Migration Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Where was the first Viking raid and when
A
Monastery in Lindisfarne 793 AD
2
Q
What religion were most anglo Saxons by 800 AD
A
Christian
3
Q
What was the last anglo saxon kingdom
A
Wessex
4
Q
What were the push factors for why Vikings moved to Britain
A
Scandanavia was becoming overcrowded
Denmark’s sandy soil limited he amount of animals that could be reared there
Norway was very hilly and it was a struggle to grow crops
5
Q
What were the Pull factors for why Vikings moved to Britain
A
They knew how wealth some of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had become-they had previously traded goods with the Anglos Saxons in England for many years, and knew of their wealth
England had its own minting system
Opportunities for younger brothers who didn’t inherit land in Scandinavia because of primogeniture
Better farming land
6
Q
What was the battle between the anglo saxons and vikings and when was it and who won
A
878- Battle of Edington . Alfred beat Guthrum
7
Q
What treaty was signed after Edington and what was the result of it
A
Treaty of Wedmore- Guthrum had to become christian and agree never to attack wessex again
Vikings were to live in the Danelaw
8
Q
Why was alfred known as alfred the Great
A
He strengthened defences across the country to make his land more secure using burhs
He translated the Bede’s ecclesiastical History
Alfred took the most just laws from other kingdoms and used them for his
Other kingdoms in england acknowledged Alfred to be overlord and anglo saxons began to call themselves agnelcynn
9
Q
What was the short term impact of the vikings
A
Many Viking in Danelaw settled down and lived fairly peacfully with the Anglo Saxons
People travelled and traded between Wessex and the Danelaw and there was intermarriage between the Vikings and Anglo Saxons
After Alfred’s death, his son Aethelstan conquered Northumbria in 927 and was seen as the first king of england
By the time Alfred’s grandson (edgar the peaceful) became king in 959, the country was settled
10
Q
What was the long term impact of vikings
A
Caused deathand destruction through raids
Settled in Danelaw, forcing Anglo Saxons to become second class citizens
Introduced new ways of making things (farming, crafts, amber, different foods, slavery).
Introduced new language, many words of which we still use today like ‘Thursday’ and ‘Dirt’
They laid foundations for Brtiain becoming Christian
11
Q
Who arrived in Folkesrone in 991 and with how many ships
A
Huge Viking army led by Sven Forkbeard and Olaf Tryggvason arrived with over 90 ships
12
Q
What battle was fought in 991 AD
A
Battle of Maldon-Vikings won
13
Q
What did Aethelred do and why were the English angry
A
He paid them to leave and taxes raised to pay for this became known as dangeld.
This cost £1.8 million in todays money
It made english angry becuase taxes were raised to pay for it
14
Q
What did Aethelred do in order to stop paying danegeld
A
He made a deal with the Normans which stated that they would support eachothrer against their enemies. This meant that Vikings would not be able to use Normandy as a base to launch attacks on Britain
Married Emma
15
Q
What did Athelred do and what was the massacre known as? What year was it
A
1002- Athelred carries out mass killing of all Viking men woman and children in the south of danelaw known as St Brices day Massacre
16
Q
Who was killed in the massacre and what did this lead to
A
Gunhilda (Sven Forkbeard’s sister) so he summoned a large army and conquered England . Athelred flees
17
Q
When did Sven die and who succeeded him and who returned back to England
A
1014- Cnut succeeds him. Athlered returs and forces Cnut back to Denmark. Athlered is back on the throne
18
Q
Who did Cnut lead an army against and in what year and what was the battle called
A
He led an army against King Edmund in 1016 at the Battle of Assandun
19
Q
