Migration to, from and within Britain Flashcards
(18 cards)
When did the Irish start to migrate to Britain?
From the 1700s, large numbers migrated from Ireland to Britain, mainly through the ports.
By 1861, there were around 600,000 Irish-born in Britain.
Many found jobs as navvies or in mines and cotton mills.
When was the potato blight disease.
1846, causing a huge increase in Irish migration after the disease ruined the Irish potato harvest.
Around one eight of Ireland’s population died during the famine.
Jewish migration to Britain timelines
1290: as a result of religious intolerance, King Edward I expels all people from Britain
1656: Jews are let back into Britain.
1800s: a campaign begins to stop Jewish immigration, supported by key politicians
1847: Lionel de Rothschild becomes the first practising Jew elected to parliament.
1850: the number of Jews grows to about 40,000 (out of a population of 18 million)
1855: the first Jewish mayor of London takes office.
1870s: over the 1870s and 1880s there is a new influx of Jews from Eastern Europe. They mainly come from Russia where they’re being blamed for the assassination of atheists Tsar and facing persecution through restrictions and pogroms (massacres).
1874: Benjamin Disraeli becomes Britain’s first Jewish prime minister.
1905: the first aliens act is passed by parliament, limiting the number of Jewish immigrants.
1881-1914: around 120,000 Jews arrive in Britain.
When did Britain claim an area of land in Australia?
1771 - James cook claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain in 1770, the British government sent naval commander captain Arthur Phillip go set up the first colony there.
Convicts were transported from Britain’s overcrowded jails to help him do it. Over the next 20 years, British courts transported over 20,000 more convicts.
When did convicts start to be sent to Australia?
Transportation became very common. It not only removed the criminal from Britain, but it was also quite cheap: the government only had to pay the cost of a one-way journey.
The punishment had begun in the 1600s when the British colonies in North America began to receive transported British criminals. They stopped when the American war of independence broke out in 1775; Australia then became the favoured alternative destination after 1787.
The majority of convict decided to stay in Australia at the end of their sentences and many became sheep or wheat farmers.
When was there a rapid increase in internal migration?
Between 1750 and 1900.
This was an era known as the Industrial Revolution.
There was an increase in urbanisation.
Immigrants were attracted to jobs in urban areas.
Rural to urban migration increase as farm machinery became more common and so fewer workers were needed in farms.
Where did people immigrate to Britain from after the Second World War?
Ireland: to join families, to look for work, to escape poverty and hardship in Ireland.
Cyprus: as a result of tension and violence on the island. Cyprus became in independence country in 1960, but when turkey invaded and divided the island in two, there were more arrivals.
East Asia: to look for work, to escape poverty and hardship.
West Africa: to find work, better education.
West Indies: encouraged to come due to labour shortage, unemployment and poverty at home
Europe: Jews fled the nazis, many fled from Russian rule.
South Asia: fleeing the violence and fighting during the time when India was partitioned, looking for work and better education.
Kenya and Uganda: escaping racist attitudes and intolerance.
When was the immigration act issued?
1962
Said that any black or Asian person wanting to enter the country must have a skilled job already lined up - and a limit was put in the number of immigrants allows.
However, there were no limits on Irish groups or any white minority ethnic groups eg. Australians.
When was the commonwealth immigration act issued?
1968 - Kenyan Asians with British passports were no longer allowed to enter the country - but white Kenyans with British passports were.
When did the empire wind rush ships arrive from the Caribbean (the West Indies)
June 1948
Thousands more migrants came between 1948 and 1971
When did Britain take control of the Falkland Islands?
Britain first claimed the islands in 1765, but the Spanish took them over and named them the Islas Malvinas.
Claimed by Argentina when Spanish rule ended in 1806.
Britain seized the uninhabited islands from Argentina in 1833, and British settlers began to live there - the majority of the population of around 2000 are of British descent.
Why did Argentina invade the Falkland Islands?
The islands were located about 300 miles off the coast of Argentina.
From the time that Britain took control there has been a long, heated argument between Argentina and Britain.
In the early 1980s, Argentina was controlled by the army and its leader, general Galtieiri.
The Argentinian economy was having severe problems and Galtieri hoped that a successful war (ending with the return of the Falklands) would restore national morale and belied in his government.
Describe the Argentinian invasion?
2nd April 1982: around 12000 Argentine troops invaded the islands and quickly took control.
As well as the falklands, Argentina also attacked the British-controlled islands of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
Many of Argentina’s troops were new recruits, who were poorly trained.
Most South American countries (except Colombia and chile) supported Argentina’s invasion and its claim to the islands.
Describe the British response to the Argentinian invasion?
Britain’s prime minster, Margaret thatcher, responded quickly and defiantly to the invasion.
She received near universal support from politicians and the British public, and plans to re-take the Falklands took shape quickly.
Britain sent a task force of over 100 ships and around 28000 troops to the islands, and declared a 320km exclusion zone around them.
It was not a long conflict. It ended on 14th June when the Argentines surrendered.
How is the EU (the ECSC/EEC) formed?
1951: six countries (France, west Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) join their coal and steel industries together to form, the European coal and steel community (ECSC). That way, they can never build up their armies on their own, and without the other countries finding out.
1957: the ECSC is renamed the European economic community (EEC). Members agree to cooperate in producing nuclear power.
1968: the EEC begins to trade with other countries as a single groups - the biggest trading organisation in the world.
How does the UK join the EU?
1973: Britain, Denmark and Ireland are admitted into the EEC.
1975: a uk referendum is held to decide whether Britain should remain part of the EEC. The result is two to one in favour of staying in.
1979: the European Parliament is elected by EEC citizens. At first, it can just advise, but later it can pass laws that apply in all member countries.
1992-93: the Maastricht treaty is signed, which renames the community as the European Union (the EU). All countries agree to cooperate even further, in issues such as foreign affairs and security.
The EU formalises the single market.
When are the Euro noted and coins adopted as a current by twelve EU members?
2002
When does the UK leave the EU?
2004: the USSR’s influence and control over many countries in Eastern Europe had stopped at the end of the Cold War (early 1990s); many of these newly independent nations wanted to become EU members, and in 2004, eight of them join.
2007-13: Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia join, bringing total membership to 28.
2016: a UK referendum is held again. The result is 52% to 48% to leave the EU
2020: the UK leaves the EU.
