Migration: Conquerors and the Conquered

Question 1

Name 2 groups of people who settled in England before c.750

Answer 1

• Hunter-Gatherers
• Anglo-Saxons
• Farmers
• Beaker people
• Celts

Question 2

When did the Vikings first begin to explore then raid countries around them?

Answer 2

Mid 700s

Question 3

Where is the first recorded Viking attack in England?

Answer 3

The monastery at Lindisfarne in Northumbria in 793AD

Question 4

Why did the Vikings move from raiding to settling in Britain?

Answer 4

In Scandinavia:
- Poor soil
- Overcrowding
- Only the eldest sons could inherit the land

Question 5

Which Anglo-Saxon ruled Wessex?

Answer 5

Alfred of Wessex/the Great

Question 6

At which battle did Alfred eventually beat the Vikings?

Answer 6

Battle of Edington

Question 7

What was agreed in the peace deal between the Vikings and the Anglo-Saxons?

Answer 7

The Viking leader Guthrum became a Christian and agreed to never attack Wessex again. Alfred accepted the Vikings and settled the boundary

Question 8

What was the name of the land over which Vikings ruled?

Answer 8

Danelaw

Question 9

Give an example of the influence of Norse in the development of the English language.

Answer 9

Days of the week eg: Thursday named after tjor

Question 10

How did the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings interact peacefully?

Answer 10

Trade and intermarriage

Question 11

Which kingdom did Athelstan conquer?

Answer 11

Northumbria

Question 12

Why was Alfred’s great-grandson known as Edgar the Peaceful?

Answer 12

England was the most settled it had been for generations

Question 13

What was the North Sea Empire and who was its leader?

Answer 13

North Sea Empire consisted of England, Denmark, Norway, and parts of Sweden and it was ruled by King Cnut

Question 14

Describe King Cnut’s time as King of England

Answer 14

• dealt with opposition harshly
• viewed England as the main domain and greatest asset
• introduction of Danish nobles helped to control England

Question 15

How did the North Sea Empire change England?

Answer 15

• changes to the social hierarchy system
• improved trading connections
• stronger relationship with the Church

Question 16

Who did Aethelred marry?

Answer 16

Emma of Normandy

Question 17

Describe the problems Aethelred faced as king

Answer 17

• was 9 years old when he ascended the throne
• reign was difficult due to corruption amongst advisors

Question 18

What agreement did Aethelred make with the Vikings?

Answer 18

To pay Danegeld (money paid to the Vikings to leave)

Question 19

Where did Forkbeard travel from to attack England?

Answer 19

Denmark

Question 20

Why did Forkbeard attack England?

Answer 20

• take revenge
• wealth of England would improve Vikings status

Question 21

Who was Emma of Normandy and why did Aethelred and Cnut marry her?

Answer 21

A powerful figure in the 1000s married two kings and was Queen Consort through her marriage alliances

Question 22

Why was Matilda (daughter of Henry 1) queenship challenged?

Answer 22

She was a woman and people thought that it was unfit for a woman to be the Monarch of a nation. Consequently usurped by her cousin Stephen

Question 23

Why were the marriages of Emma of Normandy and Queen Matilda important in terms of empire?

Answer 23

Queen Emma: united Normandy with England
Queen Matilda: united England with Anjou, France

Question 24

Describe Cnut and Aethelred’ s rivalry

Answer 24

• Cnut was Forkbeard’s son
• He took the throne after Forkbeard’s death but was fought off by Aethelred who came to reclaim his throne
• After Aethelred died in 1016, his son Edmund ascended the throne but was overthrown by Cnut

Question 25

Who was Edward the Confessor?

Answer 25

- Aethelred' s son - ascended the throne because the public hated both of Cnut's sons - considered himself more French than British having spent more time there - died having left no clear heir to the throne

Question 26

Who were the three contenders to the throne and how were they related to Edward the confessor?

Answer 26

- Harold Godwinson: Edward's brother in law - William the Conqueror: Edward's distant cousin + claimed Edward had promised him the throne before he died - Harold Hardrada: King of Norway, family were descendants of King Cnut

Question 27

Who was the victorious contender and why?

Answer 27

William of Normandy because of his military skillset + weaknesses of Harold Godwinson's army who'd previously fought Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge

Question 28

How did England change under the Norman rule?