What was agreed after the battle of assandun- who died a month later
A
Wessex will belong to Edmund
Rest of England will belong to Cnut
When one of them dies, the other will inherit the land
About a month later, Edmund died and Cnut becomes king of all england
20
Q
How was the North Sea Empire formed
A
Cnut gained England through battle and inherited Denmark and Norway from his brothers
21
Q
Who was Emma and why was she significant
A
Widow of Aethlred
Sister of Duke of Normandy
She united vikings and anglo-saxons when she married aethelred but for Cnut, she brought lands to her marriage which expanded his empire
She was a strong leader who was respected and improved relations with the church and helped to bring peace to england
22
Q
How did Cnuts empire end and what year was it
A
1035, lands split between his sons and neither were strong rulers and were able to reunite england
23
Q
How did Britain change in a good way under Cnut’s rule
A
Trustworth English nobles were left to rule their own areas
Peaceful time and free from viking raids
Brought back the peaceful laws of Edgar the peaceful
Saw britain as his main domain
24
Q
How did Britain change in a bad way under Cnut
A
Hostile takeover at the start of his reign
He was tough with anglo-saxons he thought may rebel aganst him
Ordered the execution of a number of powerful anglo saxons
25
Who became king of england in 1042 and who did he marry and what was the problem when he died
Edward the Confessor
He married Edith Godwinson
He did not have any children so when he died in 1066 there was a power vacuum
26
Who were the contestants to the throne and what were their claims
William- claimed both edward and harold godwinson had agreed he should take the throne. he was promised post -obitum
Harold Godwinson- Mot powerful man in england: witan supported his claim. Promised novissima verba
Harald Hardrada- Viking ruler of Denmark; stated that as vikings had conquered England for many years he should be king
27
Who was made king after Edward's death and what events led to William becoming king
6th january: one day after edward died, harold is crowned king by witan
September 1066, Harald Hardrada defeated by Harold godwinson at stamford bridge
14 october 1066: King Harold defeated by William at battle of hastings
25 december 1066- William was crowned king
28
How did William control the english
Giving Normans land in return for loyalty
Each norman baron and lord had his own knights and soldiers to keep the place
Giving supporters top jobs in Church
Encouraging Norman Barons to build castles to control the whole of england
29
How did England change under the Normans
French customs were introduced
French became the language of those in power
The Normans built hundreds of new churches, cathedrals and monasteries
30
Which events led to Henry II becoming king
Henry I married his daughter to french lord, Geoffrey of Anjou
When henry died, a powerful noble ,Stephen, seized the throne
For the next 19 years, there were a series of battles as Matilda fought back
1153, agreement was reached that Matilda's son henry would become king when stephen died
1154- Henry II became king
31
What land did Henry gain from his father and mother
Anjou and Maine from father
England and Normandy from Mother
32
How did Henry gain land through marriage
1152- Married Eleanor of Aquitaine in order to gain Aquitaine an later Brittany
33
How did Henry gain land through violence and what treaty was signed. What did Henry use land in ireland for
Henry invaded Ireland in 1171 and treaty of WIndsor-1175 which gave the
empire the East Coat of Ireland recognized as ‘the Pale
He used control in ireland to strengthen and build new fotrifications and to develop Dublin as a centre of trade and commerce
34
How many times did Henry II cross the English channel in his 35 year reign
30 times
35
When did Henry II die and who replaced him
1189- Richard I
36
How did Richard I lose land
He spent a long period of his reign in France on crusade.
