Migration Flashcards

Question

Lascar sailors overview

Answer 1

"lascars" was the name given by Europeans to the sailors living on the coast of India and south-east Asia. The EIC often didn't have enough sailors - they soon became sick or died on the voyage between Europe and India. Others deserted their ships when they arrived in India. As a result, the EIC turned to lascar sailors to help man their ships. Lascars were known among the English for their hard work, sailing skills, and knowledge of the seas around India. Lascars served under special contracts that gave ship-owners greater control over them. Lascars were often treated badly by their captains - many died of disease, exhaustion and starvation.

Answer 2

Reasons for arrival: - The poor sailing weather during India's monsoon season meant some lascars had to stay in British ports for months before their next journey - In 1660, Charles II passed the navigation acts which limited the number of lascar sailors allowed on English ships (75% of the crew had to be british). As a result, some ships abandoned their lascar crew in England. Lives in England: - Most lascar sailors lived in British port towns, like London, Liverpool, Bristol, Cardiff and Hull. As more lascars arrived, their community grew. A large group of lascar sailors, particularly from the Bengal and Goa areas of India, lived in East London. - Some lascar sailors worked in docks or British ships. Some of the community became cooks or ran hotels for the sailors. Those who couldn't find a job resulted to living on the streets and begging. - By the 1800s, English people began to help the lascar immigrants - some English women ran shelters for homeless Lascars. Impact: - Lascar immigrants had a wide cultural impact. Curry is believed to have come to Britain from India in the 1700s. The first Indian vapour vaths in England were opened in the 1800s, which gave Britain the word "shampoo". - This shows how Lascar migration helped shape British national identity. Eg many people see curry as an important British staple despite having originated from India.

Answer 3

ASIAN SERVANTS Like African people, Indian migrants often worked as servants. It was considered fashionable and a status symbol to have one and they were treated as property. Their numbers were limited in Britain until the middle of the 1700s. Their treatment was considered much the same as African servants. AYAHS Indian nannies that looked after children of their masters in India. Many were treated well but there were also cases of some being abandoned upon arrival in England.

Answer 4

Ayahs looking after English children in India: - Ayahs were the servants, nurses or nannies who looked after the children of the EIC in the late 18th and 19th century. - Ayahs tended to be poor Hindu or muslim Indian women who were employed be English wives of EIC employees - Hired because: English nurses were scarce in India; doctors warmed English women against breastfeeding in the warmer climate; hiring an indian nurse / nanny was easy because EIC employees were loaded. - Ayahs could be employed with a nanny thorughout their lives, working from youth to old age, often bringing up several generations of the same family. English parents in India were largely absent, so the children spent most of their time with ayahs. - Many english children were closer to ayahs than their own parents, creating tension as parents didn't like their children picking up the indians' language or way of life Ayahs in England: - EIC officials, merchants or soldiers were sent to work elswehere and ayahs would come with them, including England - Ayahs rarely used their own name, instead, the name of the family - lack of respect for individual's identity - English families promised to take ayahs back to India, but often had to stay working in England or they deserted them in England instead. Abandoned ayahs often ahd no money, so had to resort to becoming domestic servants or begging - lots of racism, as English viewed ayahs and Indians in general as inferior - often offensively referred to as "natives" - 1825, an Ayah's home was set up in London, as some people did want to help ayahs in the 1800s. This provided shelter for stranded ayahs, and helped them pay for a ticket back to India or find a job with a new family in Britain, however this home was an exception - Had big impact on English language, with words originating from Hindu language like chutney, pyjamas, "mama" and "papa" Asian servants: Like African children, Asian domestics were sometimes treated as status symbols, objects of curiosity or even pets. There is evidence, that some, like some Africans, were treated as property - sold or given as gifts. However, there are similar stories about the treatment of White child servants. There are also many accounts of Asian domestics in rich households livign comfortably and being well looked after. They - like the African servatns - also seem often to have been accepted by English servants who shared the same condtions.