Answer 28

- built castles - used the French language, which made it the language of the nobles and those of a higher status - built churches and cathedrals - introduced the feudal system and the Doomsday book - made his loyal followers Barons and Knights in England + gave them property and land - used violence to destroy the opposition

Question 29

Who was the first king of the Angevin Empire?

Answer 29

Henry II

Question 30

What was the significance of the Norman Empire?

Answer 30

Short term: - taxes paid to French - Anglo-Saxons became second-class citizens Long term: - changed architecture - introduced the Feudal system - impacted language

Question 31

How was the Angevin Empire formed and expanded?

Answer 31

- hereditary ties to Anjou and Maine - Aquitaine through marriage - Brittany and Ireland through conquest

Question 32

How was Henry II able to invade Ireland?

Answer 32

In 1171, Irish Lod asked Henry II for assistance: a team of barons travelled to Ireland to help. The barons took opportunity to seize the land. Henry II visited in 1171 and was declared the Overlord

Question 33

Describe the impacts of the Angevin Empire

Answer 33

- trade between nations - culture + language - political-international control - social patterns

Question 34

Why did the Angevin Empire decline under Richard I and John I?

Answer 34

Richard I: spent his time on crusades John I: had too many opponents who seized the opportunity to launch attacks

Question 35

Why was the Angevin Empire significant?

Answer 35

- Henry II seen as Europe's most powerful leader at the time - largest Empire an English King ruled over - changed the way England was seen - changed England and Ireland's relationship

Question 36

Why did the Angevin Empire fall?

Answer 36

- John being a poor military commander - King Phillip II conquering parts of France John ruled - loss of support

Question 37

When did the 100 years war occur?

Answer 37

between 1337-1453

Question 38

Why did England go to war against France in 1337?

Answer 38

- Edward III wanted more power + prove that he was stronger than his father - France threatened to cut trade: Flanders wool - England controlled the Gascony wine area - hereditary ties with France through Grandfather - conflict with Scotland who supported the French

Question 39

How did the 100 years war impact the English identity?

Answer 39

- separation from mainland Europe after losing majority of land - shared language (stopped speaking French as it was the enemy language) - sense of pride through victorious battles eg: Battle of Agincourt

Question 40

Name one battle that occurred during the 100 years war

Answer 40

- Battle of Crecy - Battle of Poiters - Battle of Agincourt

Question 41

Why did John I have a poor relationship with the Barons?

Answer 41

- imposed heavy taxes on the Barons to pay back his debts from funding the war - If the barons refused, he took away their property and responded with violence

Question 42

Why were the barons unhappy with the way that John I was ruling the country?

Answer 42

- poor military leadership and losing territory - raising taxes - ignoring his advisors - horror at the idea that he could murder his own nephew - quarreling with the Pope

Question 43

Why did Henry V decide to fight at the battle of Agincourt?

Answer 43

Henry V wanted to make the war with France focus of his reign and was determined to regain lost territories in France

Question 44

Describe the consequences of the Battle of Agincourt

Answer 44

- between 700-1000 French soldiers killed as compared to the 100 English soldiers - gave England the momentum they required to gain back lost land --> basically restored hope

Question 45

What was the significance of John's reign to England?

Answer 45

- saw the end of the Angevin Empire - left England's economy in ruins - reign saw the creation of the Magna Carta

Question 46

What was the Magna Carta?

Answer 46

A Great Charter drawn up by barons detailing the changes they wanted, which would distribute some of the King's power to said, barons: - gave every free man the right to a fair and just trial - respecting the rights of the Church - stopped unfair taxes

Question 47

What were the impacts of the loss of the Angevin Empire?

Answer 47

- Magna Carta formed: start of a partial democracy - had to increase taxes - power of the King decreased - England started to move away from French traditions

Question 48

What were the short term outcomes of the Hundred years war?

Answer 48

- English lost all of their French territory except Calais - A treaty formed between France and England - Destruction of areas that had to face battle - Damaged economy of both countries involved - death of many soldiers from both sides

Question 49

What were the long term impacts of the 100 years war?

Answer 49

- Military Impact: focus shifted from cavalry to archers - France became one unified country - increase in nationalism - a better system of taxation established - increase in gunpowder