and Curiosity: Elizabethan London was a hub of cultural exchange, attracting individuals from diverse backgrounds. The presence of Moroccans in the city contributed to this cultural tapestry, sparking curiosity and interest in Moroccan culture, customs, and traditions. Their influence could be seen in the adoption of Moroccan fashion, food, and other aspects of material culture by Elizabethan society.

The Moors in Elizabethan Literature: The presence of Moroccans in Elizabethan London had an impact on literature and the arts. Moors, often portrayed as exotic characters, were featured in Elizabethan plays, such as Shakespeare’s “Othello.” These portrayals reflected the fascination with the “Other” and the cultural cross-pollination happening in London at the time.

Intellectual and Scientific Exchange: Moroccans who came to London during the Elizabethan period contributed to intellectual and scientific exchanges. They shared knowledge in various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, enriching the intellectual landscape of the city.

Question 38

c1700 servants

Answer 38

ansatlantic Slave Trade: The transatlantic slave trade was still ongoing during this period, and African servants in England were often individuals who had been enslaved and brought to the country. They were part of the vast network of enslaved Africans who were forcibly transported from Africa to work in the British colonies, including the Caribbean and North America. Some of these individuals were later brought to England by their enslavers, either as personal servants or for specific tasks.

Domestic Service: African servants were sought after for domestic service in England during the 18th century. Many wealthy households employed African servants as domestic workers, such as butlers, valets, chambermaids, cooks, and footmen. They were valued for their perceived skills, strength, and exotic appeal.

Fashion and Exoticism: The presence of African servants in households was seen as fashionable and a symbol of wealth and cosmopolitanism. The association of African servants with exoticism and novelty made them desirable to the upper classes as a way to showcase their status and connections.

Diplomatic and Colonial Encounters: African servants also arrived in England through diplomatic and colonial encounters. They were brought as attendants, companions, or interpreters for diplomats, colonial administrators, or explorers. Their presence facilitated communication, cultural exchange, and diplomatic relations between England and various African regions.

Influence of Colonialism and Empire: England’s colonial activities and the establishment of colonies in Africa and the Americas created opportunities for African servants to be brought to England. Some Africans served in the households of colonial administrators or were employed for specialized tasks related to colonial ventures.

It is important to note that the experiences of African servants in England during this period varied. While some may have faced exploitation, discrimination, and harsh treatment, others may have had relatively better living and working conditions. The treatment and status of African servants were influenced by social, economic, and cultural factors prevailing in English society at the time.

Regenerate response

Question 39

indian migrants

Answer 39

Trade and Commerce: India was a major center of trade and commerce during the Early Modern period, known for its valuable goods such as textiles, spices, and precious metals. Indian merchants and traders established networks with European counterparts, including those in England. Some Indians migrated to England to engage in trade and take advantage of the expanding global market.

Diplomatic and Colonial Relations: England had diplomatic and colonial relations with various regions in India during the Early Modern period. Indian nobles, diplomats, and representatives traveled to England as part of diplomatic missions or as envoys of local rulers. Their presence facilitated political alliances, trade agreements, and cultural exchanges between India and England.

Colonial Administration: As England established colonial rule in parts of India, Indian individuals were brought to England to serve in the colonial administration. They were employed as clerks, translators, interpreters, or in other administrative roles. Some Indians who migrated to England in this context were exposed to European education and ideas, which influenced their perspectives and contributed to intellectual and cultural exchanges.

Cultural Curiosity and Display: The presence of Indian individuals in England during the Early Modern period also sparked curiosity and fascination among the English population. Indian servants, courtiers, and other individuals were sometimes brought to England as a display of exoticism and to showcase the wealth and cosmopolitan connections of their employers. Their presence contributed to the cultural diversity and cross-cultural influences in English society.