Answer 5

Slavery, including the setting up of the Royal African Company American revolution Expansion of the British Empire

Answer 6

In 1660, King Charles II founded the company of Royal African Adventurers Trading to Africa. IN 1672, it became the Royal African Company - the company that managed the slave trade. Ships from British ports (like Liverpool, London and Bristol) went to the West African coast, wherer traders bought slaves. They transported slaves to America and the Caribbean and sold them to farm owners. Thousands of African people were transported every year. By 1807 (when the slave trade was abolished), over 2 million African people had been transported from Africa to the Caribbean and America. Some slaves were brought to Britain, either by Empire officers returning to Britain or farm owners.

Answer 7

Freed people came to Britain after the American Revolution. 1. In April 1775, war broke out between Britain's American colonies and the British government, because the colonies wanted freedom from Britain. The War became the American War of Independence. 2. The colonies didn't want to give their slaves freedom - they even refused to allow slaves to fight for their own side, in case they used the weapons to attack their owners instead. 3. In November 1775, Lord Dunmore, a British governor of the colonies, announced that any slaves who ran away from their owners and joined the British army would be set free when the war ended. Thousands of slaves fled their owners to fight for Britain, called the "Black Loyalists". 4. Britain lost the war and American colonies became independent, but the British kept their promise to the slaves. The slaves were set free and taken to Jamaica, Nova Scotia (modern-day Canada) and Britain. Those who came to Britain mainly ended up in London.

Answer 8

1) During the 18th century, the British empire continued to grow - by 1815, Britain was the most powerful and wealthy country in the world, owning territory in the Caribbean, Africa and Asia. 2. Like the lascars, some Africans worked as sailors, and some Africans sometimes had to spend months of British ports before going on a voyage. 3. Other Africans worked as servants for the Birtish Empire officers living in colonies. African servants were sometimes brought to England to work for wealthy households. Impact: African immigrants played a major role in the Abolishionist movement (end of slave trade). In the late 1700s, some former African slaves set up the Sons of Africa, a group that campaigned for the abolition of the slave trade. The abolitionist movement was a success, and the slave trade was stopped in 1807, and slavery itself was banned in Britain in 1833.

Answer 9

Readmission of Jews allowed them a save refuge. 1. In 1648, there was a series of attacks against Jews in Eastern Europe, where around 100,000 Jews were killed, so they looked for refuge. 2. In 1655, Rabbi Menasseh Ben Israel, a rabbi from Amsterdam, asked Oliver Cromwell for jews to be readmitted to England and he agreed. 3. In 1656, the first Jews arrived in England, welcomed by Cromwell, who even allowed them to practise their religion and build a synagogue. 4. Cromwell died in 1658, and with Charles II as king, Jews were worried, but Charles gave the Jewish refugees his support and continued Cromwell's policies. 5. By 1700, there were around 1000 Jews living in Britain, most of them in London. Experiences: 1. Jews were allowed to live in England but were still banned from participating in many jobs like the army and law. Many became bankers, moneylenders and buisnessmen. (In 1753, the government passed the Jewish Naturalisation Act to stop these barriers, but it was so controversial that they ended up withdrawing this). 2. Jewish communities grew mostly in the East End of London, and were self-sufficient, so needed very little help from the government. 3. Many Jewish traders were extremely successful and had a big impact on Britain - they helped build the City of London into the financial hub it is today. 4. Jews were met with a lot of anti-semitism though, and were often blamed for the city's poor livign conditions and dirty streets. 5. Despite the anti-semitism, due to the success of Jes, England became a refuge for Jewish migrants and in the 1700s more Jewish refugees began to arrive from Europe.

Answer 10

Britain grew to be the world's superpower thorugh conquest of other countries and trade. Conquering other countries allowed Birtain access to goods for trade, and cheap labour. This enabled cities to industrialised and factories needed people to work in them. People moved to the industrial cities in Brtain for work. As more and mroe people moved to the cities, families were corwded into homes and sanitation was poor. There was a rise in the industrial workign class and trade unions, who stood up for workers rights. Tehre was mass immigration, and the groups who cam to Britain had a large impact on british Society. The population had grown from 11 million in 1750 with 80% of people living in the countryside, to 42 million in 1900, with 70% of people living in the citiies. The UK's economy was based on manufacture and trade. Its seaports, such as London, Liverpool, Cardiff, Galsgow and hUll, became the busiest in the world, providing employment for thousands of dockworkers. They were corwded with ships from all over the world and lined with warehouses packed with goods imported from the colonies to be take by train to shops and factories. Steamships brought large numbers of immigrants as well as taking emigrants to North America. The canal and railway networks - built by migratn labour - spread across the country. They offered speedy transport of factory goods to the ports and of foodstuffs from the docks to shops. britain's wealth alos atracted skilled individuals who saw the opportunity to start up businesses. Many of teh country's most successful companies were started by foreign entrepeneurs.

