Migration

Question 1

As of 2014, how many people lived in a country that wasn’t their place of birth?

Answer 1

230 million

Question 2

Where did international migration mainly occur in the 1990s?

Answer 2

In the 1990s, international migration occurred mainly to world destinations like New York and Paris.

Question 3

How has international migration changed now compared to the 1990s?

Answer 3

Now, in many cities in developing countries (e.g. Mumbai and Lagos) have become major hubs for migration.

Question 4

What is the main reason for the increase in migration? Explain this further with a statistic.

Answer 4

The increase in migration if mainly due to the globalisation of the world. The advancement of transport networks (According to International Civil Aviation Organisation , the total number of passengers carried on scheduled services was 4.5 billion in 2019) allow people to travel easily to other countries to live, work and visit.

Question 5

What percentage of international migrants are within working age.

Answer 5

70%

Question 6

How many internal migrants did the United Nations Development programme say there were in 2000.

Answer 6

The United Nations Development Programme estimated in 2000 that there were 740 million internal migrants globally.

Question 7

What does internal migration depend on?

Answer 7

Internal migration depends on the country and its socioeconomic character.

Question 8

War or persecution is a push factor, what is an current example of this?

Answer 8

According to statista more than 5.8 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Europe as of September 2023 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the 24th of February 2022.

Question 9

What does high unemployment cause, low job opportunity and low wages cause?

Answer 9

Economic difficulty for migrants.

Question 10

Political unrest is a push factor, what is a current example of this?

Answer 10

In 2020, Beijing imposed a sweeping national security law on Hong Kong. More than a hundred people, including several prominent activists (e.g. Martin Lee) , have been arrested since the imposition of the law. This volatile political atmosphere sparked a wave of mass emigration from the city.

Question 11

How do governments influence migration?
Use two examples in your answer.

Answer 11

Governments control migration, meaning that the process of migration is greatly influenced by a country’s migration policies.

For example, in the EU there is FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT. This allows EU citizens to move, live, and work within other EU countries.

However, other countries have stricter immigration rules. For example, Australia has an immigration points system. This only allows skilled citizens that will contribute to the economy to live there.

Question 12

How do barriers influence migration? use an example in your answer.

Answer 12

Barrier, both physical and socioeconomic, limit migration. Many migrants have limited access to transport, or little money to migrate. This causes many migrants to resort to illegal migration, where migrants must face a dangerous migration process.

For example, crossing the Channel from Calais to South England (using small boats, hiding in lorries).

Question 13

How may long application processes influence migration?

Use an example in your answer.

Answer 13

There may be long application processes in order to apply for citizenship, refuge or a right to work in other countries, predominantly in international migration.

For example, according to gov.uk, you must live in the UK for at least 5 years before applying for citizenship.

Question 14

How may rural employment opportunities be a reason for rural-urban migration?

(Economic reason for rural-urban migration)

Answer 14

Rural employment opportunities are heavily agriculture dominant, especially in LICs. Not only is the agricultural industry relatively low earning, there are also several risks involved. For example, natural hazards such as droughts and floods can severely impact agricultural yields. Furthermore, commercial agriculture is hard to compete with in many regions so farmers may often struggle to make a profit.

Question 15

How may employment opportunities in urban areas influence rural-urban migration?

Use an example in your answer.

(Economic reason for rural-urban migration)

Answer 15

Urban areas generally have more employment opportunities compared to rural areas, both in number and variety. The promise of economic stability is a pull factor for many, causing them to migrate to urban areas.

For example, since the late 1970s, China has experienced the largest internal migration flows in history, with over 150 million people moving from rural areas to urban areas. Many rural migrants move to coastal cities (e.g. Shanghai, Qingdao, Haikou) in search for higher incomes from factory work.

Question 16

Why is an education a reason for rural-urban migration?

Use an example in your answer.

Answer 16

Education is a reason for rural-urban migration because colleges and universities (e.g. Imperial College London, University College London) are highly concentrated within cities, causing many young people to move to cities to study.