Intellectual and Cultural Contributions: Indian migrants who arrived in England during this period made significant contributions to various fields, including literature, science, and philosophy. Some Indians, such as the scholar and translator Sake Dean Mahomet, left a lasting impact on English intellectual and cultural life.

The experiences of Indian migrants in Early Modern England varied depending on their social status, occupation, and individual circumstances. While some individuals may have encountered favorable conditions, others faced prejudice, discrimination, and challenges due to their foreign origin. It is important to recognize that the experiences of Indian migrants were shaped by power dynamics, colonialism, and the prevailing attitudes and perceptions prevalent in English society at the time.

Question 40

indian migrants impact

Answer 40

Cultural Exchange: Indian migrants brought with them their rich cultural traditions, including art, music, cuisine, and religious practices. Their presence contributed to a broader cultural exchange, influencing English society and challenging traditional norms. Indian textiles, spices, and other goods also introduced new flavors and styles to the English market.

Intellectual and Cultural Contributions: Indian migrants made significant contributions to various fields, including literature, science, and philosophy. They shared knowledge, ideas, and perspectives that influenced intellectual discourse and expanded the horizons of English society. For example, translations of Indian texts and engagement with Indian philosophy and spirituality had a lasting impact on English intellectual thought.

Economic Contributions: Indian merchants and traders played a crucial role in the expanding global trade network. They facilitated the exchange of goods between India and England, contributing to the growth of England’s economy. The trade connections established by Indian migrants opened up new economic opportunities and enriched the English commercial landscape.

Influence on Fashion and Material Culture: Indian textiles, particularly those from regions like Bengal and Gujarat, were highly valued and sought after in England. The introduction of Indian textiles, patterns, and designs influenced English fashion and material culture. Indian fabrics like calico, chintz, and muslin became fashionable and were incorporated into clothing and home furnishings.

Culinary Influence: Indian cuisine had an impact on the English culinary scene. The introduction of Indian spices, flavors, and cooking techniques contributed to the development of new recipes and flavors in English cuisine. Dishes like curry became popular and have remained part of the English culinary tradition.

Inspiration for English Literature and Art: The presence of Indian migrants in England inspired English writers, artists, and poets. Indian themes, characters, and motifs found their way into literature, art, and theater productions. Indian tales, such as those from the Arabian Nights, influenced English storytelling and imagination

Question 41

irish migration industrial

Answer 41

Economic Factors: Economic conditions in Ireland, including poverty, limited opportunities, and land dispossession, have historically driven Irish migration to England. Many Irish people sought employment opportunities in England, particularly in sectors such as construction, agriculture, domestic service, and industrial work.

Political and Social Factors: Political and social instability in Ireland, including conflicts, sectarian tensions, and discriminatory policies, also contributed to Irish migration to England. Events like the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the Great Famine in the mid-19th century caused significant waves of migration.

Industrialization and Urbanization: The rapid industrialization and urbanization in England during the 18th and 19th centuries created a demand for labor, drawing many Irish workers seeking employment in factories, mines, and construction projects. Irish migrants played a significant role in the development of industrial centers like Manchester, Liverpool, and Birmingham.

Cultural Influence: Irish migrants brought their cultural traditions, language, music, and religious practices to England, enriching the cultural diversity of English society. Irish festivals, such as St. Patrick’s Day, became celebrated in England, and Irish music and dance made lasting contributions to the cultural fabric of the country.

Political and Labor Movements: Irish migrants in England played active roles in political and labor movements, advocating for workers’ rights, social justice, and Irish independence. Irish organizations and societies were formed to support the Irish community and promote their interests.

Sporting Influence: Irish migrants had a significant impact on sports in England. They contributed to the development and popularity of sports such as boxing, horse racing, and Gaelic games. Irish athletes and teams achieved success and recognition in various sports in England.

Political Integration and Representation: Over time, Irish migrants and their descendants became integrated into English society. They established strong communities and, through political engagement, achieved representation in local councils and national politics. Several prominent politicians in England have had Irish heritage.