Answer 11

The industrial revolution caused a lot of factories to be made, creating a lot of job opportunities for Irish and Scots - strong pull factor for them, increasing internal migration. Irish Migration In the 1840s, potato harvest failed, causing mass starvation and famine. This caused thousands fo people from rural Ireland to move to England. (1 million died and 2 million -50% of population - moved to England). irish migrants were the biggest migrant community in the 1800s, mostly living in cities like London, liverpool, Manchester and Galsgow. Experiences: - many tensions with English over things like pay, workers' rights, lviing conditions, crime, politcal unresst and relgion. Irish were often treated as inferior, and racism was widespread. Irish people wre sterotypes as violent, durnken and stupid. Most irish migrants were Catholic, causing tensions as England was largely protestant, so there was a lot of anti-Catholic discrimination, and protestant locals thorugh they were more suprerior to catholic irish. Many migrants worked for low pay, and so were a source of cheap labour for rich businesses. They were disliked by English workers because they undercut their wages. However, high intermarriage rate between Irish migrants and English locals suggests that England easily, and there were successful Irish migrants. Many irish and scotish migrants lived in squalid conditions. Impact: Irish people settled all over the country, and took up a range of jobs from doctors to policemen. There were successful businessmen and writers eg. Oscar Wilde. Irish Catholics also revived the Catholic Chruch in Egnaldn, and this helped with the move towards equal rights to worship for all religions. Many often joined the army too, and Irish workers made up a large proportion of the workforce. Irish migrants played a big role in building railways, canals, roads and houses.

Answer 12

Highland Scots: In the 1830s and 40s, the rural Highlands of Scotland suffered starvation and economic collapse, due to the fall in demand for local produce like seaweed and cattle, as well as harvest failure. landlords evicted many farmers from their land, so hunderds of people had not choice but to move. Tens of thousands of Scottish people were leaving hte Highlands for England and the USA. Some were hit by the potato famine, some were forced to leave due to the Hihgland Cleaernaces. This was when scottish and English landlords realised that it would be more profitable to use land for sheep farming, deer forests and tourism. In the 1840s and 1850s, large areas of the Hihglands were forcibel cleared of their populations. The Knoydart Peninsula had 1000 inhabitants and now has about 60. scottish migrants worked in factories in the north of England, some joined the army, and some moved to London to find work.

Answer 13

The Chartists demanded greater democratic freedom at a time when only rich men were allowed to vote. 1. During the industrial revolution, working class men became more aware of the difference between them and their bosses, so they campaigned for reforms. 2. The Chartists movement campaigned for all men to have the right to vote, for a secret ballot in elections, and for elected officials to be paid, so poorer men could run for election. They delivered their first petition to Parliament in 1839. Their final petition was presented in 1848, with a meeting on Kennington Common in London. 3. Several immigrants made a large contribution to the cause -- Feargus O'Connor was an Irish immigrant who gave speeches during the 1830s and 40s in industrial cities calling for politcal reform. He set up the newspaper "The northen star" which became the main voice for the Chartist movement. -- James O'Brien was another irish immigrant who was also a journalist campaigning for the Chartist movement. -- William Cuffay was the son of a former African slave who became involved with the Chartists in 1839. He helped organise the mass meeting on Kennington Common. 4. Although there was a lot of support for the Chartists, all 3 of their petitions were rejected by Parliament and their movement eventually died out. 5. However the Chartists helped inspire Parliament to pass reforms eventually. Parliament passed two reform acts, in 1867 and 1884, which went some way to achieving the Chartists' demands.

