Migration EQ2 Flashcards

Question

Empires and colonies: 19th century nationalism

Answer 1

- Empires help create nationalism in their Colonies. People living in colonies often resented being controlled by another country. - Independence movements brought people together who might not otherwise have felt that they had much in common, perhaps because of different ethnicities. They were based on: + Recognising and prompting the shared history and special qualities of a people. + Looking forward to the independent nation-state that the people could build together once they were free of colonial war.

Answer 2

India was part of the British Empire. Before it was part of the empire, what is now India was divided into several kingdoms. Opposition to British rule helped to bring Indians together despite the many ethnic and cultural differences between the Indian people. India - 1947

Answer 3

Since 1945, many new nation-states have emerged as empires disintegrated. This has caused conflicts. Independence movements in many colonies gained independence after the second world war. - After the cost of fighting the war, countries such as Britain and France could no longer afford the administrative and security costs of running the Empire. - The Cold War superpowers – the USA and the USSR – were both ideologically opposed to empires and used their influence to help oppressed people liberate themselves from colonialism.

Answer 4

Most British Colonies in Africa became independent nations in the 1960s. The prime minister, Harold Macmillan, said the wind of change is blowing through this continent. The new nations face serious challenges: - The British left without establishing a secure government. The military seized power. - The economies of former colonies had been constructed to supply raw materials to the empire and were not industrialised. - Ethnic and political differences within and between nations produce conflicts. - Superpower tried to gain influence in new nations, which increased corruption.

Answer 5

In the 1950s, the Vietnamese, led by the Communist Ho Chi Minh, fought for independence against the French. The French were defeated and left Vietnam but the USA supported an anti-communist regime in South Vietnam. Civil war broke out in Vietnam between the north and south. The USA invaded south Vietnam. The USSR and trying to invade the north. The superpowers fought each other without actually going to war. Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam in South Vietnam in 1954. In 1975 North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam. The country was unified under Communist leadership. 1m soldiers and civilians died. There were 11m refugees.

Answer 6

Conflict emergence Britain's divide-and-rule policy pitted Sudanese people against each other, rather than against the colonial ruler. The North prospered more than the south, but indirect rule created hundreds of tribal chiefdoms and the different countries left people feeling marginalised and left out of Sudan's development. Sudan is divided into northern and southern territories. The war took its toll on Sudan making Africa the longest-running conflict. In the north of the country, close to the border with Sudan, lies the unity state, which had seen some of the fiercest fightings. 10,000 were forced to leave their homes.

Answer 7

Post ww2 there were labour shortages. 1948: the British nationality act gave all commonwealth citizens the right to British citizenship which meant they could legally settle in the UK. UK employers could recruit workers from commonwealth countries to fill urgent vacancies such as transport. Indian and Pakistani settled in Hounslow, Ealing. Chain migrations have led to enclaves and cultural mosaic of people. The UK moved from relative homogeneity to a more heterogeneous mix of people.

Answer 8

These are typically small, well-governed states that impose low or zero tax rates on foreign investors. Countries like the Bahamas, Bermuda, Oman and Saudi Arabia are tax havens.

Answer 9

British overseas territory encompasses three islands in the western Caribbean Sea. It's known for beach resorts, very scuba-diving and snorkelling sites. The Cayman Islands have 0% personal income tax and low business taxes. 40 of the world's top investment banks have headquarters in the Cayman Islands.

Answer 10

- Countries that offer tax incentives can develop quickly and recover from severe recessions more quickly. - Most governments and IGOs accept tax havens and tax avoidance because of the boosted economic growth that they deliver. - When TNCs are located in several different nations, it would not be fair to tax them in full in each one.

Answer 11

- Investing abroad reduces the amount of money left to invest at home. - Tax havens allow individuals to hide income from their own governments - increasing corruption in both developed + developing countries - TNCs make huge profits in countries, such as the UK, but pay very little tax meaning less money for government services e.g. NHS.

Answer 12

Using legal loopholes to legally reduce how much tax you have to pay.

Answer 13

- Low-tax regimes -> haven for profits for TNCs and homes for wealthy expatriates (the person residing in another country other than their native country) - National governments have reduced restrictions on who can invest in their countries in order to encourage more FDI -> deregulation Free movement of money = TNCs move some operations to nations charging lower tax 'Shelter' money from government taxation

Answer 14

It is a measure of the distribution of wealth within a population of the country as a way of demonstrating how much equality there is. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being the highest inequality. There is usually greater wealth inequality within developed countries due to higher incomes in the upper quintile and decile.

Answer 15

- Unequal access to quality education. - Reduce life expectancy for the poorest. - Low-pay, low-skill jobs with no prospects. - Increased physical and mental health problems for the poorest. - Political instability as people rejects establish political classes who they identify with as the rich elite.

Answer 16

President Trump's political base includes working-class voters who felt left behind as a result of a global shift in manufacturing. Protecting America first threaten the global economic system based on the free movement of capital, goods and people. Trump's trade war with China in 2019 threatened global growth.

Answer 17

- An indigenous Aymara, first elected in 2006, who won an unprecedented third term in office in 2014. - Taxes have been raised on the profits of oil TNCs to over 80% and the extra government income used to reduce poverty through health, education and other programmes including increasing the minimum wage by 50%. - Has lifted 500,000 Bolivians from poverty - extreme poverty has fallen by 43%. - However Bolivia is still one of the poorest countries in Latin America, dependent on its resources for economic growth, where 1/4 still live on less than $2 a day (World Bank).