Migration Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
What is migration ?
A
- according to the UN it is the movement of people to an area or country for more than 12 months
- it can be international or internal
2
Q
Which international migration is popular ?
A
Regional e.g from, Poland to Germany
3
Q
What is international migration?
A
Movement of people from one country or political state to another
4
Q
Why is there more migration now?
A
- globalization
- better transport systems
5
Q
What age mainly migrates?
A
Working age
6
Q
What is the main push of internal migration ?
A
Urbanization
7
Q
What are the push factors of migration
A
- unemployment
- low wages
- economic difficulties
- environmental strategies e.g drought
- war and persecution
- poor public services
- low living standards
- natural disasters e.g floods and volcanoes
8
Q
What are the processes of migration? (3)
A
- chain migration
- steeped
- illegal immigration
9
Q
What are the pull factors of migration
A
- more job opportunities
- better public services
- better living conditions (clean water and sanitation)
- higher wages
- peaceful, no wars
- more leisure activities
10
Q
What is internal migration?
A
The movement of people within a country e.g from district to district
11
Q
What is am emigrant?
A
- someone who leaves a country
12
Q
What is an immigrant?
A
- someone who enters a country
13
Q
What is net migration?
A
The balance between people entering a country/ region and people leaving it
14
Q
Explain in-migration
A
- the movement of internal migrants out of a region of a country
15
Q
What is the main differentiation between migration and circulatory movement?
A
- migration is a year +
16
Q
What is the name given to the place the migrants have come from?
A
Source area
17
Q
What is distance decay?
A
- when the number of migrants declines as distance between the source area and the area of destination increases.
17
Q
Explain out-migration
A
- movement of internal migrants into a region.
18
Q
What is voluntary migration?
A
is when the migrants choose move.
19
Q
What is involuntary migration?
A
when the migrants feel they have no alternative but to move.
20
Q
What are refugees?
A
People who are forced to migrate
21
Q
What are asylum seekers?
A
Migrants when reach their place of destination they may apply to stay there permanently
22
Q
What are legal immigrants?
A
Migrants who are granted asylum and migrants who have permission to move into a country and stay there
23
Q
What is urbanization?
A
The resulting movement of people from the countryside to the urban settlements
24
What is step migration?
when the move from rural villages to large cities is done in stages or steps.
25
What are the negative impacts of international migration on source area?
- fewer working class hence taxes will increase
- Economic development slows down as those who are skilled leave
- Aging population; low security, more government money is spent on pensions
- The social structure becomes unbalanced especially with chain migration
26
What are the causes of rural to urban movement
- Better education systems e.g universities
- Better communication and transport systems
- Better job opportunities
- Better living standards
- Better health facilities
27
Positive impacts on receiving urban area from rural to urban migration
- get skilled workers (cheap labor)
- Economic growth (increased demand for goods boasting local businesses)
- Cultural diversity
28
Negative impacts on receiving urban area from rural to urban migration
- over population (strains services e.g sanitation systems, health care, education)
- Pollution and congestion
29
Positive impact on the source area (rural area) from rural to urban migration
- reduced pressure on natural resources
- Migrants often send money back home stimulating rural development
30
Negative impact on the source area (rural area) from rural to urban migration
- older population
- Under utilization of resources
- Decline in agricultural activities
- Families become reliant on money which is sent
- Traditional communities are distorted
- Change in gender roles ( many man leave for urban areas)
- Lose of social knowledge as the knowledgeable leave / parents
31
What are the influences of political barriers on migration?
- restrictive immigration policies, border controls, and visa requirements imposed by destination countries
- These policies can limit the number of migrants allowed to enter and reside in a country.
32
What are the influences of economic barriers on migration?
- the cost of transportation, visas, and other fees associated with migration
- Lack of financial resources can prevent individuals from migrating, even if they have strong motivations to do so.
33
What are the influences of social barriers on migration?
- Social barriers encompass factors like language differences, cultural norms, and lack of social networks in the destination country
- can make it difficult for migrants to integrate into their new communities and access essential services.
34
What are the influences of age on migration?
- migration rates are highest among young adults (20s and 30s) and children
- decreasing with age,older individuals tend to migrate less
- declining fertility rates also reduce the pool of potential young migrants
- older populations can also act as a pull factor, attracting migrants from developing countries. (Nursing and job opportunities)
35
What are the influences of distance on migration?
- the further apart two locations are, the fewer migrants will move between them"distance decay effect"
- increased travel costs,reduced information flow, and higher psychic costs associated with leaving familiar surroundings reduce migration
36
What are the causes of urban to rural migration?
- Desire for a slower pace of life
- Access to nature and outdoor recreation
- Improved environmental conditions
- Lower cost of living
- Emerging industries and opportunities in rural areas:
- Unemployment and lack of opportunities in urban areas:
- Desire for a sense of community
- Retirement
- Family ties
37
What are the positive impacts of urban to rural migration on source area
- Less congestion on roads and public transport.
- Reduced pressure on housing, lowering demand and overcrowding.
- Eases strain on public services like schools, hospitals, and sanitation.
- Less overcrowding can lead to improved quality of life for remaining residents.
- Lower pollution levels (air, noise, and waste) due to fewer people
- Less competition for jobs, particularly in saturated urban employment sectors.( reduces urban unemployment )
- Reduction in informal settlements/slums, improving urban appearance and safety.
38
What are the negative impacts of urban to rural migration on source area
- Loss of skilled workers and professionals (“brain drain”), especially if younger or educated people move away.
- Reduced local spending in urban businesses, affecting the economy.
- Decline in workforce availability in certain sectors.
- Decreased investment in areas losing population.
- Underused public services and facilities like schools or transport in depopulated areas.