Answer 14

Until the 19th century, British citizenship laws were unclear. One process called denization had been in place since the Middle Ages, and a denizen had some of the rights of a British citizen. Naturalisation was an alternative to denization. Naturalised citizens had the same rights as those born in Britian. Naturalisation and denization were both complicated, so most immigrants didn't bother with them. The industrial revolution and expansion of the British Empire created more migration to Britain. The government decided to make it easier for foreigners to achieve a brtisih citizenship. In 1844, the governemnt passed a Naturalisation act, which made naturalisation cheaper and simpler. - Applicants for naturalisation had to give their job, age and address, and say why they wanted to be a British citizen. - Applicants had to swear an oath of allegience to the crown. The government passed another naturalisation act in 1870. This placed greater restrictions on who was allowed to become a British citizen. Applicants had to have lived in Britain for at least 5 years, and had to show that they were going to stay in Britain.

Answer 15

In 1880s Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe began to seek asylum from violent pogroms in Germany and Russia. This migration was also partly to escape disease and hunger - in 1866, there was a cholera epidemic in Poland and a famine in Lithuania. Many went on to America - others went to Britain as it was relatively close and cheap to travel to. Most Jewish migrants worked in the clothing industry, mainly by managing or working in sweatshops - small, unregulated factories where people worked in cramped conditions for long hours and little pay. Unlike previous Jewish immigrants, these eastern european migrants lived in closed communities, and so were more subject to anti-semitic abuse. However, htere were improvements in Jewish freedom across htis period (1760-1880) and some were allowed to express their faith more openly. Some converted to christianity eg future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli. In 1830, Jews were allowed ot trade freely and in 1858 they were given equal civil rights. New Jewish communities began to grow in Britain, incl. London, Manchester and Hull. They developed their own shops, restaurants and theatres and other venues, run and attended by members of the community. As tRade Unionist movements grew in general, Jewish people also became more involved. M&S, Burtons and Moss Bros were all strated by eastern European Jewish immigrants.

Answer 16

1. Jewish immigrants were blamed as scapegoats for the lack of good housing and the high levels of unemployment in Britain at the time, creating anti-semitic feeling. 2. This created a lot of support for stricter immigration policies, and in 1902, the Anti-immigration group British Borthers' league sent a petition to Parliament containing 45,000 signatures. 3. In August 1905, the government passed the 1905 Aliens Act. The Act was the first time (in peace time) that Britain had placed official restrictions on immigration. -- The act said that Britain would stop immigrants from settlign if they were considered "undesirable", which tended to mean immigrants who were poor or disabled -- It also set up Immigration Boards to decide who should be allowed to settle in Britain and who shouldn't. 4. The Act wasn't really enforced by the government, partly because there were many loopholes and it was also almost impossible to enforce. Also labour was elected in 1906 and they didn't see immigration as that big of a problem. 5. However, this was the first time the government had sent a clear sign that it was not okay for all immigrants to come to Britain, and some took this as a sign that it was okay to attack immigrants. There were reports of attacks on Jewish, Chinese and German immigrants in the years following the Act.

Answer 17

1. In the early 20th century, diverse immigrant communities continued to grow in Britain's port cities like London, Liverpool, Bristol, Cardiff and Hull. 2. The cities were home to thousands of sailors and dock workers from around the world - particularly Africans, Chinese and lascars. 3. The sailors developed small communities for when they weren't at sea. They had restaurants and shops catering for the immigrant communities - eg Chinatowns 4. The sailors were mainly men (there were few immigrant women) and many of the sailors married British women. 5. Many locals didn't like the settlers - particularly the intermarriages. Racist ideas were widespread throughout Britain - British people thought that because they were white they were a superior race.

Answer 18

What this introduces: Immigrants had to have enough money to support themselves. They had to show that they could earn a living. They were not allowed entry if they had a criminal record, a mental illness or a contagious disease. If they could prove they were refugees for politcal or religious reasons then immigrants would be allowed entry. Impact on migrants: Turning point: Britain no longer had an "open door". Several hunderds of Gypsies deported as they were too poor to support themselves. Immigration levels declined. Also deterred women from marrying immigrants, as any British woman who married an immigrant would automatically have her nationality removed.