According to a Centreforcities publication, in England and Wales in 2014, “those moving from one region to another to go to university account for approximately one fifth of all movements in 2014 in England and Wales.

Question 17

How can a large population (due to rural-urban migration) affect the destination area?

Use an example in your answer

Answer 17

A large population leads to more waste and higher consumption levels. This can cause environmental degradation. For example, there may be more air pollution due to more vehicles being on the road which causes congestion.

On the coldest days of the year, Ulaanbaatar’s (Mongolia’s capital city that was originally designed for 300,000 people which now home to 1.452 million people as of 2017) daily average of PM2. 5 pollution levels reach 687 micrograms per cubic meter - 27 times the level WHO recommends as safe.

Question 18

Why may the quality of life decrease in the destination area due to rural-urban migration?

Answer 18

The quality of life may deteriorate as the destination area may not have the resources to cope with the high influx of migrants. This may cause squatter settlements (E.g. Nairobi’s Kibera and Mumbai’s Dharavi) to arise due to a lack of space and people not being able to afford to live within the city.

Question 19

How may rural-urban migration affect the destination area’s economy?

Answer 19

Rural-urban migration to the destination area create a larger workforce, especially in the economically active age bracket (20-35). This will contribute to the economy as well as improving productivity.

For example, according to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) rural-urban migration has been a “driving force in dismantling the Chinese dual economy, promoting labour market integration, and realising rapid economic growth.”

Question 20

What affect may rural-urban migration have on the population of the source area? Also, what does the affect on the population lead to?

Answer 20

Underpopulation can arise when too many people leave rural areas. This can lead to many jobs being unfilled and less capital being contributed to the rural economy.

Question 21

What affect may rural-urban migration have on the population STRUCTURE of the source area?

Answer 21

The population structure in the source area is altered to be older, as economically active people, especially around the age of 30, are more likely to migrate.

For example, in Japan some 37% of those living in depopulated areas are over the age of 65, about ten percentage points more than the national rate, according to the Japenese government. This has evidently creates a financial burden Japan’s rural services. This is reinforced by the World Economic Forum where it states that rural Japan’s public transportation is “unsustainable” partly due to an “increasingly ageing population.”

Question 22

How may rural-urban migration benefit source areas?

Answer 22

Rural-urban migration may benefit source areas due relaxed pressure on services. This may potentially lead to better healthcare, lowered house price and less crime.

Question 23

Why may stepped migration occur?

(knowledge)

Answer 23

One reason behind why stepped migration occur is due to migrants gaining knowledge and experience in urban areas, allowing them to move up the settlement hierarchy; migrants may gain confidence and feel ready to move to a more urbanised area. This process repeats as the migrants move up the hierarchy.

Question 24

Why may stepped migration occur?

(economy)

Answer 24

The economic benefits of living in an urbanised area may provide migrants will the wealth necessary to move to an even more urbanised area (e.g. a city, where living costs are more expensive). Also, many occupations also require employees to move to increasingly more urban areas as the employee works their way up. For example, public sector jobs have managerial roles that are often concentrated within larger cities.

Question 25

What are the trends of intra urban migration for young people?

Answer 25

Young people generally have LOWER
INCOMES. This means that they generally live in rented accommodations in the INNER CITY areas and INDUSTRIAL areas. This accommodation is common for university students.

Question 26

What are the trends of intra urban migration for young families?

Answer 26

When young people have families they often move OUT OF the INNER CITY for more space and a safer lifestyle. The OUTER SUBURBS often have cheaper housing, which is beneficial for young families who may be on lower incomes.

Question 27

What are the trends of intra urban migration for older families.

Answer 27

Older families with adolescent children may move into more expensive housing as they progress professionally and have more income to buy higher quality housing. This is generally closer to the CITY CENTRE.

Question 28

What are the trend of intra urban migration for older people?

Answer 28

At retirement age, people often migrate again to higher cost housing. This may be retirement villages or high cost housing in concentrated wealthy areas. Affluent city homes areas are usually away from the suburbs and on the rural-urban fringe.