It is important to note that the experiences and impact of Irish migrants in England were not always positive. They faced discrimination, prejudice, and economic hardships. Irish migration also had complex and sometimes contentious implications for Anglo-Irish relations and identity. Nevertheless, Irish migrants made significant contributions to various aspects of English society, culture, and politics

Question 42

jewish migrants industriall period

Answer 42

Push Factors: Jews in Eastern Europe faced various push factors that motivated their migration. These included widespread poverty, limited economic opportunities, religious persecution, and political instability. Anti-Semitic policies and violence also played a role in encouraging Jewish individuals to seek better lives elsewhere.

Pull Factors: Industrialized regions, particularly Western Europe and the United States, offered attractive economic prospects. The growth of industrialization and urbanization created new job opportunities in factories, manufacturing, trade, and services. Jewish migrants were drawn to these regions by the promise of better wages, improved living conditions, and greater religious and political freedoms.

Industrial Sectors: Jewish migrants found employment in various industrial sectors. They were involved in textiles, garment manufacturing, metalworking, tailoring, shoe-making, tobacco, and other industries. Some Jewish individuals also became involved in entrepreneurship, establishing their own businesses and contributing to local economies.

Urban Settlements: Jewish migrants primarily settled in urban areas, forming vibrant Jewish communities in industrial cities. These communities often developed their own cultural, religious, and social institutions, including synagogues, schools, mutual aid societies, and philanthropic organizations. These settlements became centers of Jewish life and culture.

Cultural and Intellectual Contributions: Jewish migrants brought with them their cultural traditions, languages, and intellectual pursuits. They made significant contributions to the fields of art, literature, music, theater, and academia in their new host countries. Jewish intellectuals and scholars played vital roles in various disciplines and contributed to the cultural diversity and intellectual richness of their adopted societies.

Social Mobility and Integration: Jewish migrants often experienced upward social mobility through their involvement in industrial sectors. Many individuals and families improved their economic status and achieved integration into the broader society over time. However, this process was not without challenges, and Jewish communities also faced discrimination, anti-Semitism, and barriers to full social and political acceptance.

Jewish industrial migration had a lasting impact on the societies in which Jewish migrants settled. Their contributions to industrial sectors, culture, and intellectual pursuits enriched their host countries and played a significant role in shaping the diverse societies we see today.

Question 43

industrial period jewish migrants impacts

Answer 43

onomic Contributions: Jewish migrants played a crucial role in the industrial and economic development of the countries they migrated to. They brought valuable skills, entrepreneurial spirit, and business acumen, which contributed to the growth of various industries. Jewish individuals often established successful businesses and made significant contributions to sectors such as finance, manufacturing, trade, and commerce.

Cultural Enrichment: Jewish migrants brought with them their cultural traditions, language, and religious practices, enriching the cultural fabric of their host countries. They contributed to the diversity of society, influencing art, literature, music, and cuisine. Jewish communities often established cultural and religious institutions, contributing to the vibrant multiculturalism of their adopted countries.

Innovation and Intellectual Contributions: Jewish migrants made substantial contributions to intellectual and scientific advancements. They excelled in fields such as science, medicine, academia, and the arts, making groundbreaking discoveries and producing influential works. Jewish intellectuals and scholars had a lasting impact on the intellectual landscape of their host countries.

Social and Political Activism: Jewish migrants played an active role in social and political movements, advocating for social justice, equality, and human rights. They participated in labor movements, civil rights campaigns, and political activism, striving for societal change and combating discrimination and prejudice.

Diaspora Networks and Transnational Connections: Jewish migration during the industrial period led to the formation of extensive diaspora networks. Jewish communities maintained strong ties with each other across national borders, facilitating trade, cultural exchange, and mutual support. These networks helped sustain Jewish identity and fostered connections between individuals and communities.

