Migration Flashcards
(32 cards)
Migration
Permanent change of residence of an individual/group of people that lasts for more than a year.
Short term moveents
Last for less than 1 year; commuting, tourism, seasonal movements.
International migration
When an individual or group of people cross an international border for more than 1 year.
Internal migration
When people move from one place to another inside a country.
Net migration
The difference between in-movements and out-movements to a region/country.
Push factors
Social intolerance/civil war, government corruption, natural disaster/climate conditions, poor employment and low income, bad education and bad healthcare.
Pull factors
Job prospects and high-income promise higher living standard, more entertainments, better education and healthcare and stabler government, environment and socially.
Chain migration
After a few migrants leave, a chain reaction is set off, and many more follow.
Relay migration
At different stages in the family life cycle, different people migrate to improve financial situation.
Step migration
Rural migrant progressively steps to bigger settlements. Rural town small town small city larger city…
Patterns of migration
Some famous examples include, Mexico USA, Asian countries USA, Eastern European Western Europe. LICs HICs; HICs HICs; South North.
Constraints
Factors that may prevent migration. These include closing up cost, opening up cost, journey, immigration laws and physical border.
Closing up cost
The cost of leaving the source. Insignificant in LICs, but in HICs; possessions, houses, and emotional costs are factors.
Opening up cost
The cost of purchasing a house, legal fees, essentials to survive in the destination.
Journey
May pose its own risks/costs. For HICs, there is a large cost to travel and transport. For LICs, the journey may be long walk or perilous boat/lorry ride. High risk of scam, death or highway men.
Immigration laws
May encourage/discourage migration. Europe encouraged migration in 1950s to tackle labour shortage. Now UK is trying to control immigration.
Physical border
US/Mexico wall inhibits migration.
Causes of rural-urban movements
Poverty, low wages, hard/menial jobs, unemployment, poor amenities and services. Farming mechanisation reduces the need for jobs. Service improvement in rural cities leads to rural population growth, and more people move out to find employment. Low barriers to stop people trying.
Source impacts of rural-urban movements
Remittances returned, so more money to improve rural areas. Separated families; young males move, leaving children to work and elderly uncared for. Deforestation.
Destination impacts of rural-urban movements
Pressure put on housing, water supplies and services. People live in poor conditions. Informal economy created; no tax paid. More pollution and landfill sites.
Population structure of rural-urban migration
Rurally; many dependents, few economically active, large child population. Urban; bulge in economically active ages, few young and elderly dependents.
Causes of urban-rural movements
Pollution, crime, congestion, loneliness and racial tension. Rural areas are cleaner, more affordable, more social, and service provision (particularly education & healthcare) is much better.
Source impacts of urban-rural movements
City enters a downwards spiral as only the rich can move out. City’s taxes reduced, so less money to tackle social and economic problems.
Destination impacts of urban-rural movements
More money brought into the area, but negatively affects rural poor as: shops shut, services and public transport cut (increased private car ownership), more congestion, decline in community life, house prices shoot up and old traditional buildings converted to modern houses.