Question 29

What effect may intra-urban movements have on housing?

Answer 29

In times where housing is limited, wealthier people can still afford to purchase houses whereas less wealthy people cannot. This means house prices may be driven up in already more expensive urban areas, further segregating people as well as making it difficult for YOUNG FAMILIES to get on the property ladder to buy their home. This issue is worsened by the UK cost of living crisis where inflation has increased the price of houses in general.

Question 30

What affect can intra urban migration have on segregation?

Use an example in your answer.

Answer 30

Certain demographics are concentrated within certain areas of urban settlements, this can potentially segregate people of different ages and of different incomes.

Intraurban migration can be expected to be the main mechanism affecting segregation (Boschman & van Ham, 2015)

Question 31

How may affect may urban-rural migration affect housing in the destination (rural) area?

Answer 31

Increased PRESSURE on housing can lead to rises house prices. MIDDLE-CLASS urban migrants can afford to buy houses due to the higher wages and more money after selling an expensive urban home. This can stop rural locals from getting onto the property ladder, especially younger people.

Question 32

How may a large influx of urban-rural migrants affect the local people in the destination (rural) area?

Answer 32

The influx of migrants from urban to rural areas may cause local people to be unhappy with their area changing to cater for the migrants, which may lead to political problems.

Question 33

How may urban-rural migration affect the environment of the destination (rural) area?

Answer 33

A large population leads to more waster and higher consumption levels. This leads to environmental degradation.

Question 34

How may urban-rural migration from industrial sector affect the source (urban) area?

Answer 34

In extreme cases, struggling industrial areas may go through DESINDUSTRIALISATION as there is not a large enough working population to support industry. This has a series of knock-on effects know as a SPIRAL OF DECLINE, this involves dereliction and economic decline.

Question 35

How may urban-rural migration affect the inner-city of urban areas?

Answer 35

Especially in inner city areas where areas are mainly residential, urban-rural migration can lead to these urban areas struggling to cope.

This is because a LOWER POPULATION and LESS MONEY in the area can cause businesses to struggle or close, dereliction an increase in crime, unemployment.

Question 36

The majority of international migration is migration to a high income country. What are statistics that support this?

Answer 36

-14.1% of high income country populations are made up of international migrants

-1.6% of low income country populations are made up of international migrants.

Question 37

Using statistics, describe internal migration flows in Asia.

Answer 37

-63 million people moved to a different areas of Asia while living in Asia in 2017, making it the largest labour flow in the world.

-The largest flows are between South Asia to West Asia; 5 million migrated from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Bahrain.

-This movement is usually for better job prospects as Western Asia is generally wealthier.

Question 38

Using statistics, describe internal migration flows in Africa.

Answer 38

-19 million people move within African countries.

-Movement in Africa, especially Sub-saharan Africa is between neighbouring countries, as moving is costly and the majority of these countries are low income countries.

-The countries with the largest migrant populations are South Africa (2.9 million migrants resided in South Africa at mid-year 2020) and the Ivory Coast (As of mid-2020, Ivory Coast was host to 2.5 million migrants that constitute 9.7% of the population.)

-South Africa is also one of the wealthiest African countries (GDP), which may be why they have the highest labour flows.

Question 39

Using Statistics, describe international migration flows from Asia to Europe.

Answer 39

-Asia to Europe, 20 million migrants moved to areas of Europe from Asia.

-Around 12% of migrating Asians (including those migrating to different areas of Asia) live in Europe.

-Germany, England, France and Spain are the European countries with the highest number of Asian migrants. Germany is the highest, with over 1 million people from Kazakhstan living in Germany, and over 250,000 from Iran and Iraq.

Question 40

Using statistics, give a general description of refugee flows.

Answer 40

-In total, refugees and asylum seekers make up 10% of all international migrants.

-The large majority of refugee flows are concentrated within in developing regions ( 4 out of 5 refugees are hosted within developing regions).

-The largest refugee populations are in Turkey (3.1 million), Jordan (2.9 million) and the State of Palestine (2.2 million).