Holocaust and Displacement: It is important to note that the industrial period also witnessed the tragic events of the Holocaust, during which millions of Jews were persecuted, displaced, and killed by Nazi Germany. The impact of the Holocaust on Jewish migration and the Jewish population cannot be overlooked, as it led to mass migration and the reshaping of Jewish communities worldwide.

The impacts of Jewish migration during the industrial period varied depending on the specific context of each country and region. While Jewish migrants made significant contributions to their host countries, they also faced challenges such as discrimination, anti-Semitism, and barriers to integration. Nonetheless, their resilience, achievements, and cultural contributions have left a lasting imprint on the societies they became part of.

Question 44

modern migration

Answer 44

First World War; Belgians​

During the First World War, c.60,000 Belgians fleeing the Germans were welcomed in Britain. There was plenty of work available as British men were fighting. However, the government made it clear they could only stay for the duration of the war. When the war ended, they were given a 1-way ticket home. About 90% did this. ​

First World War, Germans​

There were thousands of Germans living in the country when the First World War broke out. In August 1914, Parliament passed the British Nationality Act & the Status of Aliens Act which made them enemy aliens. This resulted in resentment towards the Germans, fuelled by the media in newspapers. Mobs attacked & looted German shops; German food was taken off menus & anti-German demonstrations broke out. ​

First World War​

When the war ended in 1918, many British soldiers returned to find their jobs had been taken by migrant workers. This was particularly bad in the docks. Merchant seamen had joined the Royal Navy & lascars had taken their jobs (who worked for less money). This caused riots and tension between British & Indian sailors/dockworkers. ​

Second World War, Poles​

When the Second World War ended in 1945, Poland was controlled by the Soviet Union so many Poles did not want to return home. In 1947, Parliament passed the Polish Resettlement Act giving Polish servicemen (& their families) the right to remain in Britain. About 120,000 decided to do this. Due to their service in the war, they were generally accepted & Polish communities were established in industrial towns.​

Second World War, Jews​

Many Jewish refugees from the Second World War stayed in Britain or moved on to Canada, USA or Israel. Many of their families in Europe had been murdered in the camps. Jewish children had a range of experiences depending on who they were sent to stay with in Britain.​

Second World War, Germans/Italians​

During the Second World War, the British government became concerned about any German & Italian people living in Britain & set up tribunals to decide if they posed a threat to Britain or not. As many of the migrants were actually fleeing the Nazis, not many were considered a threat & about 348 out of 35,000 Germans were interned. Many British people were sympathetic to Germans or Italians being interned, especially after a boat carrying 1,150 internees was sunk by a German U-Boat.​

Hostility after 1950s​

In the early 1950s migrants had been mainly single people. After this, it became more common for families to migrate together. The media started to consider groups like the Kenyan Asian migrants as an “immigration problem” & in 1967 the NF (National Front) was founded. They wanted to end immigration & expel immigrants from Britain. A popular Tory MP, Enoch Powell, made an explosive speech in 1968 known as the ‘rivers of blood’ speech. Although he was sacked as MP, his speech had a huge impact & did gain a lot of support. A survey found 75% of people in Britain believed there were too many ethnic minority migrants in Britain. ​

Brixton, 1981​

On 10th April, 1981 rioting began in Brixton (S London) where c. 25% of the residents were from an ethnic minority. The rioters, who were mostly second-generation young men born to the Windrush Generation, fought the police for 3 days. 300< were injured & about £7.5million of damage was caused. The trigger for the riots was accusations of police brutality but tension had been building for years. Brixton was an area of poor housing, a higher-than average crime rate & high unemployment where about half of the young black men were unemployed. ​