Answer 19

All "aliens" had to register at police stations and show good character and knowledge of English. There were restrictions on where "aliens" could live, and "aliens" could be deported. This was amended in 1919 to say that "aliens" could only do certain jobs and oculd not go on strike. Indian seamen were not classed as "aliens" but were citizens of the empire. British women who had married a foreign man would regain her British nationality if she became divorced or widowed. A child's nationality would be determined not on where they lived, but rather their father's nationality. Impact: Greater control of immigrants and foreigners, and greater sense that government was trying to suppress immigrants. Stirred up greater national feeling.

Answer 20

Wartime propaganda aimed to incite anti-German feeling in Britain. In 1915 a British passenger ship the Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine, and this contributed to this feeling. Germans living in Britain ad their properties were attacked and had to be defended by the British army. Impact: People with German sounding names changed them. Teh media caused a ltot of anti-german feeling to be stirred. German shops were destroyed. Government sent army to protect German families and businesses because riots were so bad. The government did not care enough to stop propaganda against Germans.

Answer 21

This said that thos living in British colonies were legally British, in an attempt to encourage people to move to Britain after the war. Many people livining in thos colonies particularly in the West Indies had been taugt to see Britain as the "mother country". Impact: In 1956 The London Transport Executive agreed with the Barbadian Immigrants Liaison Service to loan Barbadians their fares to Britain to be repaid as part of their wages. More doctors arrived from the Indian subcontinent to staff the newly established NHS. by 1961 over 100,000 Indian and Pakistani nationals had take n up residence in britain. a 1960 Home Office Report recorded a total of 34,600 Indiand and 4,800 Pakistani children in Britain - around 64% of them were British-born.

Answer 22

1/4 million Beligan refugees came to the UK (largest group ever seeking refuge) and were given beds. Anger at "aliens" became directed against Austrians and Germans in Britain. New law: Alien registration and British nationality act brought further restrictions: aliens had to register at police stations, where they could live;d dpeortation. Anti-german feeling stirred up by propaganda by press attacks all over country against Germans - so bad army was sent to protect German families People with German sounding names changed them War effort: over 1 million indian soldiers served in war and millions from across Empire and black soldiers

Answer 23

When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Jews began to leave the country for fear of what would happen if they remain. Many came to Britain, although they weren't universally welcomed. During the 1930s, the Nazis passed laws which restricted and persecuted Jews. According to the 1905 aliens Act, which was sitll in force, refugees should be allowed entry into Britain. Britain took 40,000 Jews from Germany and Austria. By 1939, Britain had over 60,000 Jewish refugees, of whom around 50,000 remained permanently. Many families welcomed them into their homes, and people set up funds. Others were openly hostile and Nazism had some powerful supporters in Britain. When Jewish refugees arrived, most lived in refugee camps such as the Kitchener Camp near Sandwich in Kent. Others lived with British families. The pre-war refugees from Germany were drawn largely from the Jewish middle classes. Well educated, cultured and often with professional qualifications or experience, they ahd mostly been well integrated into the societies of their native lands, and they continued on the path of assimilation in Britain. After the war most took British nationality and settled down to build new lives for htemselves and hteir families. Kristallnacht and the Kindertransport. The Kindertransport was a unique humanitarian programme with ran between Nov 1938 and September 1939. Approx. 10,000 children, the majority of whome were Jewish, were sent form their homes and families in Germany, austria and Czechoslovakia to Great britain. However, htis was only a small proportion of the over 500,000 who applied, many of whom died later in the Holocaust. The welcome wasn't always friendly - experiences were mixed.

Answer 24

in the 1930s, with high unemployment and the effects of the Great Depression, anti-Semitism was on the rise all over Europe. Jews were a convenient scapegoats and were blamed for the unemployment and poverty of the 1930s by extreme right-wing parties. The British Union of Fascists (BUF), led by Oswald Mosley, an admirer of Hitler and Mussolini, targeted London's East End with its large Jewish population. Mosley's Blackshirts planned a march through the area, with the aim of turning Irish and English workers against their equally poor Jewish neighbours. in October 1936 however, about 100,000 people turned out to stop the BUF march. Teh anti-fascists were a mix of local residents and political activists including communists.