Question 41

How many refugees are there globally?

Answer 41

There are 70.8 million refugees globally.

Question 42

Which country has the largest number of refugees in the world? Furthermore, why are their so many internally displaced refugees the country?

Answer 42

Syria has the largest number of refugees out of every country in the world (6.7 million). It is estimated that around half of all Syrian refugees are internally displaced within Syria.

This is due an ongoing multi-sided civil war fought between the Syrian Arab Republic led by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and various domestic forces and foreign forces (e.g. Russia, USA).

Question 43

How many Afghan refugees are displaced worldwide and why?

Answer 43

2.7 million Afghan refugees are displaced worldwide. This is mainly due to Afghanistan’s multiple conflicts; the Soviet-Afghan war, The Afghan Civil War, The Taliban Rule in Afghanistan have all lead to millions of people taking refuge in other countries for decades.

Question 44

According to Valentina Di Iasio (a researcher at the university of Southampton), what is the strongest pull factors for migrant.

Answer 44

Di Iasio found that the strongest pull factor attracting people to particular countries is not about the economy or welfare state, its about “having the possibility to rely on a community that is already there and already established.”

Question 45

Give two statistics about how how multinational companies treat migrants (effects for migrants in destination area).

Answer 45

-A report from 2017 found workers at Samsung factory in Vietnam reported extreme fatigue, fainting, dizziness and even miscarriages due to poor working conditions.

-In addition, a 2011 study of an iPhone factory in China found that Apple only paid 1.8% of the finished product value to the factory workers, while the company received 58.5% in profits.

Therefore, rural-urban migrants seeking work are vulnerable to exploitation from multinational companies.

Question 46

What a benefit of migrant workers in the UK (impact of migrants in destination area).

Answer 46

Using the RDI index, findings show that ethnic diversity in England and Wales has steadily increased: from 2.02 in 2001 to 5.14 in 2021). Therefore, more migrant workers will help to deliver social care in increasingly diverse countries such as England and Wales.

Question 47

With reference to China, explain the causes of rural-urban migration.

Answer 47

-In late 1978, the CCP introduced the “Reform and Open” policy. This policy resulted in large foreign investments directed to the manufacturing industries in Eastern urban areas. This lead to an increased demand for cheap labour in China’s new manufacturing sector. Therefore, this pushed a large amount of rural surplus labour to cities such as Shanghai and Hangzhou.

Question 48

With reference to China, explain the effect of rural-urban migration on the urban area.

Answer 48

-The National Bureau of Statistics found that the first migrating age of migrants born between 1980 and 1990 is 21.1.

-The “new-generation” have a young age. This means that they are likely to have a limited education and an unfamiliarity with city life.

-Therefore, these migrants will face high pressure from work, low satisfaction due to poor wages, unsure self-identification and an overall lack of happiness.

Question 49

With reference to China, explain the effect of rural-urban migration on the population structure.

Answer 49

Along with the rapid urbanisation process, large-scale rural-urban migration leads to the rapid decline in rural population . The rural population in China decreased from 790 million in 1978 to 564 million in 2018

Question 50

What is an example of chain migration?

Answer 50

Migration of Czechs to Nebraska in the late nineteenth century.

Question 51

Explain two consequences of chain migration.

Answer 51

Chain migration causes concentrations of migrants of a similar ethnicity or culture, this leads to ethnic enclaves. This means there may be a lack of integration into the destination area’s culture. Therefore, this may cause FRICTION between migrant and local communities.

Remittances are sent back to local origin. Thus, boosting the source area’s local economy. Therefore, more finance can be invested in improving education and healthcare services.

Question 52

Suggest how education influences international migration.

Answer 52

Some countries operate controls that consider the level of education. For example, Australia has a points immigration system that only allows skilled citizens who will contribute to the economy to live there.

It equips people to seek better-paid and more specialised jobs. For example, migrants educated in finance may want to migrate to international financial centres (IFCs) such as Tokyo, London and New York.