Burnley, 2001​

Tensions in Bradford, Oldham & Burnley led to violence. These cities all had large, mostly Asian, migrant communities. Asians in these cities faced economic hardship & racism made worse by the presence of the BNP (British National Party). Outside a nightclub in Burnley on Friday 22nd June, 2001, a fight broke out between rival drug dealers; some white, some Asian. As the fight spread, an Asian taxi driver was attacked with a hammer by white youths. A rumour spread that the driver had been killed so the next night, a group of Asian men attacked the Duke of York pub & its white customers fought back. Rioting continued over the weekend with hundreds involved in firebombing & assaults. This was clearly a racist conflict.​

Question 45

modern migration

Answer 45

First World War; Belgians​

During the First World War, c.60,000 Belgians fleeing the Germans were welcomed in Britain. There was plenty of work available as British men were fighting. However, the government made it clear they could only stay for the duration of the war. When the war ended, they were given a 1-way ticket home. About 90% did this. ​

First World War, Germans​

There were thousands of Germans living in the country when the First World War broke out. In August 1914, Parliament passed the British Nationality Act & the Status of Aliens Act which made them enemy aliens. This resulted in resentment towards the Germans, fuelled by the media in newspapers. Mobs attacked & looted German shops; German food was taken off menus & anti-German demonstrations broke out. ​

First World War​

When the war ended in 1918, many British soldiers returned to find their jobs had been taken by migrant workers. This was particularly bad in the docks. Merchant seamen had joined the Royal Navy & lascars had taken their jobs (who worked for less money). This caused riots and tension between British & Indian sailors/dockworkers. ​

Second World War, Poles​

When the Second World War ended in 1945, Poland was controlled by the Soviet Union so many Poles did not want to return home. In 1947, Parliament passed the Polish Resettlement Act giving Polish servicemen (& their families) the right to remain in Britain. About 120,000 decided to do this. Due to their service in the war, they were generally accepted & Polish communities were established in industrial towns.​

Second World War, Jews​

Many Jewish refugees from the Second World War stayed in Britain or moved on to Canada, USA or Israel. Many of their families in Europe had been murdered in the camps. Jewish children had a range of experiences depending on who they were sent to stay with in Britain.​

Second World War, Germans/Italians​

During the Second World War, the British government became concerned about any German & Italian people living in Britain & set up tribunals to decide if they posed a threat to Britain or not. As many of the migrants were actually fleeing the Nazis, not many were considered a threat & about 348 out of 35,000 Germans were interned. Many British people were sympathetic to Germans or Italians being interned, especially after a boat carrying 1,150 internees was sunk by a German U-Boat.​

Hostility after 1950s​

In the early 1950s migrants had been mainly single people. After this, it became more common for families to migrate together. The media started to consider groups like the Kenyan Asian migrants as an “immigration problem” & in 1967 the NF (National Front) was founded. They wanted to end immigration & expel immigrants from Britain. A popular Tory MP, Enoch Powell, made an explosive speech in 1968 known as the ‘rivers of blood’ speech. Although he was sacked as MP, his speech had a huge impact & did gain a lot of support. A survey found 75% of people in Britain believed there were too many ethnic minority migrants in Britain. ​

Brixton, 1981​

On 10th April, 1981 rioting began in Brixton (S London) where c. 25% of the residents were from an ethnic minority. The rioters, who were mostly second-generation young men born to the Windrush Generation, fought the police for 3 days. 300< were injured & about £7.5million of damage was caused. The trigger for the riots was accusations of police brutality but tension had been building for years. Brixton was an area of poor housing, a higher-than average crime rate & high unemployment where about half of the young black men were unemployed. ​

Burnley, 2001​

Tensions in Bradford, Oldham & Burnley led to violence. These cities all had large, mostly Asian, migrant communities. Asians in these cities faced economic hardship & racism made worse by the presence of the BNP (British National Party). Outside a nightclub in Burnley on Friday 22nd June, 2001, a fight broke out between rival drug dealers; some white, some Asian. As the fight spread, an Asian taxi driver was attacked with a hammer by white youths. A rumour spread that the driver had been killed so the next night, a group of Asian men attacked the Duke of York pub & its white customers fought back. Rioting continued over the weekend with hundreds involved in firebombing & assaults. This was clearly a racist conflict.​