Lost land in france to king phillip II
37
How did King John lose land
His poor battle record meant that the Angevin Empire was reduced to control of Gascony only
People in England had to pay high taxes to pay for attempted invasions to get French land back
John didnt listen to barons
Barons raised an army against John and occupied London. John needed their support so he had to agree to their demands
38
What did John sign and what did it mean
1215 Magna Carta- promised to respect the rights of barons and stop unfair taxes
39
Which territories did John lose and what was he left with
He lost Anjou, Maine, Brittany,Normandy
He was left with Gascony
40
In what year and who claimed the the french throne and declared war on France
1337- King Edward III of England declared war to protect his economy and power because French King tried to reclaim Aquitaine
41
What were the social ecnomic and political causes of the Hundred years war
Social- People of Britain would lose their business, such as in the wool trade and have to pay higher taxes
Economic- Edward risked losing taxes as French threatened control of wine region Gascony an wool region Flanders
Political-Edward thought he had a better claim to the French throne than the actual French king at the time(PhilipVI)
The French had offered to help the Scots who Edward was in conflict with
42
Which important battles did Britain win between 1337-1360. Which technology helped them win.Which treaty was signed and what did it mean
Edward III won at Crecy(1346) and Poiters (1356) and gained control of Gascony, Calais and other territories
Longbow helped them win
1360- Treaty of Bretigny- Edward renounced claims to the FRench throne,he would retain Gascony and Aquitaine. ended the first stage of the war
43
What year was the second stage of the Hundred Years War
1369-1370- Battle of Pontvallain where French won under the english prince edward back some of the land they had lost
44
Which England King led the third stage of the Hundred Years
Henry V
45
Which significant battle did Henry V win and how many men did both sides have and how many men did both sides lose
Battle of Agincourt 1415. England had 6000 men and French had 24000 men
French lost around 6000-10000 men and Britain lost around 400 men
Use of Longbow helped him win
46
Where did Henry conquer after Agincourt and what treaty was signed in what year and what did it mean
After Agincourt he conquered Nomandy and tightened his grip on France
Treaty of Troyes 1420-King Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the French throne upon the death of King Charles VI of France.
47
Which individual inspired France take back control of their country
Peasant girl, Joan of Arc, claimed to have visions from God and led the army in many military campaigns until she was burned in 1431
48
How did the Hundred Years War end (what battle) and what area was England left with. What technology was helpful
Batlle of Castillon 1453- French won through the use of Cannons and Britain was left with calais only
49
What were the short and medium term consequences of the Hundred Years War
Some areas of France (Normandy) were devestated with buildings crops and animals destroyed
Soldiers and civilians on both sides were killed
Many english deaths from dysentery
Some englishmen got very rich from stealing riches from towns and villages
Bodium Castle in Sussex built from preceeds of the war
English lost money becuase of lost territories like Normandy
50
What were the long term consequences of the Hundred Years War
France became unified under one king
French and English had to pay higher taxes because of the high cost of weapons
Foot soldier became key element to army
Longbow introduces then gunpoweder, cannons and handguns were used more in battle
A new and improved system of taxation for France
Increased nationalist in France and England
English identity developed- began to see itself 'apart' from Europe
England stopped using French as official court language
England looked to conquer land outside europe-America
51
What happened eventually that led to the complete loss of french land in England
1558- under English reign of Mary I , France reclaimed and captured Calais
52
By 1400s what improvements had been made to technology
New ships and navigation devices
53
What did Christopher Columbus do and in what year
1492: Hoped to find new routes to India and China by sea and sailed west which meant he later landed in west Indies(America)
54
What did John Cabot do and in what year
1496: Sailed from Bristol on behalf of Henry VIII. Found no riches so returned home
Discovered Canada
55
What was piracy and plunder
Early attempts by Britain to find gold and create colonies were unsuccessdul but the established bases on North American east coast. They used the bases to explore further and plunder riches from Spanish ships and colonies, often using privateers
56
What is the difference between privateer and pirate
Privateer: Monarchs would give permission to attack foreign ships and steal from them and anything taken had to be shared with the monarch
Pirate: Sailors that did not share the stolen wealth
57
Who was John Hawkins and what is he remembered as
Cousin of Franics Drake
Commander,merchant,privateer and pirate
He was responsible for building the Elizabethen Royal Navy
He was Britains first slave trader.1562, he set sail on his first slave trading voyage capturing africans to sell to america
Trip was so profitable that second slave trading voyage took place in 1564,funded by Queen Elizabeth I
He was knighted by Elizabeth in 1588 and is remembered as father of the slave trade
58
What did King James I do in order to set up a colony
He gave permission for the Virginia Company in 1606 to establish a colony
There was increasing demand for tobacco in Europe, which at the time only grew in the Americas.
The first successful colony established by the Virginia Company was named Jamestown.
59
What did Walter Raleigh do and what colony did he set up
Sea captain for both Elizabeth I and James. In 1584 the queen sent him to start colonies in Virginia.
