Migration - Part Three and Four Flashcards
1
Q
Why did Britain want control over India?
A
India is rich in natural resources like iron ore, silk, copper, gold, silver, gemstones, tea, timber and spices
2
Q
Who discovered the route to India? When was this?
A
Vasco De Gama discovered it in 1497
3
Q
What did Europeans do in India?
A
They set up permanent, well-protected bases.
Some people brought their families to the ports.
4
Q
When was the East India Company set up?
A
1600
5
Q
What did the EIC do?
A
Their ships carried British goods and traded them with foreign powers.
Fine china, silk, coffee and spices were brought back to Britain and they made a fortune.
India became an important base for British trade as a result.
6
Q
What were the first trading posts set up by the EIC? When were they set up?
A
Surat in 1612
Madras in 1638
Bombay in 1668
7
Q
What did the EIC have that made it powerful?
A
Its own army and navy and trained Indians to be soldiers
8
Q
What happened in India in the 1500s?
A
The Mughals, Muslim groups, invaded India and took control of areas run by Hindu princes.
9
Q
Who ruled India between 1658 and 1707? What did he cause?
A
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, wars broke out across India and Mughal rule was coming to an end.
Some European powers took advantage of this to take control.
10
Q
How did European powers gain land in India?
A
They would support certain Indian princes and soldiers with goods or land from other princes and then they would receive these as rewards.
11
Q
Which battle did the EIC fight in 1757?
A
The Battle of Plassey, where around 3000 troops led by Robert Clive defeated an Indian army of over 40,000 men.
12
Q
What did the Battle of Plassey result in?
A
The EIC took Bengal.
The company also fought other companies like the Dutch.
The EIC’s influence expands further in the years after.
13
Q
How did the EIC decline?
A
It was making huge profits in India but little elsewhere.
The British government intervened as it didn’t want them going bankrupt.
14
Q
What did the British government do in 1773 to defend their interests in India?
A
They passed the Government of India Act stating that both the British government and the EIC control the territory jointly. Warren Hastings was appointed Governor General of India.
15
Q
Who was Robert Cilve? What did he do?
A
He was originally an office clerk.
He joined the EIC army and proved effective.
While Governor of Bengal, he won the Battle of Plassey. He made a personal fortune here.
He returned to India as Governor and Commander-in-chief of Bengal between 1764-67. His greed led to the 1700 Bengal famine, where around 10 million died.
16
Q
Who was William Hastings? What did he do?
A
He was the first Governor General of India (1773-85)
He strengthened British control in India.
He reorganised tax systems, tightened anti-corruption laws, dealt with gangs.
Faced accusations of corruption, mismanagement and poor military judgement from rivals.
He faced trial in England in 1787 over concerns about standards in India, he was later found not guilty.
17
Q
Who were sepoys?
A
Local Indians recruited into the EIC
18
Q
What causes were there for Sepoy discontent?
A
Many felt they weren’t treated well.
There was little hope for promotion.
They were often sent to the most dangerous areas to fight in.
Some felt they were being pressured into becoming Christian.
In 1857 a new cartridge was introduced that they needed to rip off with their mouth. For Hindus, it contained cow fat and for Muslims, it contained pig fat.
19
Q
What happened during the Sepoy rebellion?
A
They first objected to new cartridges.
On the 9th May 1857 in Meerut, 85 sepoys refused the cartridges and went to jail for 10 years.
On the 10th May, Sepoys rose up in support of the prisoners and broke them out of jail. British army officers were killed and barracks and homes of British civillians were set on fire.
The situation escalated and Sepoys in Northern India also rebelled.
20
Q
What battles were there during the Sepoy rebellion?
A
Delhi, Cawnpore and Lucknow
21
Q
Which battle enfuriated the British public?
A
At Cawnpore, 200 women and children were massacred, a mass outcry for revenge spread across the country.
22
Q
What happened after Cawnpore in the Sepoy rebellion?