39
What are the positive impacts of urban to rural migration on receiving area
- Boosts the local economy through increased demand for goods and services.
- Creates jobs in construction, retail, education, and healthcare as population grows.
- Attracts government or private investment in transport, internet, healthcare, and housing.
- Leads to modernization of rural infrastructure and amenities.
- Brings new skills, ideas, and diversity to the rural community.
40
What are the negative impacts of urban to rural migration on receiving area
- Increased demand on limited infrastructure like roads, water supply, and electricity.
- Strain on healthcare and education services, which may be underdeveloped.
- Housing shortages and rising property prices, making housing less affordable for locals.
- Overuse of natural resources, such as water and land.
- Loss of agricultural land as areas are converted for housing or commercial use.
- Increased pollution and waste, potentially harming rural ecosystems.
- Erosion of traditional rural lifestyles and customs.
- Rising cost of living which may disadvantage poorer local residents.
41
What is the cause of stepped migration?
- Migrants often cannot afford to move long distances all at once, so they move in stages—first to a nearby town, then to a larger city, and eventually to a major urban center or another country where better job opportunities exist.
- Migrants may lack full knowledge about distant destinations, so they migrate gradually, learning about opportunities and adjusting plans as they go.
- Migrants may first move to places where affordable housing or entry-level jobs are available before progressing to their final destination.
- Sometimes migrants face visa or travel restrictions, forcing them to move gradually through different locations.
42
Give the order of the settlement hierarchy
- isolated dwellings
- village
- small town
- large town
- city
- conurbation
43
What is urban to urban migration?
the movement of people from one urban area (city or town) to another urban area.
44
What are the push factors of stepped migration?
- Lack of local job opportunities — unemployment or underemployment in rural or small towns.
- Poor living conditions — inadequate housing, lack of services like healthcare and education.
- Low wages or poverty — inability to earn a decent income.
- Environmental problems — droughts, floods, soil degradation affecting livelihoods.
- Limited social and cultural amenities — lack of entertainment, social services, or community facilities.
- Poor infrastructure — bad roads, lack of transport making life and work difficult.
45
What are the push factors of urban to urban migration?
- High cost of living in the current city (e.g., expensive housing, utilities).
- Overcrowding and congestion causing poor quality of life.
- Lack of job opportunities or declining industries in the current city.
- Poor housing conditions or limited affordable housing.
- Crime and safety concerns prompting people to leave.
- Environmental problems such as pollution or noise.
- Limited access to quality education or healthcare services.
- Traffic congestion and long commute times reducing daily convenience.
- more wealth hence improvement of life
46
What is intra-urban migration?
is the movement of people within the same city or urban area. This could mean moving from one neighborhood or district to another within the city.
47
What are the causes of intra-urban migration?
- Search for better or affordable housing (e.g., moving from informal settlements to formal housing).
- Upgrading to larger or more modern homes as income improves.
- Moving closer to work to reduce commute time and cost.
- Job changes or new employment opportunities in different parts of the city.
- Desire for better access to education, healthcare, or transport.
- Relocation to areas with more reliable infrastructure (e.g., water, electricity).
- Marriage or joining family members in another part of the city.
- Infrastructure projects displacing people (e.g. road or railway expansion).
48
What are the impacts of intra-urban migration?
- Increased demand for housing, often leading to overcrowding or informal settlements.
- Strain on infrastructure and public services like water, electricity, and waste management.
- Greater pressure on public transport and road networks.
- Increased traffic congestion and commuting times.
- Increased demand for jobs and services in growing areas.
- Stimulation of local businesses in receiving neighborhoods.
- Air and noise pollution due to increased population density and traffic.
49
What are the cause of voluntary migration?
- Better job prospects and higher wages.
- Career advancement or professional development.
- Access to better education and training opportunities.
- Better living conditions, healthcare, and public services.
- Joining family members who have already migrated (family reunification).
- Desire for a fresh start or personal freedom.
- Retirement migration to more pleasant climates.
50
What are the cause of in-voluntary migration?
- War and civil conflict (e.g. Syria, Sudan).
- Ethnic or religious persecution (e.g. Rohingya in Myanmar).
- Political oppression or authoritarian regimes.
- Natural disasters (e.g. earthquakes, floods, hurricanes).
- Famine and food insecurity.
- Displacement due to large infrastructure projects (e.g. dams, mining, urban development).
- Marginalization of minority groups.
51
What are the negative impacts of international migration on receiving area?
- Increased competition for jobs, especially in low-skilled sectors.
- Strain on public services, such as healthcare, education, and housing.
- Rising anti-immigrant sentiment or xenophobia in some communities.
- Overcrowding in urban areas, leading to housing shortages and traffic congestion.
52
What are the positive impacts of international migration on receiving area?
- Fills labor shortages in key industries (e.g., healthcare, construction, agriculture).
- Boosts productivity by adding skilled and unskilled workers to the workforce
- Contributes to tax revenue, helping fund public services like education and healthcare.
- Supports economic growth by increasing demand for goods and services.
- Enriches society with new languages, cuisines, traditions, and ideas.
- Introduces new skills and perspectives, especially in science, technology, and business.
- Fills essential roles in public services, such as nurses, doctors, and care workers.
53
What are the positive impacts of international migration on source area?
- Remittances sent home by migrants boost family income and the national economy.
- Foreign currency inflows help stabilize the country’s balance of payments.
- Reduced unemployment and underemployment, especially in areas with surplus labor.
- Reduced pressure on public services, such as healthcare, schools, and job markets.
- Return migrants bring back skills, education, and new ideas that can help develop the local economy.
- Helps reduce overpopulation and associated problems like overcrowding or resource shortages.
- Women and youth may become more empowered, especially if they take leading roles in families while others are abroad.