He set up Roanoke in 1584-settlers in roanoke faced numerous problems with crops and supplies and caught diseases like malaria
remembered as the Father of American colonies
60
What were the economic reasons for colonization of America
More Britons were willing to go to america after the first successful colony established in 1607
There was plenty of land for new cash crops- grown on plantations
Crops were exported back to Britain for profit
North American seas were stocked with profitable cod and by 1600s sugar plantations were installed
Push-High level of unemployment in Britain and low wages for farm labourers
Failed harvest caused starvation
61
What were the religious reasons for colonizations of america- How many puritans migrated
groups such as puritans,quakers and catholics suffered persecution since 1530s when henry vii turned country to protestant
Failure to attend anglican church punishable by death
They wanted to escape conflict in Britain so left to find religious freedom
Some religious groups wanted to migrate in order to convert the indigenous peoples to christianity
Around 80000 puritans migration to india between 1630-1641
62
What were the imperialist reasons for colonization of America
Businessmen set up plantations in North America and the West Indies
British investors were keen to develop trade in the Americas becaue it would help pay for the growth of the British Empire somewhere else like India( They could export crops like cotton and import and seell goods like wheat to other colonies)
Exporting and Importing within the empire made further profit
63
What were the war reasons for people moving to America
Civil war in Britain had resulted in increased conflict between religious groups in Britain
64
How were plantations introduced
As Britain's empire grew in North America and India and became increasingly profitable, British monarchs stopped granting privateer permissions. By 1720s, piracy was rare in America. Plantations were where huge profits could be made for Britain.
65
What was the indenture system and what happened by 1619
Migrants would agree to work for a period of 5 years for a basic wage and transport to their new workplace.Worker was to be returned at the end of the period to the port of departure.Some came home, but thousands stayed
By 1619, plantation owners realised they could make more money by enslaving people
66
When did Britain take control of Barbados and what was significant about it
1625 British took control and it was soon established for tobacco plantations
By 1655 it was the largest british colony of enslaved people
By 1690s most of the island was covered in successful sugar plantations
67
WHat was the name for the three-part trading journey and how did it work
slave triangle
Traders leave Britain to Africa with ships full of goods
Traders trade these goods with Africa tribesmen in return for prisoners from other African tribes
In the Americas, the enslaved people are traded to plantation owners and farmers for goods like sugar,cotton or tobacco
68
How much profit did traders of enslaved people expect to make on their investment
800% profit
69
What company was charles II apart of and how many enslaved africans were transported
Royal African Company- 60000 enalved africans were transported between 1680 and 1688
Many of the slaves were branded with DY representing duke of york
70
What were the exmaples of involvement in the slave trade
Investors
RAC
Shop Owners
Shipbuilders
Dockworkers
Bankers
71
What were the economical benefits of the slave trade on Britain
Whether directly or indirectly lots of people in Britain benefited and made money from the slave trade
The british slave trade industry made approximately £60 million between 1761 and 1808
Britain became one of the richest and most powerful countries in the world
72
What were the social benefits of the slave trade on Britain
Westcoast towns and ports-Glasgow,Liverpool and Bristol - grew into large cities because of the money made from the slave trade
Many of the fine buildings in these places were built from the profits of slavery
Slavery was so widespread with many people involved , it led to the belief that Europeans were superior to African
73
What is an example of enslaved people that rebelled and when was slavery abolished in Britain and the empire
Maroons, led by Nanny de Maroon rebelled
1807- The British parliament abolished the slave trade
In 1833 slave ownership was banned throughout the British Empire
74
How much money in compensation was given by the government to the slave owners
£20 million to former slave owners for their ' loss of property'
75
By 1773 how many colonies were establihsed in America
13
76
Which ship did puritans arrive on and what were they known as
Mayflower- Pigrim Fathers
77
Why did pilgram fathers leave britain and what did they set up in which year
TO escape religious persecution
Set up New Plymouth in 1620 colonies
78
What was the impact of the pilgrim fathers in the short term and long term
Short term- set up own religious colony with the aims of fishing and trading with other countries
They worked hard and farmed offshore cod.