A
70,000 fresh troops were sent to India, the conflict continued for another year.
23
Q
When did the Sepoy rebellion end?
A
8 July 1858
24
Q
What were the consequences of the Sepoy rebellion?
A
Politicians were shocked.
A new government was set up, ran by a viceroy.
The new government interfered less in India.
A limited number of Indians were allowed jobs in local government. A new middle class emerged, able to use English and their own language.
The Indian Universities Act helped build universities in Kolkatta, Bombay and Madras.
25
What were the positive impacts of British rule on India?
By 1900, thousands of kilometres of roads and railway as well as many schools had been built.
They introduced a new legal system and helped settle ancient disputes between groups.
26
What did Britain do with India's economic resources?
They made fortunes with raw materials by selling them and manufacturing products with them.
The increased trade made jobs for Indians and British in shipping, transportation and sales.
The British introduced an irrigation programme.
The British introduced coal mining to India.
27
How did Britain start factory work in India?
Many areas in India became industrialised like British towns.
Local Indians worked in factories and mills were built and owned by the British.
British made goods were sold in India.
28
How did the British try to improve health in India (and fail in parts)?
The British started vaccinating people.
Some families were hit by famine.
Many blamed the British for helping cause the famine as they forced Indian farmers to replace food crops with high value crops.
29
How did transport and communications change in India under British rule?
30000km of railway and 130000 bridges were built.
Canals, roads factories, mines and farms were also developed,
Some argue this was done to exploit India more efficiently.
30
How did culture and society change in India?
A legal system was put in place that resembled that of Britain's.
High courts were set up in Madras, Calcutts and Bombay and parts of Indian law were built into this.
Hindu and Muslim judges ensured Indian traditions were not eroded completely.
Thousands of schools and colleges were opened and English learning spread.
Many Indians had access to new knowledge in science, humanities and literature.
31
What was the impact of the British Raj on Britain?
British factories brought in raw materials from India.
Many jobs were created.
Indian soldiers fought bravely on Britain's side in WWI and WWII.
Indian tea became popular.
32
What reasons were there for European powers being interested in Africa?
Africa was rich in natural resources like gold, diamond and ivory.
Treatments existed for diseases in Africa, allowing for exploration.
This was an era when land grabbing was widespread.
If European countries controlled areas of Africa, they could sell goods to people living there.
Christian missionaries wanted to help bring people towards Christianity.
33
What did European powers do in the 1870s in Africa?
A land grab started.
French and Belgians were interested in Western Africa.
Germans and British were interested in the east and south.
Portugal, Italy and Spain also made claims.
34
Which conference was held in 1884 between European powers to prevent war in Europe over control in Africa?
The Berlin Conference, where borders were drawn between powers without regards for ethnoreligious boundaries.
35
Which areas of Africa were taken by Britain?
16 colonies were taken, making up 32% of Africa. This included Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, South Africa, Ghana, The Gambia, Bechuanaland, Nyasaland, Somaliland, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Lesotho and Swaziland
36
What was the importance of the British holdings in Africa?
They ran in an almost contiguous line from the Cape to Cairo.
They could be used to connect with India easily.
37
Which gun gave Europeans an advantage over the African tribes?
The maxim gun
38
What is an example of an African resistance movement that succeeded?
The Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.
39
What was British rule like for Africans?
Many Africans suffered hardship and hunger as their traditional way of life was destroyed.
40
What was Cecil Rhodes like?
He was an imperialist and social Darwinist. Streets, schools and two African countries were named after him.
41
What did Rhodes do in 1870?
He moved to Cape Colony to work in gold and diamond mines.
42
What did Rhodes do in 1881?
He was elected to parliament in the Cape Colony and became Prime Minister in 1890.
43
What did Rhodes do in 1888?
He formed De Beers, a company in diamond and gold mining in South Africa. He used his monetary and political skills to gain control.
44
What did Rhodes do in the Boer regions?