Answer 25

Why they came: - seeking refuge after Germany invaded Poland - 160,000 soon joined, serving in armed forces. - 14,000 Poles joined the RAF and shot down 1 in 7 German planes in hte Battle of britain. In 1939, Poland was invaded by Germany, and so Britain and France declared war on Germany. Many polish soldiers and civilians left their homes and came to Britain - they were joined by many more who were freed from the Soviet Union's work camps in 1941. The exiled Polish government was also based in Britain. After arriving in Britain, the polish army played a key role in the fight against the Nazis. Polish soldiers were involved in the Battle of Britain, the D-Day landings and the cracking of the Enigma code. Most polish civilians lived in refugee camps around Britian. There were over 150,000 Polish soldiers, civilians and government officials living in the around 40 refugee camps across Britain by the end of the war.

Answer 26

The "colour bar" was a continuing reality. IN 1938, there were still 18 hospitals that refused to train Black nurses. Life was difficult for children of dual heritage as they faced a lot of racial discrimination. Colour bar included not allowing people with dark skin access to jobs, housing, education etc. "coloured seamen" 1920s and 30s were a time of hardship In the 1920s Lascars were receiving much smaller pay than white sailors National Union of Seamen argued that this was undercutting White wages and causing unemployment. They wanted "coloured" seamen to be forced out, instead of improving conditions. This led to the 1925 Coloured Alien Seamen Order, which forced them to register with the police, even thoug most were British citizens from within the empire.

Answer 27

Settled Black British people: Many people hlped in the war effort. They served in the armed forces as well as one the home front. Black children were amongst hundreds of thousands of evacuees. There were mixed experiences - some very good, some bad. "coloured" seamen: Merchant navy was very important in shipping food supplies and minerals needed to manufacture armaments. Of 190,000 seamen, 45,000 were Lascars. conditions for all seamen were harsh - extreme cold on dek, extreme heat in the boiler room - death by drowning. Coloured seamen had less living space and less food. Enemy aliens Internment of Germans during war to prevent a repetitions of Anti-German riots during previous war - some German Jews ended up in the same place as Nazi sympathisers. In 1940, when Italy declared war on Britain, mobs swept Italian and German shops, so they were sent to camps too. There were poor conditions there. Jews in East London: Jews were interned to stop anti-semitic riots, but it meant some Jewish refugees had to camp with Nazi sympathisers. Jewish refugees came from Eastern Europe and Germany, but they were limited in number.

Answer 28

After WW2, the government allowed Poles to settle in Britain, since it was clear that the Soviet Union's sphere of influence would extend to Poland and England didn't want Poles to have to go back to a country controlled by an oppressive regime. In 1946, the British government encouraged Poles to move back to Poland, and some did, whilst others went to America. 120,000 decided to stay in Britain. Poles who had been soldiers became part of the newly-established Polish Resettlement Corps. This was a division of the British army made up entirely of former Polish troops who wished to settle in Britain. In 1947, the Polish Resettlement act was passed, enabling Polish civilians to work and apply for unemployment benefit in Britain.

Answer 29

Reasons: Poverty and shortage of jobs led to people searching for better-paid employment, at first in South America, then USA and UK. Job opportunites of Black people were limited as the government and civil service jobs were held by the white residents. Caribbean islands colonised by Britain had been kept underdeveloped. In Caribbean schools, students had been taught that the UK was the "mother country" and the centre of hte empire. In Britain, there was a shortage of labour due to men of working age having been killed in the war. As a result of the bombing of British cities, lots of workers were needed for construction. The 1945 Labour govenrment had pledged to set up the NHS and the Birtish Railwaysl. There wer many roels as nurses, doctors, train and bus drivers needed to be filled. Wages in Britian were four or five times higher than the Caribbean. The Nationality Act (1948) meant htat West Indians were legally British. British passport holders had hte right to stay and work in the UK. Experiences: Difficult for black people to gain housing, as often they were refused rent and many hotels, restuarants and dance halls refused entry to Black people Immigrants were often blamed for labour problmms. Although most West iNdian migrants were skilled they were given menial, low skilled and low paid jobs. IN 1958 there were serious riots in Nottingham, with major violence towards black people. many street fights. Mosely tried holding anti-immigration meetings in 1959 in Notting Hil.. Gallup Poll 1958 - people diisapproved of black people. Politics - the news were biased against black people. Oswald Mosley tried to exploit racial tension by holding anti-immigration meetings. Some Labour MPs objected to black people coming to Britain. Impact: Carribbean migratns lived togheter in rundown areas, and in overcrowded rooms to save on rent. The bristol bus boycott - young black residents organised a boycott in 1963 because Bristol's buses refused to employ non-white crews. The company backed down on the day of MLK's dream speech. Notting Hill Carnival set up in response to violence, the biggest street festival in Europe. 1976 - Rock Against racism. Caribbean migrants began to organise into groups and activist groups.