They established democratic principles and a constitution to keep their puritan beliefs central to colony life
80000 puritans migrated to America between 1630-1641
Long term- The constitution they created became the foundation of American identity after War of Independence
Many historians see them as the first real Americans
Created Thanksgiving
20000 settlers arrived between 1629 to 1640
79
Impact of British colonies on indigenous Americans
Good relations initially existed with some native tribes, but in general the british did not treat them with respect
Many tribes were wiped out by diseases that the settlers brought over
British settlers attacked their crops and villages
In 1500 there were approximately 560000 indigenous americans and by 1700, there were fewer than 280000
Many indigenous americans moved inland to avoid settlers
Today indigenous Americans account for only 0.7% of the total population of USA
80
What were the long term causes of tension between America colonists and British
Many successful colonists were 'self made' business people and saw the British class system as outdated
America had a strong economy that didnt rely on trade with Britain. The colonies traded commodities such as people along with goods.There was a feeling amongst the colonists that they could exist separately from Britain
Navigation Acts
81
What and when were the navigation acts
1651-73 meant that only British goods could be imported into America.The colonists couldno longer trade with other countries
The monopoly of trade with just British greatly restricted the type and amount of goods that could be brought to America. This meant competition was rare and prices were high
82
What were the medium causes of tension between America colonists and British
Americans were ruled directly from Britain yet they had no representatives in the British parliament. They were unhappy about paying taxes without having a say in parliament
Colonists were made to pay taxes to fund the seven year war between Britain and France that the colonists felt had little to do with them
Stamp Act
83
What and when was the stamp act
1765- tax on the paper used for all official documents
84
What were the short term causes of tenstion between American Colonies and the British
Boston Tea party December 1773- colonists poured 342 crates of British tea into the harbour(worth £11000) in protest at the tax on tea imposed by the British.The british responded by closing the Boston port causing more anger
In 1774, 56 representatives from the colonies met at the 'First Congress' in Philadelphia. A decision was made to fight the British: the War of Independence began
85
What were the events of the war of independence and who was appointed as leader of American army
The British sent soldiers to force American rebels to stay loyal,but they were met by fierce resistance
July 1775:George Washington appointed as leader of American Army-later becoming president
1776: Congress met again and formally declared themselves independent from Britain
1781:British surrender at the Batlle of Yorktown which was seen as a decisive end to war
1783- Treaty of Paris signed and Britain conceded that it had lost
86
What were the short term impacts of the American War of Independence
10000 soldiers and 20000 sailors died
The war cost Britain £80 million increasing its debts. However rapid industrialisation meant it was still very wealthy
Britain's pride was damaged as they had been defeated by a much smaller enemy
87
What were the long term impacts of the American War of Independence
By 1785, Britain and America had returned back to pre war trading levels and eventually became allies
By 1813, Britain had developed the world's biggest navy which helped defend against existing colonies and fight existing opponents such as France
1900s, Britain controlled around a quater of the whole world from the land it had gained
Britain was able to focus its wealth and resources in expanding and developing into places ike canada,caribbean,africa and india
Britains used Austalia and New Zealand as the new destination for criminals and as a market for British goods
88
What religion was France and what did it experience between 1560s and 1590s and what did this result in
France was Catholic
Experienced a series of civil wars
This resulted in huguenots migrating to britain
89
when and What massacre took place in France and how many protestants did it affect
St Bartholomews Day Massacre August 1572- 70000 Protestants killed and many migrate to Britain
90
Why was Britain and ideal place for protestants and which church was set up in England
Henry VIII made it protestant after 1530s
Edward VI set up the first French church called "the strangers church" in 1550
1572-98 Elizabeth I made England a welcome place for Huguenots:her ministers invite skilled Huguenot craftsmen to work in England and teach British apprentices
91
What did Henri IV of France introduce in what year which slowed migration
1598-issued a bill of rights for the huguenots called the Edict of Nantes which grants them freedom to practice their religion without fear which slowed migration
92
What led to the second wave of migration and how many Huguenots migrated
1685-French King Louis XIV tears up the edict of Nantes; protestant ministers are gicen the choice of converting to catholicism or migrating out of France. The huguenots are now officially heretics(believing in the opposite religion) and face persecution
200000 huguenots migrate and 50000 escape to Britain
93
What are the short term impacts of huguenot migration
Initially they faced hostile treatment because thye took jobs away from British and they ate strange foods like snails
They were highly skilled craftsmen and established businessed in communities all over england
Transformed existing British industries like bookbinding
Started up new business like papermaking and by 1710s, Huguenots had 200 paper mills supplying nearly 70% of Britain's paper market
94
What were the long term impacts of huguenot migration
Portal Paper Making Company, a huguenot business in England prouduced banknotes from 1712 for the next 250 years
Overtime huguenots merged into english society with many people marrying british people and changing their names to sound more british
It is suggested that 1 in 6 people have huguenot ancestry
95
What were the ulster plantations and when did they start
The Ulster Plantations was the organised colonisation of Ulster(northern part of Ireland)by English and Scottish Protestants. They took the lands of Catholic nobles who had fled the country.