After gold and diamonds were found in the Transvaal, he was refused permission to move there. He tried getting rid of Boer leader, Paul Kruger, by force but failed.
The British eventually won the Boer Wars and gained more territory.
When Rhodes died in 1902, statues of him were erected globally.
45
What are the differing views on Rhodes?
Some think he brought a large amount of wealth to South Africa and should be celebrated for this.
Some think he was too much of an imperialist to be celebrated and that his Social Darwinist views should be shunned.
46
What is the Suez Canal?
A canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, connecting to the Indian Ocean.
47
Why did the British have such an interest in Suez?
The waterway could be used to connect themselves with their Indian colony more easily as well as New Zealand, Australia and Hong Kong.
48
What happened in 1869 in Suez?
It was built jointly by Egypt and France.
49
What happened in 1875 in Suez?
The British and French gave money to Egypt in return for control of their trade, railways, post offices and ports.
50
What happened in 1882 in Egypt?
They rebelled against British and French interference. The British then bombed Alexandria, destroying its defences. France refused to get involved, Britain then sent 24,000 soldiers from Britain and 7000 soldiers from British India to Egypt. Britain then took control of Egypt.
51
What happened in 1884 in Sudan?
A religious leader known as the Madhi leads an uprising in Sudan against Anglo-Egyptian forces.
The rebels kill British commander General Charles Gordon and hold out.
52
What happened in Sudan between 1886 and 88?
The British under Lord Kitchener lead a series of campaigns against supporters of the Madhi.
53
What happened in Sudan in 1899?
Sudan comes under British control
54
What were the two states inhabited by Boers after they left the Cape Colony?
Transvaal
Orange Free State
55
What happened during the First Boer War?
In 1867, diamonds were discovered in the Boer states. The British tried getting the Boers to unite with Cape Colony but they refused. They excellently defended their land from the invasion.
56
What happened in the build-up to the Second Boer War?
1886 - gold discovered
Cecil Rhodes opened mines inside Boer territory and Brtish workers entered.
57
What happened early on in the Boer War?
The Boers won a series of small victories.
They were highly skilled and worked in small groups, raiding British forts.
The British sent in 500,000 men to fight approximately 50,000 Boers.
The Boers refused to surrender and carried out many raids.
58
What was the British response to the Boer victories at the beginning of the Second Boer Wad?
General Kitchener introduced a scorched Earth policy.
Boers were rounded into concentration camps.
Of the 116,000 Boers put into camps, 28,000 died.
130,000 black people were also rounded into camps, 20,000 dying.
59
What happened as a result of the Boer War?
By 1902, both sides were exhausted and peace talks began.
It was agreed Boer states would become colonies.
In 1910 they joined with Cape Colony and Natal to form South Africa.
They were granted dominion status rather than a colony.
60
What were the impacts of the Boer War on people?
Britain's biggest war was intially supported but wasn't at the end.
Around 450,000 British soldiers fought in the war, nearly 6,000 died in battle. A further 16,000 died from illness.
The Boers lost around 7,000 of their 90,000 soldiers and over 28,000 civilians.
Over 1/3 of volunteers were physically unfit for military service. More free meals were given and nutrition and childcare were invested in more as a result.
61
What forms of Imperial propaganda are there?
Queen Victoria and her government knew a large empire meant more trade and wealth for Britain.
Due to the white skin and Christian beliefs, they believed themselves somewhat superior to others.
Positive ideas and jingoism in relation to the empire were spread to keep public opinion high.
These ideas appeared all over products and newspapers.
This imperial propaganda fuelled enthusiasm about the Empire.
62
What organisations were used to spread imperial propaganda?
The British Empire League and the British Colonial Society were formed.
63
Why did Irish people migrate into the UK?
Most came to escape the extreme poverty in parts of Ireland and to find better paid work.
There was a huge increase after the potato famine, which was caused by the British, around 1/8 of the population died and many migrated out of Ireland.
64
What were the British reactions to the Irish migrants?
