Migration & Demography Flashcards
(29 cards)
Define migration?
Define emigration?
Define immigration?
- Movement of people from one area to another.
- Movement out of a country permanently.
- Movement into a country permanently.
3 patterns of immigration in the UK?
1950-1970: immigration from black & Asian commonwealth encouraged to solve labour shortage.
2000s: EU expansions made it easier to move within the EU.
2020: brexit controlled the number of EU migrants who can enter.
Push and pull factors for migration?
PUSH
- poverty
- living standards
- unemployment
PULL
- job opportunities
- high living standards & wages
- education
How is migration increasing the UK population structure? (2)
- Increasing net migration
- Natural increase
How does migration affect the UK age structure? (directly + indirectly)
- lowers average age.
directly - immigrants are younger.
indirectly - immigrants are younger so more fertile so more babies.
How does migration affect the UK dependency ratio? (3)
- Immigrants likely to be working age (reduces dependency) .
- Younger immigrants have more babies (increases dependency).
- The longer the immigration group is settled, assimilation will happen and their fertility rate will match the UK (reduces impact on dependency).
What are the 3 trends in global migration? Explain them?
- Acceleration
- the rate of migration has sped up. - Differentiation
- increasing the diversity in types of migrants. - Feminisation of migration
- care work, domestic work and sex work is carried out by female migrants.
Explain Cohen’s 3 different types of migrants? (differentiation)
- Citizens
- have full citizens rights.
(more workers, have full access to ‘our’ welfare state) - Denizens
- privileged foreign nationals who are welcomed by the state (don’t pay taxes but invest in UK) - Helots
- slaves and are the most exploited migrant. (bring crime but are cheap labour)
Define hybrid identities?
What is a weakness of them?
Migrants develop hybrid identities made up of different sources. they see themselves as Muslims first, then Bengali, then British.
- this creates tensions in society as migrants are accused of not fitting in.
What are two state policies on migration?
- Assimilation - adopt the language, values, customs of host culture.
- Multiculturalism - accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity. Q
What’s the issue with assimilation and multiculturalism?
Assimilation:
- hybrid identities are often unwilling to assimilate.
Multiculturalism:
- the government accepts superficial diversity more than stronger types of cultural identity.
Shallow diversity (foods like chicken tikka is acceptable)
Deep diversity (arranged marriages is not acceptable)
Benefits of migrations?
Issues with migration?
BENEFITS:
- culturally diverse society & family.
- more skilled workers & labour workers.
ISSUES:
- media creates moral panic - immigrants taking “our jobs”
- creates racism & stereotypes
- dependency ratio consequences
What is demography?
Examples?(4)
The study of characteristics of the human population.
- birth/death rate
- life expectancy
-population size - infant mortality rate
Define birth rate?
What’s happened to the birth rate?
Why has this happened? (4)
Numbers of live births per 1000 of population per year.
Long term decline.
- decline in infant mortality rate
- child - centredness
- children are now an economic burden
- changes in womens position
Define TFR?
What’s happened to total fertility rate?
Why?
Average number of children a woman had during her fertile years.
Long term decline
- feminisation of the economy
- pragmatic reasons
- contraception / abortions
How can religion/ethnicity/social class/homosexuality/government policies affect family size and childbearing? (4)
- Homosexual = less children (expensive)
- W.C = not encouraged to have children.
M.C. = less children (career focussed) - Asian / Muslims = have more children
- One child policy/only get benefits for 2 children/ american abortions ban.
When were the baby booms in the past?
Consequences of baby booms?
- 2000’s / after the war / covid
- need more funding for education, NHS, social services, social services, childcare, welfare state.
what are the effects of the declining fertility rate on…
the family?
the dependency ratio?
public services?
The family: smaller families means women are able to focus on a career.
Dependency ratio: less children mean less people working in the future, so workers will be taxed more.
Public services: less schools/maternity + child health services. money is able to go to elderly.
Define Infant mortality rate?
Why has the UK’s IMR rate fallen? (4)
- number of infants who die before their first birthday per 1000 babies born alive per year.
- better nutrition
- better health care
- better mother + child services
- improved housing
Why are black and asian countries infant mortality rate increasing? (3)
- medical reasons - black women have a higher chance of babies dying.
- economic/environmental reasons - deprived of proper healthcare.
Define death rate?
Why has there been fluctuations in the death rate in the past? (3)
Reasons for decline in death rate? (6)
- number of deaths per 1000 per year.
- wars / covid / lack of healthcare
Reasons for decline in death rate? (6)
Expand?
- medical improvement ( NHS / advances / developments )
- improved nutrition (this increased resistance to infection)
- public health measures ( improvements in housing/food safety/drinking water/improved sewage system)
- eradication of disease (living conditions improved)
- smoking / diets (reduction in people smoking)
- other social changes (decline in manual jobs, smaller families, lifestyle changes, higher incomes)
Define life expectancy?
What’s the trend?
Reasons for increase in life expectancy?
- how long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live.
- Increased.
- improved healthcare/diet/housing/technology.
Why do females live longer?
M.C.?
Asians/indians?
- feminisation of the economy/dont typically have manual jobs
- higher income, can afford better healthcare/better lifestyle habits
- good diet/lifestyle/healthcare