The official Ulster Plantations began in 1609, but people had been arriving and setting up small, private plantations in 1606
96
Why were the ulster plantations set up
The English government had had troubles with Ireland since the Middle Ages. These problems increased when England became a Protestant country, while Ireland remained Catholic.
King James I became the first king of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1603. He wanted to unite the three kingdoms and strengthen his rule in Ireland.
King James I hoped that by setting up the plantations, the Irish would be more obedient to him.
The plan was also to subjugate and convert Catholics to Protestantism.
97
why did settlers move to ireland and how did people react to the Ulster Plantations
While many of the English and Scottish settlers moved to Ulster in hopes of finding a better life, many of the Irish resented what was happening as they believed it was an 'invasion'.
98
What was the impact of the ulster plantations
The population grew rapidly as thousands of settlers arrived
People brought their own customs and religion(protestantism
The resentment between protestant settlers and the mainly catholic Irish continued for centuries
99
What were the Scottish highlands before the highland
100
101
102
103
Why did Britain want control of India
Rich in natural resouces-iron ore, silk copper,gold,silver,gemstone,tea,timber,spices
104
Who were the EIC and when did they set up
East India Company -1600; had monopoly over British trade in India but ended in 1694
EIC ships carried cheap British Goods and traded tbem for goods in countries like China and Japan
105
Where did the EIC set up trading posts
Surat-1612
Madras-1638
Bombay-1668
106
When was the battle of plassey, how many troops were involved and what were the consequences
1757- around 3000 troops led by robert clive defeated an indian army of over 40000
This allowed Britsain to take over Bengal which was the one of richest parts of india
107
How did the EIC decline
EIC made huge profits but lost money elsewhere as a result of decline in trad with america
1773- Government of India Act states that both the British Governent and EIC control territory jointly in India; Warren hasting appointed as govenor general
By mid 1850s much of India was controlled by British
108
Who was warren Hastings and what did he do
First governor general of India
Strengthened British control of India,helping to establish India as part of empire
Reorganized tax systems,tightened anti-corruption laws and dealt with thieving gangs
109
What caused discontent with the sepoys
Many felt they werent treated well
Little hope of promotion
Often sent to most dangerous places to fight
Pressured into converting to christianity
New enfield rifle in 1857, grease used to lubricate the cartridge's was pig fat
110
What led to the Indian Rebellion in 1857
Sepoys objected to use new catridges
May 1857: In Meerut, 85 seopys refused to use cartidges and were jailed for 10 years
May 1857: other sepoys rose in support of prisoners
111
What was the main event in the indian ebellion and how did britain respond
Cawnpore Massacre- 200 British children and women . became known as bibighar massacre
Queen Victoria sent 70000 troops to India with the latest colt revolver
112
What was the aftermath of the indian rebellion
Peace declared in july 1858
New government was set up and run by the viceroy
Britain was more careful about how they governed-such as interfering less with religious matters
Limited number of indians were allowed jobs
New professional middle class of indian citizens emerged, able ot learn about new technology
Indian Universities Act created universities in Calcutta,Bombay and Madras
113
Economic Impact of British Empire in India
British made fortunes from trading in India's raw materials such as tea,gemstones , silk and spices
In mid 1800 tea trade was worth £30 million a year
Increased trade created jobs for indians and british in shipping,transportation and sales
Britain introduced coal mining and an irrigation programme which increased land available for farming
114
Health impact of British Empire in India
British introduced vaccine and treatment to fight malaria and smallpox
Improved sewage systems and water supplies which increased life expectancy
Many blamed britain for famines in late 1800s because they forced indians to replace food crops with cash crops
115
Impact of British Empire in India for railways and transport
British built over 30000 km of railways and 130000 bridges all over india
Total British investments in India totaled to £400 million
Some argue that this was to exploit the country and make huge profits while others claim that it created an important legacy that survives today
116
Culture and Society impact of British empire on india
Legal system created based on one in Britain
High courts set up in Madras, Calcutta and Bombay as parts of Indian law were built into the new legal code
Thousands of schools and colleges were opened and english language spread
Hindu and Muslim judges made sure that british did not forget about indian traditions and customs when dealing with legal matters
117
Impact of British Raj on Britain