Most Irish were Catholic and Britain was Protestant, so they attacked them.
They were blamed for high crime rates.
They lived in poorer areas and so were blamed for disease.
They were accused of taking jobs and their accents barred them from entering certain places.
65
What were the impacts of Irish migration on Britain?
Canals, roads and railways couldn't have been built without them.
In the early 1800s, nearly 40% of soldiers were Irish.
Irish migration continued into the 30s to 50s.
Places like Liverpool and Birmingham have large Irish populations.
Many famous Irish born people like the Duke of Wellington and Oscar Wilde were Irish.
Irish literature and music is part of British culture.
Six million people have Irish ancestry.
66
What did Britain do in 1290 to Jewish people?
King Edward I kicked out all Jews from England.
67
What were Jews allowed to do in 1656?
Jews were let back into England.
68
What was the attitude towards Jews in England in the 1800s?
There was a campaign to stop Jewish migration
69
What happened, regarding Jewish people in England, in 1847?
Lionel De Rothschild became the first practising Jew in parliament.
70
How much of England was Jewish in 1850?
50,000 people.
71
What happened in 1855 in London?
The first Jewish Mayor of London took office.
72
What happened to Jews in the 1870s and 80s?
There were pogroms as a result of them being blamed for the assassination of the Tsar, many of these Jews were welcomed into Britain.
73
What happened in parliament in 1874?
Benjamin Disraeli became the first Jewish Prime Minister.
74
What act was passed in 1905 in parliament?
The first Aliens Act limited the number of Jewish migrants.
75
How many Jews arrived in Europe between 1881 and 1914?
Around 120,000 Jews.
76
How were Jews received in Britain?
Their faith was different, but most also didn't speak English so were alienated. Some were blamed for stealing jobs.
They were largely unfairly targeted.
77
What was the impact of Jewish migration on Britain?
They took on various types of work, making clothes, shoemaking or furniture making.
They gained a reputation as hard-working and law-abiding.
78
How many people left Britain between 1815 and 1914? Where did these people go?
Over 22 million people emigrated from Britain.
Most went to North America, South Africa, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Most men worked in building, engineering, farming or mining, while women became tutors or maids.
Some criminals were sent to Australia to solve the growing crime problem.
79
How did people move around Britain?
There was a rapid increase in internal migration.
Cities and towns grew, in urbanisation.
Immigrants mainly moved to cities.
Farm machinery was developed, but it was still seasonal so many went to cities.
80
What reasons were there for increasing calls for independence in the Empire?
By 1914, many colonies wanted home rule and control over their affairs. Some were unhappy that the British thought they were superior.
British style education systems meant greater access to ideas like nationalism and democracy so they wanted these ideas in the colonies.
Many Africans and Indians fought for the British and felt they should be rewarded with independence.
Many historians revealed the former power of some colonies, so they felt more nationalism and wanted more autonomy or independence.
81
What happened in India in 1885?
The Indian National Congress was set up, but Britain largely ignored calls for independence.
82
What did India do for the Empire between 1914 and 1918?
India made a huge contribution to World War One, providing soldiers, food, materials and finance.
83
What did the British do in 1919 in India?
They gave them more autonomy but still were ruled by Britain.
84
What happened in India in the 1920s?
Independence movements grew under Mohandas Gandhi.
85
Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
He was a Hindu and former lawyer, who led a series of non-violent protests against the British.
He championed the poor and lived a simple way of life.
He was assassinated in January 1948 by a Hindu extremist who hated his tolerance of Muslims.
86
What happened in India in 1935?
The Government of India Act gave Indians the right to control everything but the military. They were still part of the Empire and ruled by a viceroy. Muslims had formed their own independence group called the Muslim League.
87
What happened in India in 1946?
Britain offered independence to India. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League became involved in a power struggle.
Violence broke out between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims.
British leaders agreed to partition India.
88
What happened on the 14th and 15th August 1947?