Answer 30

Reasons: In 1947, India gained independence from Britain and was split into two countries - hIndu dominated India and muslim dominated Pakistan. Many found themselves on the wrong side of the border and so left for Britain. Indian and Pakistani migrants settled in cities across Britain, including London, Leeds and Bradford. They worked in factories and the transport system. They immediately faced racism - some companies tried to ban Sikhs from wearing turbans at work. Partly because of the racism, Indians and Pakistani migrants didn't try to integrate - instead they made their own businesses, schools and places of worship.

Answer 31

Rivers of blood speech 1968 by Enoch Powell, saying that people are mad for letting 50,000 immigrants in every year. Had a huge impact - there were many marches supporting him, some people were calling it a race war.

Answer 32

Holders of Commonwealth passports no longer had the right to live and work in the UK. A limited number of employment "vouchers" would be issued to those who ahd job offers or had professional skills. Decreases immigration as more poeple likely to be deported, and causes tighter controles over who can come in. 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act - banned entry to britain to anyone without a father or grandfather born in the UK. Decreases immigration as only family members would get in - stricter controls, but increased chain migration. in 1971 The immigration Act meant that vouchers were replaced by work permits which were only valid for a specific amount of time - slighlty easier to migrate but only for a limited time - no permanent stay.

Answer 33

1. Britain is a multi-cultural society - it includes peopel of many backgrounds and cultures, and allows them to live in a way they want to, rather than making them fit into a "British" culture. 2. Some see this positively - they think it encourages tolerance, creates more understanding between people of different cultures and generally makes everybody's lives better by opening their eyes to different ideas, languages, lifestyles and experiences. 3. However others worry that htis might cause Britain to lose its identity - they think immigrants should come and adopt British culture and customs. 4. Others are concerned that Britain's multi-cultural society has become too segragated. They believe people of different cultures don't mix enough, and this has created closed communities which can cause tensions and hostility between different cultural groups.

Answer 34

1. A major issue since the 1980s has been the issue of asylum seekers. Some were fleeing civil war (e.g Somalia and Sudan) others were fleeing conflict (Afghanistan and Yugoslavia) while others were fleeing persecution (Sri Lanka's Tamil minority). 2. At first, these asylum seekers settled in London and the South-East. IN 1999, the government began to spread them around the coutnry, incl Manchester, Glasgow and Leeds. 3. Asylum seekers were often housed in poor accommodation. it was also difficult for them to find jobs - in the 1990s, they had to ask permission from government before they could work. Most asylum seekrs weren't welcomed by locals. Some were attacked and forced to move. Some were even more worse off as the government housed them in detention centres while their claims were being processed, experiencing poor conditions and treatment.

Answer 35

1. the free movement of people is a founding principle of the EU. It allows every EU citizen to live and work anywhere in the EU without being restricted by immigration controls. The "open borders" policy has helped create more migration to Britain and other countries in the EU. 2. Created a lot of debate. Some people have expressed concern that immigrants from Europe are a burden on Britain's health, education and welfare systems - they argue that the government shoudl have greater control over who should be allowed into the country. 3. Others argue that people come from the EU to work ,and therefore help improve hte eocnomy. They also point out that British people are able to move around in the EU without any hassle. Some people have said that open borders have a positive influence, as it allows greater mobility and diversity.

Migration Flashcards

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