Answer 46

Many Migrants in the Modern period played important roles in social change. For example: In 1955, the Bristol Omnibus Company banned black & Asian people from working on the buses. There was no law to stop them doing this. Paul Stephenson organised a Boycott of the buses which became international news. In 1963, the company reversed their decision. Also see; Dr Harold Moody, Jayaben Desai, Doreen Lawrence & Malala Yousafzai.​

Show Racism the Red Card is an anti-racism education charity. Shaka Hislop donated money to set up the company. They use football players to run educational workshops for young people & adults in Britain.​

Black Lives Matter is a movement that originated in the US in 2013 but came to international attention when George Floyd was murdered by a police officer in 2020. In Britain, the movement led demonstrations in major cities against the legacy of the Empire & slave trade.​

Migrants and the children of migrants have become important British politicians. For example, Rishi Sunak’s parents were born in Southeast Africa, Sadiq Khan’s parents moved from Pakistan as was Humza Yousaf’s father. ​

Migrants in this period have become role-models in every walk of life. E.g. Hans Kreb a biochemist migrated when Nazis prevented Jews from working. In 1953, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology. Mo Farah was born in Somalia but moved to England to escape war. He’s pretty decent at running.​

Britain’s public services have always relied on migrant workers. Irish nurses had worked in Britain for years but when the NHS was established in 1948, more migrated from Ireland & further afield. Many members of the Windrush generation worked on public transport.​

Migrants have had a positive impact on setting up businesses & creating jobs. Tilda Rice, for example, is a successful business established in Britain by migrants. The Thakar family were Ugandan -Asians who came to Britain in the 1970s.​

Although starting in the period before, the modern period continued to see a change as migrants built more places of worship. The Guru Nanak Gurdwara Sikh temple in Birmingham is the biggest gurdwara in Europe.​

The 20th century saw a boom in shops & restaurants selling Asia, Caribbean, Eastern European produce & dishes. They are a common site​

Many migrants have made huge impacts in the worlds or writing, acting, art & music. For example; Idris Elba’s parents migrated from Sierra Leone & Ghana. He has starred in many popular television shows. Michael Omari’s mother is from Ghana. He was the first Black British Artist to headline Glastonbury. ​

Immigration has changed was people eat & drink in Britain. Chinese, Indian, Turkish restaurants are found in pretty much every high-street in every UK town and city. ​

Festivals started by migrants are now deeply embedded in British culture. Diwali is celebrated in schools across the country, the Chinese New Year sees celebrations in many major cities and the Notting Hill Carnival is one of London’s highest-profile events where c.1 million people attend each year. ​

Question 47

what was notting hill

Answer 47

Once, a poor area of the city, Notting Hill attracted vast numbers of migrants from the Caribbean who arrived after the Second World War with the help of the British Nationality Act.

Question 48

notting hill after ww2

Answer 48

Slum Housing​

Before the Second World War, many houses in Notting Hill had been declared unfit to live in. However, after German bombs destroyed many London buildings, people had to continue living there in the 1950s in overcrowded conditions (HMOs). Because these houses were cheap to rent, poorer members of the Caribbean Community moved to Notting Hill.​

Slum Landlords​

Many people took advantage of the desperation of the Caribbean Community in Notting Hill by not repairing the properties, overcharging tenants & in some cases renting out individual beds. Peter Rachmann was one such landlord who exploited legal loopholes to replace his white tenants with Caribbean migrants who had fewer rights. He used threats & violence to control his “empire”. Rachmanism. ​

Bruce Kenrick & the Notting Hill Housing Trust​

In the early 1960s a former Second World War medic came to live in Notting Hill. He had become a Christian Minister & was shocked at the appalling living conditions. He established the NHHT which was a charity housing association with the aim of raising money through donations to do the houses up & rent them at reasonable prices. In the first year, they bought 5 houses housing 50 people, by 1975 they owned 1,000 & by the early 1980s were renovating c.800 homes a year. ​