14th August - Pakistan becomes independent
15th August - India becomes independent
89
What was the impact of world wars on Britain?
Before WWI, Britain was an industrial power, after they had become bankrupted.
During WWII, many colonies built up their own industries so could demand independence.
Britain's trade with Europe and the USA increased.
Britain was no longer as important as the USA and USSR.
90
Why did the British population show little opposition to independence for colonies?
Britain no longer had the military strength or influence to hold onto them and they wanted to focus on Britain itself.
91
How did the Empire impact migration in Asia and Africa?
Millions of Africans were enslaved in the West Indies and North America.
An indenture system was created to get large amounts of people to work all over the empire.
Millions of Tamils moved from South Asia to Malaya to tap rubber or to Sri Lanka to pick tea.
Over 30,000 Indians moved to Kenya and Uganda to build industry. Their descendents would play a large role in these economies.
Between 1841 and 1910, around 150,000 people per decade moved around the Empire.
92
How did the Empire impacted migration in Australia?
After Captain Cook explored Australia, Captain Arthur Philip was sent to set up a colony there.
Transportation wasn't common. Criminals were sent to Australia and largely stayed there.
Convicts were sent in higher number after the War of Independence in the USA.
93
What was the cause of the Suez Crisis?
In 1956, president Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal.
94
What happened during the Suez Crisis?
British and French troops landed in the canal zone and Israel attacked Egypt.
The USA and USSR as well as the UN condemmed the invasion.
The troops were forced to withdraw.
95
What was the impact of the Suez Crisis?
Britain could no longer go to war to preserve its interests.
The British were more inclined to grant independence to colonies as its influence decreased.
96
How did independence occur in Ghana?
In 1920s, independence movements gathered support in West Africa.
In the 1940s there were large movements.
The Gold Coast was one of the most stable colonies in the region.
Dr Kwame Nkrumah led the independence movement but was thrown in jail several times.
He won the election and was allowed to become Prime Minister.
In 1956, Nkrumah was re-elected and the British chose to leave.
97
What was the role of Nkrumah in Ghana?
He was leader, but had a troubled time after Ghana became a republic in 1960. There was an attempted assassination in 1962.
He dealt harshly with opposition and the economy declined in the 1960s. The police and army seized control in 1966 and he fled.
98
How did Kenya gain independence?
In the 1940s, many independence groups formed. Kenyatta initially led them.
The Mau Mau fought against colonial rule. In the 1950s, the British retaliated violently.
Many leaders were arrested.
Many white settlers left.
The Mau Mau Rebellion last over 8 years with atrocities on both sides.
On December 12 1963, Kenya gained independence. Kenyatta became Prime Minister.
In 2013, the British government apologised for the way it responded to the Mau Mau Rebellion.
99
What was the role of Jomo Kenyatta?
In 1947, he was elected President of the Kenya African Union.
He was accused of being a member of the Mau Mau and imprisoned between 1953 and 1961.
He became Prime Minister in 1963 and President in 1964. He dealt harshly with groups and eventually banned other political parties.
100
Why did Cypriots move to Britain?
During the 1970s, Turkey invaded the north of the island and people fled to Britain as it was a former colony.
101
Why did people move from East Asia to Britain?
Most came for work from Singapore and Hong Kong. In 1997, Hong Kong was transferred to China, 50,000 people in Hong Kong were given British passports.
102
Why did people move from West Africa to Britain?
West Africans came for a better standard of education than was available in their home countries.
103
Why did people from the West Indies move to Britain?
They were encouraged because of a labour shortage and poverty at home.
104
Why did people from Europe move to Britain?
Around 60,000 German Jews fled Nazi persecution. Thousands of poles came over during the war. By 1950, around 100,000 Hungarians, Ukrainians, Yugoslavs, Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians had fled Russian rule.
105
Why did people move from South Asia to Britain?
Some fled violence and fighting duirng the partition.
By 1955, 10,000 people had moved to Britain.
106
Why did people move from Kenya and Uganda to Britain?