British factories brought in raw materials from India which were converted into finished products in British factories and sold back
Created many jobs
Indian army fought bravely and decisively on Britian's side in both the First and second world war
indian tea became a popular drink.
Indian words such as bangle and shampoo became more commonly used
buildings like Royal Pavilion in Brighton were built in Indian style
118
How was India lost
1885: National Congress
1919- 5 million wealthy indians given right to vote
1919-Amristar massacre gave an opportunity for Mahatma Gandhi, to lead demonstrations and non-violent protests
1930- Salt March, Ghandi encouraged Indians to pan their own salt
1935- Governent of India Act- Indians had right to control everything except army
1946-Britain offered independence
1947- India independence- 7 million muslims fled to pakistan and hindus and sikhs fled to india
119
In 1870 and 1900, how much of Africa was controlled by Europe
1870-10%
1900-90%
120
Why were European countries interested in Africa
Africa were rich in natural resources- gold, diamonds and ivory as well as cash crops such as rubber coffee and timber
By 1870,treatements had been invented to combat diseases in Africa like malaria
If European countries controlled huge areas of africa,they could sell their goods to people who lived there
Christian missionaries felt it was their duty to convert people to Christianity. They travelled through Africa preaching about Christianity as well as setting up schools and hospitals. Europeans often referred to Africa as a dark continent and missionaries felt their role was to enlighten it
121
Why was it known as the scramble for Africa
Era of 'empire building' where some European countries competed to build large empires.Between 1880 and 1900, they raced to grab as much of Africa as possible before another country got there first
122
Which countries started to claim land in Africa. What was ignored when colonising countries
late 1870s
French and belgians began to colonize land in west africa
Germans and British were interested in east and south
Portugal,Italy and spain joined in
Differences in race language and culute and tradition was ignoed
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What and when was the berlin conference
to prevent war between the European powers, their leaders held a conference in Berlin,Germany in 1884-85,to decide which nations could take which areas
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What was Britains involvement in the scramble for africa (how many countries did it take over and what percentange of africa did it own)
Took over 16 areas of land including sudan,egypt,nigeria,kenya and northern and southern Rhodesia
Owned 32% of africa by 1900
Britain's control of key areas of African land was important because it lay along part of Britain's sea route to India
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What were some types of african resistance and what technology was important for stopping it. What was the result
Invention of maxim gun gave European armies a major advantage over Africans
Africans won some major victories over European countries such as the Anglo-Zulu war of 1879 but more often than not the European invaders wiped out the african forces
Some Africans were exploited and forced to work as cheap labour in mines, or on huge farms growing tea,coffee cotton or cocoa for export back to britain
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Who was cecil rhodes and what did he believe in and what was his long term impact
Rhodes was an imperialist, and believed that Britain should extend its powers and influence over other parts of the world by any means possibl
He also believed in social darwinism
Streets schools and two african countries-southern and northern rhodesia named after him
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When did Rhodes move to cape colony and when was he made prime minister and when did he form the mining company and what was it called
1870- rhodes moves to cape colony to work in gold and diamond mines and makes a fortune
1881- elected to cape colony parliament
1890- Prime minister of cape colony
1888- Forms De Beers mining company which owns most of the golds and diamond fields in southern africa;uses his money and politial skills to gain control of more land
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What was Cecil Rhodes involvement in the scramble for africa (two important states)
In 1877 he wrote down a statement of his vision for the
British Empire
around the globe called ‘Confession of Faith
when golds and diamonds were discorvered in orange free state and transvaal, thodes was refused permission to mine there. He tried to get rid of the Boer leader,Paul Kruger, by force but failed.Britain took part in wars with Boers soon after
Britain eventually won the wars and gained more territory
When Rhodes died,statues of him were erected all over the world
129
What were the causes and events of the first boer war and when was it
1867-81
1867-diamonds found in the new boer states
British tried to get boers to unite their states with the british ones but they refused.