​

Pardner Schemes​

Some Caribbean migrants took their own positive steps to tackle the housing issues they faced. This system was common in Caribbean where people would buy houses together. A group of migrants would put their savings together to put down a deposit on a house. This helped to ease the crises. ​

Caribbean Migrants in Notting Hill & the Windrush​

Many Caribbean migrants of the Windrush Generation were attracted to Notting Hill. This was due to the fact the houses were so run down they were cheap to rent. Also, landlords such as Peter Rachmann was willing to rent to the black community whereas landlords in other areas weren’t. As black communities started to grow, this in turn encouraged more black migrants to live in Notting Hill. ​

Question 49

Caribbean Culture in Notting Hill​

Answer 49

Caribbean Culture in Notting Hill​

Portobello Road Market​

Portobello Road runs almost the length of Notting Hill & in the late 1800s had developed into a market mostly selling food to local residents. As more migrants moved to London, the market evolved to reflect the people living there. After the Second World War, the market gained a reputation for selling bric-a-brac (usually second hand) & is now a very popular tourist destination with a range of food, clothing and general goods stalls.​

Due to the Colour Bar, many cafes, shops, restaurants & bars refused to accept Black people; Slowly, enterprising businessmen opened up businesses to cater to the local Black community. Frank Crichlow opened The Rio which became a meeting place for the Black community. There was also the Calypso Club & Fiesta One which allowed people to socialise until the early hours. A common feature of these places was the shebeen; this was a bar (in a front room or basement) where alcohol was illegally served. They offered cheap entertainment, played loud music & were free from racism found in the white-owned establishments.​

All Saints Road​

All Saints Road was at the heart of Notting Hill’s Black community. After The Rio was closed in the late 1960s, Frank Crichlow opened a new restaurant called The Mangrove (1968). He sponsored the Mangrove steel band, giving young Black people the opportunity to learnt an instrument. The road also contained barber shops, coffee bars, fruit stalls & places to buy music & clothes. It became very fashionable attracting Bob Marley, Van Morrison, Jimi Hendrix & the Beatles. The road also had a reputation for illegal shebeens & illegal drugs. ​

Question 50

notting hill riots

Answer 50

The Notting Hill Riots​

Notting Hill was the destination for many migrants from the Caribbean. Many of the white working-class in the area believed that the houses being rented by black migrants should be theirs. Also, because the colour bar was forcing members of the black community to take low paid manual work, they were competing with the white-working class for work. With the rise of the Teddy Boys & the White Defence League, tension rose & rose with many white residents in the area believing they were fighting to “Keep Britain White”. ​

During the summer of 1958, gangs of Teddy Boys started to attack the homes & businesses of Black residents with petrol bombs & bricks with individuals being harassed on the streets. On 24th August, a gang of white youths assaulted 5 Black men with metal bars. This continued for days where groups of white youths continued to target Caribbean cares, shops & homes whilst the Black community took to the streets to defend themselves. 140+ (mostly white) people were arrested during the course of the riots​

Caribbean community leaders had told local police of their concerns in the build up to the riots yet no action was taken. The police were accused of reacting too slowly when the riots began & not doing enough to stop them. The riots were followed by a worsening relationship between the Caribbean community and the police & there were more riots in 1976. ​

Question 51

murder of kelso crochane

Answer 51

Kelso Cochrane was murdered on 17th May 1959. He was attacked by 2 white youths near Portobello Road in Notting Hill. 2 men were arrested but released with the Police claiming that the murder was a robbery gone wrong. No-one has been convicted of the murder. ​

Many people were shocked by the actions of the Police and the IFFC were set up. They helped arrange Cochrane’s funeral as well as putting pressure on the Government to remove racist Police Officers and get more police in Notting Hill. ​