Around 70,000 Kenyan and Ugandan Asians moved to Britain from Africa as the new governments decided to drive them out, so they escaped intolerance.
107
Who was Idi Amin and what role did he play?
He was a Ugandan who rose within the British army and made the highest rank possible for a Black African.
He served with the British in the Mau Mau Rebellion.
He overthrew the Ugandan leader in 1971.
He stayed in power at all costs, living a lavish lifestyle.
He expelled all Asians from Uganda in 1972, contributing to the breakdown of the economy.
He was overthrown in 1979, fled to Libya then Saudi Arabia.
108
How did Britain's attitude towards immigration change over time?
In the 1960s, the government tried slowing Black and Asian immigration.
In 1962, an Immigration Act said any Black or Asian person wanting to enter must have a skilled job lined up.
No limits were put on Irish or other white immigrants.
In 1968, when the government feared many Kenyan Asians arriving into Britain. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act was passed. Kenyan Asians with British passports were no longer allowed entry, but white Kenyans were.
These policies divided the country. Some welcomed them, some saw them as racist.
109
What does the Commonwealth do?
It promotes democracy, human rights, good government, fair laws and peace.
Each country has ties to Britain, many with the King as head of state.
In 1948, the Nationality Act was passed, so people from the Commonwealth could enter Britain.
110
What was the Windrush generation?
A group of people from the Caribbean who came on the ship named 'Empire Windrush' who moved to Britain.
111
Why did people leave the Caribbean for Britain?
Poverty and hardship were common.
The tourist industry hadn't developed and the price of sugar, the main export, was at an all time low.
Many West Indians loved Britain and felt British.
Britain was short or workers, for example in healthcare.
Many West Indians had been taught in school that Britain was a 'mother country' that they would be accepted in.
112
How many people were arriving from the Caribbean by the 1960s?
40,000 per year.
113
What was the impact of the Windrush generation?
Newspapers talked of the 'colour problem' and talked of sending them back.
Not all Britons welcomed them, they feared they would lose jobs.
Some immigrants found good jobs but many worked in low-paying jobs like as cleaners.
They often experienced racism in different areas. Some were barred from owning houses.
114
Who was Claudia Jones? What did she do?
She was from the West Indies, born in Trinidad and moved to New York.
She worked on newspapers and magazines, championing democracy and equal rights.
She was considered extreme in America and was deported.
She gained asylum in Britain.
Following ethnic violence, she helped hold an annual event in Britain in 1959, showing the culture and talent of people from the Caribbean.
115
What ethnic violence was there after the Windrush generation?
There was violence in 1958 at Nottingham and in Notting Hill, London, where white youths attacked black youths.
116
What were the Falklands like by 1982?
Over 700 islands, located 300 miles off the coast of Argentina.
The British first claimed them in 1765, but the Spanish took them over.
They were claimed by Argentina in 1806 after they rebelled against Spanish rule.
Britain seized the uninhabited islands and British settlers started to move there.
The majority of the population descend from British settlers.
117
What was the cause of the Falklands War?
For a time, both sides had disagreed over who should have the right to the islands.
In the 1980s, Argentina and its army was controlled by General Galtieri.
The Argentinian economy was having severe problems and Galtieri hoped a successful war would restore national morale.
118
What happened during the initial invasion of the Falklands?
2nd April 1982, around 12,000 Argentine troops invaded and seized control.
As well as the Falklands, Argentina also attacked South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
Many troops were poorly trained.
Many South American countries pledged support for Argentina.
119
What was the British response to the Argentine invadion?
Margaret Thatcher responded quickly and defiantly.
She received universal support from politicians and the public.
She formed a task force of over 100 ships and 28,000 troops to the islands.
A 320km exclusion zone was declared.
The conflict ended, under the pressure of the much better equiped British forces. They surrendered on the 14th June.
120
What were the short term impacts of the Falklands War?