A war began,but the british could not defeat the boers
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What were the causes of the second boer war
1886- Gold discovered in boer states
1888- Rhodes opened mines inside boer territory and british workers flooded in
Boer leader paul Kruger refues to give the british workers and political rights
Rhodes sponsored a plan to overthrow Kruger and replace him
Rhodes'plan failed and relations grew tense
British placed more troops along the border with the boer states
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What were the events of the second boer war and when was it
1899-1902
Small boer army stunned british with victories
Boers were highly skilled farmers who knw the terrain well and they were mobile(on horseback) and 'lived off their land by foraging for food
Boersmainly fought in small groups using guerilla tactics so hard to detect
1900: British sent 500000 toops using latest technology to fight around 50000 Boers soldiers
Boers refused to surrender and carried out small raids on british camps,railways and mines
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What was the british response to the boers in the second boer war
Commander General Kitchener introduced a scorched earth policy
116000 boer men and women and children rounded up in concentration camps and 28000 out of them died
Black concentration camps-130000 were rounded up and 20000 died
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How was there peace at the end of the second boer war
By 1902 both sides were exhausted,but the boers surrendered
Boer states would become british colonies but the boers were promised that they would make the key decisions
1910- Boer states joined with cape colony and natal to form the union of south africa, part of the british empire
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What were the consequences of the boer war for the boers
lost around 7000 out of 90000 soldiers and over 28000 civilians
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What were the consequences of the boer war for the british
Arounf 450000 british soldiers fought in the war and nearly 6000 died. A further 16000 died from illness
Over a 1/3 of the british army volunteers were unfit for military service
Free school meals and medical checks were introduced as well as the study of nutrition and child devlopment
Unemployment benefit,sickness pay and old age pensions introduced
136
What was imperial propaganda like
Queen victoria and her goverment knew that a large empire meant more trade and wealth for britain
Belief that british were superior to those with different religious beliefs and different skin colours
Positive ideas and jingoism in relations to the empire were spread to keep the public's opinion of it high and to win support when taking over more land abroad
Positive messages appeared on magazaines such as the boy's own paper
Imperial propaganda fuelled enthusiasm about the british empire
British Empire leagye and the British colonial society were formed to support the idea of imperialism
137
Why was the suez canal important for Britain
80% of ships using the canal were british
It reduced the journey time from London to Mumbai by 2 weeks
138
How did Britain take control of the Suez Canal and in what year
1875-Benjamin Disraeli bought a controlling share from the egyptian who were in financial difficulty
He borrowed £4 million from Lionel de Rothschild
139
What did the Egyptians do in response to britain interifering with the suez canal and what date and how did Britain ad France repsond
1882- Egyptians rebel against britain and french interference.
Britain respond by bombing alexandria
France refuses to get involved, Britiain sends 24000 troops from britain and 7000 soldiers from british india to egypt
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