Politician’s like Oswald Mosley tried to take advantage of the racial tension in Notting Hill. Mosley claimed that the Black communities of West London were responsible behind a lot of crime and he tried to end “coloured migration”. ​

Question 52

carribean carnival

Answer 52

In August 1958 the Notting Hill Riots occurred. Jones decided to organise a Caribbean carnival to try to pull the community together & celebrate aspects of African-Caribbean culture with a wider audience. ​

The first carnival was held indoors & featured jazz musicians, dancers, singers, steel bands & a beauty contest​

Some of the money raised was used to help pay the fines of both Black & white men involved in the riots. ​

It soon became an annual event & is seen as the forerunner to the Notting Hill Carnival

Question 53

experiences

Answer 53

In 1958, Claudia Jones established the first major Black weekly newspaper called the West Indian Gazette in the hope it would help her in the fight for equality. The newspaper reached c.15,000 readers and performed a number of functions…​

It featured stories about what was happening in the Caribbean as well as in the UK​

It reviewed the work of Black actors, artists, sculptors and writers (this was rare in other newspapers)​

Provided information about jobs, housing & local events

Question 54

experiences african migrants

Answer 54

In March 1968, Frank Crichlow opened the Mangrove restaurant on All Saints Road in Notting Hill. By 1970, it had become the centre of the Black community & was a key social spot in the area.​

The police regularly raided the Mangrove to search for drugs but none were never found. Many believed these raids were because there was resentment at Frank Crichlow being a successful Black businessman. ​

Due to these regular raids & to resist this unfair harassment, the BBP organised a demonstration which took place on 9 August 1970. 150 took part in this demonstration accompanied by 200 police.​

During the demonstration, there were some violent clashes & the police made nine arrests including Frank Crichlow, Darcus Howe, Altheia Jones-LeCointe. They were arrested on charges of inciting a riot which carries a long prison sentence. They became known as the ‘Mangrove Nine’. ​

The ‘Mangrove Nine’ stook trial at the Old Bailey where the defendants demanded an all-Black jury because British law states that people should be tried by their peers. The demand was rejected. The Jury had 2 (out of 12) Black members. ​

2 of the nine defendants decided to defend themselves & did a brilliant job of demonstrating that the police version of events was false or exaggerated. The trial really showed examples of police brutality & racism.​

The Jury acquitted all nine defendants of the most serious charges & the judge publicly acknowledged that the police behaviour had been motivated by racial hatred. The verdict was seen as an inspirational victory for the Black community & is today viewed as a landmark moment in the story of Black British civil rights. ​

Question 55

ddc

Answer 55

During the reign of King Henry VIII, tensions arose between the native Londoners and foreign-born immigrants, particularly those of Flemish and French origin. These tensions were fueled by economic competition, as immigrants were seen as taking away job opportunities from locals.

On May 1, 1517, known as May Day, an annual celebration in England, a street brawl broke out between apprentices and foreign-born workers in the City of London. The riot quickly escalated, with a large mob of English apprentices and laborers attacking foreign-owned businesses and homes, particularly those belonging to immigrants from Flanders.

The riot continued for several days, resulting in widespread violence, destruction, and looting. The authorities struggled to control the situation and eventually had to call in the military to restore order. Numerous arrests were made, and several people were executed for their involvement in the violence.

The event became known as “Evil May Day” due to the negative actions and consequences associated with it. The riot reflected the growing anti-immigrant sentiment and economic anxieties prevalent in London at the time. It highlighted the tensions between native Londoners and immigrant communities, particularly during periods of economic hardship.

The incident had long-lasting implications for immigrant communities in London. It led to stricter regulations on immigration and increased discrimination against foreigners. The event serves as a historical reminder of the complexities and challenges surrounding immigration, xenophobia, and social tensions in urban settings during the Early Modern period.