255 British and 750 Argentinian troops were killed.
The British lost 6 ships, 34 aircraft and over £2.5 billion was spent.
121
What were the medium term impacts of the Falklands War?
There was a boost in patriotism in Britain, it had successfully defended one of its last colonies.
Before the war, Thatcher was criticised as unemployment was high. Now her popularity was much greater. She was re-elected in 1983.
After the loss, Galtieri wad forced to resign and a new, democratic Argentina formed.
122
What were the long term impacts of the Falklands War?
The Anglo-American relationship strengthened.
Foreign politicians reported that there was an increase in international respect fof Britain, which was previously considered a fading power.
The war did not end the dispute, Argentina still claims the islands. Britain asserts it isn't up for negotiation after a referendum was held where 99.8% of the population wanted to remain part of Britain.
Argentinians still refer to them as 'Las Islas Malvinas'.
1000 British troops are posted in the Falklands.
123
What did European nations do after WW2?
They joined forces to develop Europe peacefully. It was felt a strong, united Europe might be a competitor to the USA. They formed the ECSC, later the EEC and then the EU.
124
Why didn't Britain join the ECSC?
It still had strong ties with its colonies and was closely linked to the USA.
125
What do Eurosceptics think of the EU?
Britain is unique and should be free to make its own decisions.
126
What do pro-Europeans think of the EU?
Every country benefits economically and strong links and collective security made Europe stronger.
127
What happened in Europe in 1951?
France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg join their coal and steel industries together forming the European Coal and Steel Community. This would help prevent fighting between them.
128
What happened in Europe in 1957?
The ECSC is renamed the European Economic Community (EEC). Members agree to cooperate in nuclear power.
129
What happened in Europe in 1968?
The EEC begins trade with other countries as a group, the biggest trade organisation in the world.
130
Who joined the EEC in 1973?
Britain, Denmark and Ireland
131
What referendum was held in the UK in 1975?
A referendum to decide whether it should remain part of the EEC. The result is 66% in favour.
132
What happened in the EEC in 1979?
The European Parliament is elected by EEC citizens that can only advise at first, but later pass laws.
133
What happened between 1992 and 93 in the EEC?
The Maastricht Treaty was signed which renames it to the European Union (EU). All countries agree to cooperate further, in issues of foreign affairs and security. It formalised a single market.
134
What happened in the EU in 2002?
12 more countries adopted the Euro.
135
What happened in the EU in 2004?
The USSR fell in 1991, former puppets of the USSR wanted to join the EU. 8 new countries join.
136
What happened in the EU between 2007 and 13?
Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia joined the EU.
137
What happened in the UK in 2016?
A referendum was held on whether to leave the EU. The result of this is 52% leave and 48% remain.
138
What happened in 2020 in the UK?
They officially left the EU after the referendum in 2016.
139
What is the working policy in the EU?
EU citizens can work in any other member state on the same conditions as the citizens of that state.
140
How many people migrated to the UK when they were in the EU?
In the 1970s, around 20,000 EU citizens entered Britain every year, rising to around 60,000 per year by the early 2000s.
In 2004, 8 more states joined including Poland and Hungary. In two years, around 600,000 Eastern Europeans came to Britain looking for better pay.
Many found jobs in the construction and retail industries, often earning 5 times more.
141
How did people migrate to the UK from outside the EU?
After WW2, immigration was encouraged from the British Empire.
Britain tightened immigration in the 1970s.
Britain now operates a points-based system based on education, income and age. If an applicant reaches a certain number of points, they are given a visa to enter Britain to work.
Britain gives permission to thousands of non-EU citizens to study at colleges and universities.
In recent years, more migrants have come from war-torn countries like Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria. Many governments have restricted refugee access but the EU is working on a new approach to asylum seekers.
142
What is net migration?
The overall migration in or out of an area.
143
What opinions are there about immigration?
Some think it damages community relations and that there is some public anxiety over pressure on services.
Some argue that most are young and able and so can pay tax and contribute to the economy.
